Immune System CH.21

What is Artificially acquired active immunity:

The antigens are pretreated to be immunogenic but not pathogenic, trigger immune response but not cause illness.

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called________.

chemotaxis

What is IgE?

less than 0.1% of antibodies, located on mast cells and basophils. Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.

B cells make what?

make antibodies that attack the antigen directly.

are "local hormones" released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. They include IL-1 and IL-2

cytokines

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________

cytotoxic T- cells

What type of cells manage acquired immunity?

cytotoxic t cells, b& t cells memory cells. Also formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells.

Define immunocompetence.

each lymphocyte must be able to recognize its one specific antigen by binding to it.

Antigens markers are called?

epitopes, trigger immune response.

What is/are the "first line of defense" in innate immunity? What chemicals/cells form the "second line" of defense?

excretory defenses are the first line of defense this includes: Skin, mucous membranes, mucus, hairs, cilia, saliva, urine, defecation& vomiting, sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice, vaginal secretions. Second line of defense(Internal): Interferons, Complement system, Iron-binding proteins, Natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever.

What is IgA?

found in saliva, tears, and breast milk and gastrointestinal secretions

T cells only recognize?

fragments of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in a certain way on the cells plasma membrane

What makes you red and itchy?

histamine

What acid is in gastric juice?

hydrochloric acid (strong acid)

What is Artificially acquired passive immunity:

injection of immunoglobulins (5 classes)

What are the two kinds of immunity?

innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immunity

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed by _____________ before activation of adaptive immunity.

natural killer cells

What are the three types of phagocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages

Where is sebum from and what is it?

secreted from the skin. It forms protective covering on face and keeps bacteria and fungi from growing.

Self-recognition leads to ___________ _________________

self tolerance

What are some passive/innate/nonspecific immunity mechanisms?

-Defensive mechanisms that provide immediate, general protection (non-specific) such as: Saliva- antibacterial enzymes Tears- antibacterial enzymes Skin- prevents entry Mucus- linings traps dirt and microbes Stomach acid- Low pH kills harmful microbes good gut bacteria- Out complete bad

What does Innate (non-specific ) immunity mean?

-Doesn't change or adapt, stuff born with

What are the mucus membranes excretory defenses? (Innate/non-specific)

-Secrete mucus -Nasal Hairs: helps trap stuff -Cilia in Respiratory tract: helps move mucus

List second line of Defense (Internal) in immune:

Antimicrobial Substances: 1. Interferons (IFNs) 2. Complement system 3. Iron-binding proteins Antimicrobial Proteins( AMPS) 1. Natural Killer (NK) Cells 2. Phagocytes 3. Inflammation 4. Fever

What is IgD?

B cell antigen receptor, 0.2% of all antibodies in blood

What cells mature in the bone marrow?

B cells

What does adaptive (specific) immunity mean?

Can change and it can adapt to a pathogen to fight it better. -Carried out by B-cells & T-cells- job is to adapt.

What is Naturally acquired active immunity:

Exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease and becomes immune as a result of a primary immune response leads to the formation of Antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic t cells, and B and T memory Cells.

What is complement protein? (Innate/non-specific)

Found in plasma. Purpose is to enhance some immune reactions such as: Cytolysis(killing) of microbes, promote phagocytosis, Contribute to inflammation.

B cell characteristics

Has antigen receptors. Produced and mature in bone marrow *The B cell that has the receptor that fits with the antigen thats the B cell that will make a clone army of itself to then go fight that antigen.* Not all B cells have the same receptors and not all T cells have the same Receptors.

List the main types of T-cells and their functions (just two we discussed)

Helper protein receptor-(CD4) T cells (These helper cells Don't engage in any interaction) also binds with antigen but waits for Cytotoxic to bind and attack. COsigns. -or cytotoxic-cell killing (CD8) T cells, these are engaged in the active immune response.

Helper T cells do what

Helper protein receptor-(CD4) T cells (These helper cells Don't engage in any interaction) also binds with antigen but waits for Cytotoxic to bind and attack. Cosigns.

Which "Ig" is responsible/active in hypersensitivity reactions?

IgE

Which "Ig" can cross the placenta?

IgG

What are the 5 types of IgS (immunoglobulins)?

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE.

What do T cells and B cells must have?

Self recognition: ability to recognize your own plasma membrane proteins so you don't trigger an immune response.

What are some ways vaccines are made?

Several vaccines are made by taking toxins and inactivating them with a chemical (the toxin, once inactivated, is called a toxoid). By inactivating the toxin, it no longer causes disease.

What are the first line of defense in the immune system?

Skin & mucus membranes membranes: Nasal cavity, mouth, bronchi, stomach, esophagus

What vaccine did Edward Jenner develop?

Small pox from cow pox

Write the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis

Step 1. Chemotaxis (chemical smell of bacteria) Step 2. Adherence (stick) Step 3. Ingestion (eat/engulf) Step 4. Digestion(Break it down.) Step 5. Killing.

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

Structure on every cell membrane. -Saying Plasma membrane proteins are compatible with your immune system.

What is the definition of an antigen? List some examples

Substances recognized as foreign and provoke immune response. Ex.bacteria, fungi viruses, and other foreign.

What is Memory T cells?

T Cells that remain after a cell- mediated immune response -Available for swift response on 2nd exposure to the same antigen. -Can quickly proliferate and differentiate into active helper T cells or active Cytotoxic T cells.

What cells mature in the thymus?

T cells

Which type of acquired immunity cell fights battles in tissues and attacks infected body cell? This kind of acquired immunity is called?

T-cell t-cell- mediated

What is the advantage of immunity via vaccination versus immunity via illness with a live, fully-potent pathogen?

the individual doesn't have to go through the disease itself to become immune.

When do B cells become plasma cells?

when they move into the blood, and make antibodies.

What are tears made of?

-Lacrimal apparatus (lysozyme) : keeps eye sterile

What cells are in immunological memory?

-Long lasting antibodies -Long lived Lymphocytes -Memory Cytotoxic T cells, memory helper T cells, memory B cells.

What is in the mouth?

-Saliva (lysozyme) helps keep mouth clean

Where do antigens that get past non-specific defenses generally end up in?

-lymphatic tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils)

What acid is in vaginal secretions?

-slightly acidic. Made from glycogen source and ferments.

List all the first line of defense (external defenses) in immune:

1.skin 2. Mucous Membranes 3. Mucus 4. Hairs 5.cilia 6. Lacrimal apparatus 7. saliva 8. urine 9. defecation & vomiting 10. Sebum 11. Lysozyme 12.Gastric Juice 13. Vaginal Secretions

List all the Innate (non-specific) :

1.skin 2. Mucous Membranes 3. Mucus 4. Hairs 5.cilia 6. Lacrimal apparatus 7. saliva 8. urine 9. defecation & vomiting 10. Sebum 11. Lysozyme 12.Gastric Juice 13. Vaginal Secretions Antimicrobial Substances: 1. Interferons (IFNs) 2. Complement system 3. Iron-binding proteins Antimicrobial Proteins( AMPS) 1. Natural Killer (NK) Cells 2. Phagocytes 3. Inflammation 4. Fever

Which type of acquired immunity cell fights battles in the blood and lymph?(produce antibodies) This type of acquired immunity is called?

B-cells Antibody mediated

Where does B cell development occur?

It occurs in the bone marrow

What type of cells remain after any adaptive immune response?

Memory B &T cells

Both T and B cells produce copies of themselves that do not actively participate in the immune response, What are these cells called?

Memory cells. Important because they save energy and time and provide future immunity.

What do the active cytotoxic T cells do?

Migrate & "seek out" infected target cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells. -Recognize & attach to target cells -Kill microbe infected cells by one of two chemical methods -Granzymes -Perforin

T cells characteristics

Migrate from the RBM to the thymus where they become immunocompetent - Have antigen receptors. - Exit thymus as Helper protein receptor-(CD4) T cells (These helper cells Don't engage in any interaction) also binds with antigen but waits for Cytotoxic to bind and attack. Cosigns. -or cytotoxic-cell killing (CD8) T cells, these are engaged in the active immune response.

List some phagocytes and define:

Migrate to infected area via chemotaxis and eat bacteria. :neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophil

What is IgG?

Most common class; crosses placenta and provides immune protection in newborns

What are NK cells? What is their role in immunity? Where do they come from?

NK cells are a kind of lymphocyte that is made in the RBM. Their role is to kill infected body cells & certain tumor cells. They do this by: First step. Release Perforin (chemical): - "perforates(makes holes)" the membrane- pokes holes and eats through the membrane of the pathogen. Second step. Release granzymes (protein-digesting enzymes)- induce target cell to self destruct. Go through the perforations(holes) and then destroy the cell from the inside which destroys the pathogen from the inside out.

What are the 4 ways to acquire adaptive immunity?

Naturally acquired active immunity: exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B cells and T cells and costimulation lead to the formation of Antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic t cells, and B and T memory Cells. Naturally acquired passive immunity:Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA in milk during breastfeeding. Artificially acquired active immunity: The antigens are pretreated to be immunogenic but not pathogenic, trigger immune response but not cause illness. Artificially acquired passive immunity: Injection of immunoglobulins, the 5 classes.

What does inflammation do?

Neutralizes harmful agents Removes damaged and dead tissue Generates new tissue Promotes healing

List some ways antibodies work against antigens.

Neutralizing antigen: -Block some bacterial toxins Immobilizing bacteria: -Disable cilia or flagella so it can't move Aggluting: -Clumping(agglutination) -Antigen more easily phagocytized. MOST ANTIBODY REACTIONS REQUIRE HELP FROM PHAGOCYTES

What are some antibody actions?

Neutralizing antigen: -Block some bacterial toxins Immobilizing bacteria: -Disable cilia or flagella so it can't move Aggluting: -Clumping(agglutination) -Antigen more easily phagocytized. MOST ANTIBODY REACTIONS REQUIRE HELP FROM PHAGOCYTES.

Which type of leukocyte die immediately after consuming a pathogen and become pus?

Neutrophils

What do B cells do?

Plasma cells secrete one kind of a specific antibody for 4-5 days -An antibody combines only with the specific antigen that caused its production. -Other B cells differentiate Into: -Memory B cells that respond more rapidly if same antigen reappears.

What are antimicrobial proteins?

Preventing growth, blocking replication, or eating microbes.

List some functions of the inflammatory response?

Prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue, disposes of cell debris and pathogens. Alerts the adaptive immune system, sets up stage for repair.

Interferons (IFNs) Innate/non-specific

Produced by virally-infected lymphocytes and macrophages. Meaning the lymphocytes and macrophages are infected by a virus and the last move they make to help the body is to produce a Interferon that go to the neighbor cell and block the viral attachment to the neighbor *Diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells to provide protection so the virus can't spread.

What is the first step when B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge?

Producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

what is the iron binding protein?

Purpose is to bind iron and inhibit growth of certain bacteria.

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence (undergo selection) in the _

RBM

Can vaccines make you feel sick?

These are signs that your immune system has been stimulated, not that the vaccine is making you sick.

Where do antibodies work?

They work in the blood

what is Naturally acquired passive immunity

Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA in milk during breastfeeding.

What is IgM?

anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the ABO blood group

In clonal selection of B cells, what determines which cells will eventually become cloned?

antigen

Interferons are ____________ that ________ viral attachment to cell membranes.

antimicrobial proteins, block

Cytotoxic T cells are the only T cells that can directly __________ other cells

attack

What can a pathogen be?

bacteria, toxins, viruses, foreign tissues