Imaging FINAL

The minimum lead equivalence for protective radiographic aprons and gloves is?

0.5mm

The interaction between high-speed electrons in the x-ray tube with the target creates what ratio of x-rays to heat

1% / 99%

If a patient is over ____ cm, we will use a grid

10

Rules for OFA, The dog must be ___ years old to certify, and patients registration number, and registered name must be printed on the X-ray film, must be sent with what drugs patient was given for X-rays to be taken.

2

the annual maximum permissible dose (MPD) standard of radiation for anyone working with radiation is?

5 rem

Optimal temperature for the X-ray developing rank is ____ degrees farinheight

68*

Anyone working with, or in the near vicinity of, an x-ray machine should use

A dosimetry badge

High kPv produces?

A long scale of contrast

clear edges on a finished radiograph may be caused by?

A misaligned Bucky tray

low kVp produces?

A short scale of contrast

Area on the target bombarded by electrons to produce x-rays

Actual Focal Spot (Effective focal spot is seen through tube window and directed onto film)

Negative contrast uses ____

Air

A urine-filled bladder is usually best classified?

Anechoic

Positively charged electrode in the x-ray tube that contains the target

Anode

The _____ rotates

Anode

The tungsten plate(target) is located where on the x-ray machine?

Anode

ALARA stands for ________

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

18-20 MAs is the average area for ___

Bones

If there is a one inch black strip at top of film, ___ was open

Box

A bladder stone is hyperechoic. What type of image does this project on the ultrasound monitor?

Bright white image

A ______ is a moveable tray

Bucky

Measuring device to determine patient thickness

Calipers

Negative electrode in the x-ray tube that supplies the electrons

Cathode

The _____ has coil that heats up and sends it over to the anode! which sends it down

Cathode

If film comes out brown/orange, it is because temp is too ____

Cold

Clarity of the borders, will tell you that your radiograph has proper ___

Collimation

The grid is used to _______ scatter radiation, and increase detail. Only ____ beams will get through to grid.

Decrease Parallel

Density is decreased on a film by

Decreasing the mAs

The lower the speed of the film, the greater the _____. The faster the speed of the film, it stops _____.

Detail Motion

you have accidentally put two sheets of x-ray film in a cassette. you did not notice this until after you have taken a very difficult shot, without having to take a second shot, what is the best option for the veterinarian to successfully evaluate the radiograph?

Develop both films and overlay them for the veterinarian to evaluate

If there are streaks on your film it is because the rollers are ___

Dirty

Coiled wire in the cathode that emits the electron beam

Filament

The distance between the X-ray tube and the film is the?

Focal-film distance

The cavity in the cathode where the filaments sit

Focusing Cup

Overall grayness that does not contribute to the diagnostic quality of the film; may be from chemicals or undesirable radiation

Fogging

The anode _____ effect is when the majority of X-rays are coming from the cathode side

Heel

Because of the of angle of the target, a greater intensity of x-rays is emitted from the cathode side angle of the target, so the thickest part of the patient should be positioned at this end

Heel effect

Use abdominal compression to keep the liquid in the kidneys during an ____

IVP

In the cassette there are _____ screens, and their purpose is to lessen time exposure, by intensifying the rays

Intensifying

Most x-ray film cassettes now have what kind of screens that glow when irradiated?

Intensifying screens

Double contrast studies use both ____ and ____

Iodine Air

Positive contrast uses _____

Iodine or barium

Process of transferring sufficient energy to an atom so the outer electron is removed and the atom becomes positively charged

Ionization

Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) checks for inflow and outflow of ___ function

Kidney

Invisible image produced on the x-ray film after exposure and before processing

Latent image

Static causes a _____ effect across a film

Lightening

MA x Time = _____

MAs

Use high ___ and low ___ for soft tissue

MAs KVP

Use low____ and high ___ for bones

MAs KVP

Maximum amount of radiation exposure an individual is allowed over a given time

Maximum permissible dose (MPD)

Amount of current flowing through the x-ray tube times the exposure time in seconds

Milliampere-second or mAs

A higher grid ratio means

More scatter radiation is absorbed (Grid ratio is the ratio of the height of the lead strips as compared to the space between them)

If film is clear, there is ___ exposure

No

Space between the film and the part being radiographed

Object-film distance (OFD)

OFA

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals

For an OFA, you must sedate the patient, and have the ____ on top of the femur, and the two holes in the ilium lined up exactly

Patellas

The MA is the quantity, the KVP is the ______ (or length)

Quality

Term referring to the average energy of the x-ray beam or its penetrating ability

Quality - controlled by kVp

Term referring to the total number of x-ray photons

Quantity - controlled by mA

the unit of radiation exposure rad stands for?

Radiation absorbed dose

Variation in degree of darkness between two adjacent areas of film

Radiographic contrast (controlled by kVp)

Degree of darkness found on a radiograph

Radiographic density (controlled by mAs)

Quality of a tissue or device that allows most of the x-rays to pass through unaffected

Radiolucent

The main purpose of the fixer

Remove unexposed, undeveloped silver halide crystals

5 REM or 1.25 REM per calendar quarter is the total amount of radiation that is ____

Safe

Photons that change direction by interaction of the primary beam with tissue or matter in its path

Scatter or secondary radiation

The black in a radiograph is the metal ____.

Silver

The distance from the focal spot or source of the x-rays to thr image receptor or film

Source-image distance (SID); formerly called focal-film distance

Myelogram is a contrast X-ray study of the ___, and is an iodine type product

Spine

Two types of anodes

Stationary (dental and large animal portable units) and rotating

when positioning an animal for radiographs, it is the best to place the thicker portion of the patient toward__of the tube to produce a radiograph with uniform density?

The cathode end

Which of the following would do the most to minimize scatter radiation?

The collimator is narrowed

what can cause series of parallel white lines on the developed radiograph?

The grid

the focal spot is?

The spot on the tungsten target that the electron beam is aimed at

____, ____, and ____ are ways to stay protected with radiation

Time Distance PPE

3-7 is the average MAs for _____

Tissue

There is a _______ that increases the amount of electricity in the X-ray machine, turning into kilovoltage

Transformer

In an X-ray tube, x-rays are formed on the?

Tungsten target on the anode

Distance from one electromagnetic wave to another

Wavelength

Father of modern x-rays

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

A short-wavelength, high energy form of electromagnetic energy

X-ray

abdominal radiographs are best taken when the

animal exhales

A focal-film distance that is too short causes the radiographed image to?

appear to dark

How often should chemical (drug) restraint be used during radiologic procedures?

as often as possible

when taking a lateral thoracic radiograph, the veterinary technician should position the forelegs

cranially

when taking a lateral thoracic radiograph, you should make sure the spine and sternum are?

equidistant from the table

if the finished radiograph is too light, a probable cause is?

focal-film distance is too long

radiographs of the lateral pelvis should be measured over the

hip joints

Maximum energy of the x-ray beam that determines the quality or penetrating power of the beam

kVp or kilovoltage peak

positioning the lateral pelvis should include the

lower leg perpendicular to the body, and the upper leg positioned caudally

when taking radiographs, the veterinary technician should

maximize distance between herself or himself and x-ray sources

when radiographing extremities, the beam should be centered

midway on the shaft of the bone of choice

when taking a VD thoracic radiograph, you should measure at the level

of the twelfth rib

extremity radiographs should be taken with the film cassette

on the tabletop

when radiographing a distal extremity, a __scale of contrast is best

short

If the finished radiograph has whites splotches on it, the most likely cause is?

spots of fixer on the film

A VD view of the pelvis for hip dysplasia evaluation should not show which of the following?

stifles rotated laterally

Dosimetry badges should be?

worn on the collar outside the apron

The collimation field for a lateral abdominal radiograph is form the

xyphoid process to the hip

Personnel of what age should not be actively working within an x-ray-producing area?

younger than 18 years