Immune System Disorders

An Rh- mother has an Rh- baby. What is the risk of her next baby developing hemolytic disease of the newborn?

0% chance

A person with type O blood can donate to individuals with which of the following blood types?

A, B, AB, or O

A person identified as a universal recipient has ________ blood type.

AB

Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disease?

AIDS

What type of ABO blood group antibodies does a person with blood type B typically have?

Anti-A antibodies

Why might a person who contracted a streptococcal disease in childhood be more susceptible to heart disease in later life?

Antibodies against some strains of Streptococcus are cross-reactive with heart tissue.

A child has a history of recurring serious bacterial infections. A blood sample shows lymphocyte levels are near normal levels, but no antibodies to the pathogens are detected in serologic tests. Based on this information, which of the following is the likeliest diagnosis for this child?

Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia

What causes cell damage in a type III hypersensitivity?

Chemicals released by neutrophils

Which of the following is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by a lack of T cells?

DiGeorge syndrome

What are the differences between hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus?

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is caused by foreign antigens, while rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are caused by autoantigens and glomerulonephritis can be caused by either foreign or autoantigens.

Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen?

IgE

Which type of antibody is involved in a type I hypersensitivity response?

IgE

Which of the following is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine?

It blocks the activity of activated Th1 T cells

Which is an example of an autoimmune disease affecting the nervous system?

Multiple sclerosis

Opportunistic infections typical of AIDS but rare otherwise include

Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Which of the following could result in hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father

Individuals with which of the following diseases would be expected to have very low antibody titers overall?

SCID

The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of

T cells and phagocytes

An accident victim receives a blood transfusion. Shortly thereafter, he begins to have difficulty breathing, develops a fever, and experiences nausea and vomiting. Which of the following is the most likely interpretation of these events?

The blood transfusion was mismatched and the recipient had previously been exposed to the foreign blood group antigens.

Which of the following statements concerning allografts is TRUE?

They induce strong type iV hypersensitivity reactions and much be treated with immunosuppressive drugs.

The condition known as graft-versus-host disease may result after

a bone marrow allograft

DiGeorge syndrome is an example of what type of immune disorder?

a primary immunodeficiency

Patients with which of the following types of grafts would require the most intensive therapy with immunosuppressive drugs?

a xenograft

Treatment with glucocorticoids to suppress type IV hypersensitivity may result in

acquired immunodeficiency

If a woman receives a kidney from her brother, what type of transplantation has occurred?

an allograft

Type I diabetes is a(n)

autoimmune disease

Which of the following is a type of blood cell that undergoes degranulation in type I hypersensitivity reactions?

basophil

Although it is unclear exactly how allergy shots work, their mechanism of action could be expected to most directly influence which of the following steps of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

binding of allergens to IgE molecules

Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE?

both eosinophils and mast cells

The syndrome known as AIDS is characterized

by one or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV

A student develops allergic contact dermatitis after being exposed to formaldehyde in the laboratory. She tries to treat the condition by taking an antihistamine, but the drug has little or no effect. Which of the following treatments should she consider using instead?

corticosteroids

Which of the following is/are not associated with a type I hypersensitivity?

cytotoxic T cells

What is the underlying problem in most acquired immunodeficiencies?

declining cell-mediated immunity

A young woman begins to experience swelling and reddening of the skin. Soon she is also having difficulty breathing. What treatment most likely to be prescribed?

epinephrine

TRUE or FALSE: All autoimmune diseases have a genetic cause.

false

TRUE or FALSE: Individuals with AB blood type are called "universal donors" because they do not have antibodies against blood group antigens.

false

Julie goes to the hospital for a surgery that will require receiving blood from a donor. She is blood type O, but a mix-up in the paperwork results in blood type B entered on her forms. During surgery she received 2 units of blood, type B. After surgery she may experience __________.

fever, difficulty breathing, nausea and vomiting

When immune complexes in the blood become trapped in the kidneys the resulting disease is known as

glomerulonephritis

Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to

glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of the red blood cells

HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency by infecting

helper T cells

Which chemical released during type I hypersensitivity responses causes contractions of smooth muscle, such as in the bronchi?

histamine

Hypotheses explaining the development of autoimmune disease include

molecular mimicry and genetic factors

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is distinct from other autoimmune disorders because

multiple organs and tissues are affected

A patient that is experiencing deficits in vision, speech, and neuromuscular function may be suffering from which of the following autoimmune diseases?

multiple sclerosis

Which of the following parts of the body is associated with multiple sclerosis?

nervous tissue

Which of the following criteria causes Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia to be classified as a primary immunodeficiency disease?

occurs in babies

Which of the following groups of individuals is most susceptible, in general, to autoimmune diseases?

older women

The inability to make reactive forms of oxygen that is associated with chronic granulomatous disease results in a deficiency in which of the following areas?

phagocyte function

Graft rejection can be reduced by

preventing T cell proliferation

Of the following events in a type I hypersensitivity reaction, which one would be expected to occur LAST?

release of leukotrienes by eosinophils

If a person has a positive result to the Mantoux test, this would indicate __________.

the person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or has received the vaccine for tuberculosis.

Microbes that contain epitopes that are similar to self-antigens could possibly be responsible for autoimmune diseases of all of the following EXCEPT __________.

the testes

TRUE or FALSE: Children with Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia are highly susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections.

true

TRUE or FALSE: Depletion of the helper T cell population by HIV results in the development of AIDS.

true

TRUE or FALSE: Development of an allergic reaction requires an initial exposure.

true

TRUE or FALSE: Infection with certain viruses may lead to the development of type I diabetes.

true

TRUE or FALSE: MHC genes are significant genetic factors in predisposition to develop autoimmune disease.

true

A reaction to an allergen is a ________ hypersensitivity.

type 1

Cytotoxic T cell response the cells of the pancreas may result in

type 1 diabetes

A person with type B blood can receive blood from individuals with which of the following blood types?

type B or O

Antigen-antibody complexes trapped in tissues and triggering complement activation or mast cell degranulation are characteristic of

type III hypersensitivity

TRUE or FALSE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type III hypersensitivity disorder. .

type III hypersensitivity disorder

Which hypersensitivity disorder is the result of cell-mediated response?

type IV

A small amount of antigen is injected under the skin of a patient. After 30 minutes there is no apparent change at the injection site, but 36 hours later the patient reports that the area is red and swollen. This type of response is due to

type IV hypersensitivity

Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

watery eyes after exposure to animals