Imaging FINAL
The minimum lead equivalence for protective radiographic aprons and gloves is?
0.5mm
The interaction between high-speed electrons in the x-ray tube with the target creates what ratio of x-rays to heat
1% / 99%
If a patient is over ____ cm, we will use a grid
10
Rules for OFA, The dog must be ___ years old to certify, and patients registration number, and registered name must be printed on the X-ray film, must be sent with what drugs patient was given for X-rays to be taken.
2
the annual maximum permissible dose (MPD) standard of radiation for anyone working with radiation is?
5 rem
Optimal temperature for the X-ray developing rank is ____ degrees farinheight
68*
Anyone working with, or in the near vicinity of, an x-ray machine should use
A dosimetry badge
High kPv produces?
A long scale of contrast
clear edges on a finished radiograph may be caused by?
A misaligned Bucky tray
low kVp produces?
A short scale of contrast
Area on the target bombarded by electrons to produce x-rays
Actual Focal Spot (Effective focal spot is seen through tube window and directed onto film)
Negative contrast uses ____
Air
A urine-filled bladder is usually best classified?
Anechoic
Positively charged electrode in the x-ray tube that contains the target
Anode
The _____ rotates
Anode
The tungsten plate(target) is located where on the x-ray machine?
Anode
ALARA stands for ________
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
18-20 MAs is the average area for ___
Bones
If there is a one inch black strip at top of film, ___ was open
Box
A bladder stone is hyperechoic. What type of image does this project on the ultrasound monitor?
Bright white image
A ______ is a moveable tray
Bucky
Measuring device to determine patient thickness
Calipers
Negative electrode in the x-ray tube that supplies the electrons
Cathode
The _____ has coil that heats up and sends it over to the anode! which sends it down
Cathode
If film comes out brown/orange, it is because temp is too ____
Cold
Clarity of the borders, will tell you that your radiograph has proper ___
Collimation
The grid is used to _______ scatter radiation, and increase detail. Only ____ beams will get through to grid.
Decrease Parallel
Density is decreased on a film by
Decreasing the mAs
The lower the speed of the film, the greater the _____. The faster the speed of the film, it stops _____.
Detail Motion
you have accidentally put two sheets of x-ray film in a cassette. you did not notice this until after you have taken a very difficult shot, without having to take a second shot, what is the best option for the veterinarian to successfully evaluate the radiograph?
Develop both films and overlay them for the veterinarian to evaluate
If there are streaks on your film it is because the rollers are ___
Dirty
Coiled wire in the cathode that emits the electron beam
Filament
The distance between the X-ray tube and the film is the?
Focal-film distance
The cavity in the cathode where the filaments sit
Focusing Cup
Overall grayness that does not contribute to the diagnostic quality of the film; may be from chemicals or undesirable radiation
Fogging
The anode _____ effect is when the majority of X-rays are coming from the cathode side
Heel
Because of the of angle of the target, a greater intensity of x-rays is emitted from the cathode side angle of the target, so the thickest part of the patient should be positioned at this end
Heel effect
Use abdominal compression to keep the liquid in the kidneys during an ____
IVP
In the cassette there are _____ screens, and their purpose is to lessen time exposure, by intensifying the rays
Intensifying
Most x-ray film cassettes now have what kind of screens that glow when irradiated?
Intensifying screens
Double contrast studies use both ____ and ____
Iodine Air
Positive contrast uses _____
Iodine or barium
Process of transferring sufficient energy to an atom so the outer electron is removed and the atom becomes positively charged
Ionization
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) checks for inflow and outflow of ___ function
Kidney
Invisible image produced on the x-ray film after exposure and before processing
Latent image
Static causes a _____ effect across a film
Lightening
MA x Time = _____
MAs
Use high ___ and low ___ for soft tissue
MAs KVP
Use low____ and high ___ for bones
MAs KVP
Maximum amount of radiation exposure an individual is allowed over a given time
Maximum permissible dose (MPD)
Amount of current flowing through the x-ray tube times the exposure time in seconds
Milliampere-second or mAs
A higher grid ratio means
More scatter radiation is absorbed (Grid ratio is the ratio of the height of the lead strips as compared to the space between them)
If film is clear, there is ___ exposure
No
Space between the film and the part being radiographed
Object-film distance (OFD)
OFA
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
For an OFA, you must sedate the patient, and have the ____ on top of the femur, and the two holes in the ilium lined up exactly
Patellas
The MA is the quantity, the KVP is the ______ (or length)
Quality
Term referring to the average energy of the x-ray beam or its penetrating ability
Quality - controlled by kVp
Term referring to the total number of x-ray photons
Quantity - controlled by mA
the unit of radiation exposure rad stands for?
Radiation absorbed dose
Variation in degree of darkness between two adjacent areas of film
Radiographic contrast (controlled by kVp)
Degree of darkness found on a radiograph
Radiographic density (controlled by mAs)
Quality of a tissue or device that allows most of the x-rays to pass through unaffected
Radiolucent
The main purpose of the fixer
Remove unexposed, undeveloped silver halide crystals
5 REM or 1.25 REM per calendar quarter is the total amount of radiation that is ____
Safe
Photons that change direction by interaction of the primary beam with tissue or matter in its path
Scatter or secondary radiation
The black in a radiograph is the metal ____.
Silver
The distance from the focal spot or source of the x-rays to thr image receptor or film
Source-image distance (SID); formerly called focal-film distance
Myelogram is a contrast X-ray study of the ___, and is an iodine type product
Spine
Two types of anodes
Stationary (dental and large animal portable units) and rotating
when positioning an animal for radiographs, it is the best to place the thicker portion of the patient toward__of the tube to produce a radiograph with uniform density?
The cathode end
Which of the following would do the most to minimize scatter radiation?
The collimator is narrowed
what can cause series of parallel white lines on the developed radiograph?
The grid
the focal spot is?
The spot on the tungsten target that the electron beam is aimed at
____, ____, and ____ are ways to stay protected with radiation
Time Distance PPE
3-7 is the average MAs for _____
Tissue
There is a _______ that increases the amount of electricity in the X-ray machine, turning into kilovoltage
Transformer
In an X-ray tube, x-rays are formed on the?
Tungsten target on the anode
Distance from one electromagnetic wave to another
Wavelength
Father of modern x-rays
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
A short-wavelength, high energy form of electromagnetic energy
X-ray
abdominal radiographs are best taken when the
animal exhales
A focal-film distance that is too short causes the radiographed image to?
appear to dark
How often should chemical (drug) restraint be used during radiologic procedures?
as often as possible
when taking a lateral thoracic radiograph, the veterinary technician should position the forelegs
cranially
when taking a lateral thoracic radiograph, you should make sure the spine and sternum are?
equidistant from the table
if the finished radiograph is too light, a probable cause is?
focal-film distance is too long
radiographs of the lateral pelvis should be measured over the
hip joints
Maximum energy of the x-ray beam that determines the quality or penetrating power of the beam
kVp or kilovoltage peak
positioning the lateral pelvis should include the
lower leg perpendicular to the body, and the upper leg positioned caudally
when taking radiographs, the veterinary technician should
maximize distance between herself or himself and x-ray sources
when radiographing extremities, the beam should be centered
midway on the shaft of the bone of choice
when taking a VD thoracic radiograph, you should measure at the level
of the twelfth rib
extremity radiographs should be taken with the film cassette
on the tabletop
when radiographing a distal extremity, a __scale of contrast is best
short
If the finished radiograph has whites splotches on it, the most likely cause is?
spots of fixer on the film
A VD view of the pelvis for hip dysplasia evaluation should not show which of the following?
stifles rotated laterally
Dosimetry badges should be?
worn on the collar outside the apron
The collimation field for a lateral abdominal radiograph is form the
xyphoid process to the hip
Personnel of what age should not be actively working within an x-ray-producing area?
younger than 18 years
