Immunity & inflammation GCSC
The nurse recalls that stem cells differentiate and mature in what order? Place cells in order of maturity. 1. Multipotent stem cell 2. Myeloid progenitor cell 3. Hematopoietic stem cell 4. Megakaryocyte
3,1,2,4 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the blood cells that give rise to all the other blood cells; they are located in red bone marrow. Multipotent stem cells come from hematopoietic stem cells and can differentiate into myeloid progenitor cells, which can give rise to myeloid and lymphoid lineages. The myeloid lineage cells include monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, and dendritic cells.
What is the correct cell phase sequence of a B-lymphocyte following exposure to an antigen? Place your answers in the correct order. 1. Unsensitized B-lymphocyte 2. Sensitized B-lymphocyte (plasma cell) 3. Sensitized B-memory cell 4. Committed lymphocyte stem cell
4,1,2,3 B-cells start as stem cells in the bone marrow. A committed lymphocyte stem cell first transforms into an unsensitized B-lymphocyte, which then turns into a sensitized B-lymphocyte (plasma cell). Finally, some of the plasma cells get transformed into sensitized B-memory cells.
What is the function of a monocyte during inflammation? A) Destruction of bacteria and cellular debris B) Release of histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage C) Nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms D) Nonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microorganisms
A) Destruction of bacteria and cellular debris During inflammation, monocytes destroy bacteria and cellular debris. Basophils releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage. The function of neutrophils is nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms. The function of macrophages is nonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microorganisms.
What kind of immunoglobulin helps in the prevention of respiratory tract infections? A) Immunoglobulin A B) Immunoglobulin E C) Immunoglobulin G D) Immunoglobulin M
A) Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin A, abbreviated as IgA, is an antibody that is present in high concentrations in the secretions of mucous and membranes of the intestinal mucosa. These help in preventing infections in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Immunoglobulin E, or IgE, is present in variable concentrations in the blood and is associated with antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Immunoglobulin G, or IgG, comprises 75% of the immunoglobulin present in human serum. It is produced particularly during secondary immune responses to provide sustained, long-term immunity against invading microorganisms. Immunoglobulin M, or IgM, is the first antibody to appear in primary immune responses and indicates that an infection has been acquired recently.
The nurse recalls that which condition is associated with inflammation that occurs with infection? A) Otitis media B) Blister formation C) Allergic rhinitis D) Myocardial infarction
A) Otitis media An example of inflammation that occurs through infection is otitis media. Myocardial infarction is associated with inflammation. However, this inflammation is not caused by infection. Blister formation is an example of inflammation that occurs without infection. Allergic rhinitis is an example of inflammation that occurs from the invasion of noninfectious microorganisms.
Which cells are involved in the general inflammation process? Select all that apply. A) Eosinophils B) Neutrophils C) Basophils D) Natural killer cells E) Macrophages F) Cytotoxic T-cells
A, B, C, E The leukocytes involved in inflammation are neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils and macrophages use phagocytosis to destroy and eliminate foreign invaders. Basophils and eosinophils release chemicals that act on blood vessels to cause tissue-level responses that help neutrophil and macrophage actions. Natural killer cells nonselectively attack non-self cells, especially body cells that have undergone mutation and become malignant. Cytotoxic T-cells selectively attack and destroy non-self cells, including virally infected cells, grafts, and transplanted organs.
What are the body's defense mechanisms to prevent organisms from entering? Select all that apply. A) Skin B) Sweat glands C) Normal skin flora D) Skin pigmentation E) Mucous membranes
A,C,E Natural defense mechanisms that help in preventing organisms from invading the body are intact skin, normal skin flora, and intact mucous membranes. Sweat gland activity is associated with temperature regulation rather than keeping invading organisms at bay. Skin pigmentation is not a defense mechanism for microorganisms.
Which cells present in the human body are considered non-self cells? Select all that apply. A) Cancer cells B) B-lymphocytes C) T-lymphocytes D) Natural killer cells E) Infected body cells
A,E Cancer cells and infected body cells are considered to be non-self cells. Recognizing a cell as self cell or a non-self cell is important for the body to initiate an immune response toward the non-self cells. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes contribute to the immune system of the body. Natural killer are special cells which help in cell-mediated immunity. They are most effective on unhealthy or abnormal self cells.
What is the process of making antigens less effective before administering them into the body for therapeutic purposes? A) Lysis B) Attenuation C) Phagocytosis D) Immunization
B) Attenuation Attenuation is the process of making an antigen less effective in order to administer it for therapeutic purposes. Lysis is the process of destroying the cell membrane of the antigen, which in turn, weakens it. Phagocytosis is associated with engulfing and destruction of an invading organism. Immunization is the process of acquiring artificial immunity.
A recent immigrant enters the emergency department with a roundworm infection. Which white blood cell type would the nurse expect to be most active in this patient? A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Neutrophils D) Tissue mast cells
B) Eosinophils Eosinophils are very active against parasitic infestations such as roundworm. Although other white blood cells such as basophils, neutrophils, and tissue mast cells may be active due to the presence of the infection, eosinophils are the primary cells involved in combatting parasitic infections.
Lymphocytes provide cell-mediated immunity through a variety of T-cells. What is the function of suppressor T-cells? A) Recognize self cells versus non-self cells and secrete lymphokines. B) Prevent hypersensitivity on exposure to non-self cells or proteins. C) Destroy cells that contain a processed antigen's human leukocyte antigen. D) Destroy unhealthy or abnormal self cells, cancer cells, and virally infected body cells
B) Prevent hypersensitivity on exposure to non-self cells or proteins. Cell-mediated immunity is provided by different types of T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Suppressor T-cells prevent hypersensitivity on exposure to non-self cells or proteins which help to prevent immune overreactions. Helper T-cells recognize self cells versus non-self cells and secrete lymphokines. Cytotoxic T-cells destroy cells that contain a processed antigen's human leukocyte antigen. NK cells destroy unhealthy or abnormal self cells, cancer cells, and virally infected body cells.
In what stage of inflammation is there an increased number of circulating neutrophils and exudate formed? A) Stage I B) Stage II C) Stage III D) Stage IV
B) Stage II During stage II of inflammation, there is an increased number of circulating neutrophils and exudate formed. Stage I is characterized by a vascular response that starts the changes in blood vessels. During stage III, tissue repair and replacement occur. There is no stage IV of inflammation.
A patient visits the doctor's office because of a suspected ingrown toenail. The toenail is red and painful, and the side of the toenail exudes pus upon pressure. Which stage of inflammation is the patient primarily experiencing? A) Stage I B) Stage II C) Stage III D) Stage IV
B) Stage II The presence of pus is a classic sign of stage II of the inflammatory process. Edema occurs in stage I, but this does not reflect true pus formation. Pus formation occurs when the body rids itself of dead white blood cells, necrotic tissue, and fluids during stage II. Stage III is the healing stage, and pus formation is usually no longer occurring during this stage. The inflammatory process does not include a stage IV.
Which immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies are involved in complement pathway activation? Select all that apply. A) IgA B) IgG C) IgE D) IgD E) IgM
B,E Antibodies IgG and IgM are both responsible for activating the classic complement pathway. IgA, IgE, and IgD have no role in complement pathway activation. IgA helps in preventing infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the GI tract, and the genitourinary tract. IgE is associated with antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. IgD acts as a receptor on unsensitized B-lymphocytes.
Which immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody binds to basophils and is involved in causing antigen-antibody mediated hypersensitivity reactions? A) IgA B) IgG C) IgE D) IgD
C) IgE The IgE antibody binds to basophils and is involved in causing antigen-antibody mediated hypersensitivity reactions. IgA is helpful in preventing gastrointestinal, urinary, and respiratory infections. IgG provides long-term immunity against invading microorganisms. IgD is co-expressed with IgM and acts as a receptor on unsensitized B-lymphocytes.
What is the likely reason that the nurse would observe a decreased number of mature neutrophils in a patient's laboratory report? A) Impaired functioning of erythropoietin B) Impaired functioning of thrombopoietin C) Impaired functioning of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor D) Impaired functioning of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
C) Impaired functioning of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Impaired functioning of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can result in a decreased number of mature neutrophils. Erythropoietin is a growth factor that increases growth and differentiation of erythrocytes. Thrombopoietin is a growth factor that increases growth and differentiation of platelets. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a growth factor that increases growth and maturation of myeloid stem cells.
Which cells of the immune system are similar because they engulf foreign cells through phagocytosis? A) Basophils and neutrophils B) Mast cells and eosinophils C) Neutrophils and macrophages D) Eosinophils and macrophages
C) Neutrophils and macrophages Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary cells that are involved in phagocytosis. Eosinophils and basophils release vasoactive chemicals, and mast cells and basophils have IgE binding sites. However, they do not perform phagocytosis of foreign organisms or debris.
What functional age-related change in the older adult occurs during the immune component of inflammation? A) There is a decline in natural antibodies. B) There is a decreased response to antigens. C) There is a decrease in circulating T-lymphocytes. D) Leukocytosis does not occur during acute infection.
D) Leukocytosis does not occur during acute infection. Leukocytosis does not occur during acute infection in the older adult in the immune component of inflammation. A decline in natural antibodies and a decreased response to antigens occur during the immune component of antibody-mediated immunity. In the older adult, there is a decrease in the numbers of circulating T-lymphocytes that occur in the immune component of cell-related immunity, not inflammation.
Which cells in the human body contribute to the cell-mediated immune system? Select all that apply. A) Plasma cell B) Memory cell C) B-lymphocyte D) Natural killer cell E) Helper/inducer T-cell
D) Natural killer cell, E) Helper/inducer T-cell Natural killer cells participate in cell-mediated immunity and attack non-self cells, especially abnormal self cells that have undergone a mutation. Helper or inducer T-cells enhance immunity by recognizing cells as self and non-self cells and secreting cytokines. Plasma cells, memory cells, and B-lymphocytes participate in antibody-mediated immunity.
Which cells are responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs in the human body? A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Neutrophils D) Natural killer cells
D) Natural killer cells The natural killer cells enter the transplanted organs through blood and penetrate the organ cells by causing lysis. This reaction initiates the inflammatory response and may lead to acute rejection of the organ. Basophils release histamine and heparin in the areas of tissue damage which promotes the action of neutrophils and macrophages. Eosinophils act against the infestation of parasitic larvae and decrease the inflammatory responses, especially during allergic responses. Neutrophils help with ingestion and phagocytosis of foreign proteins.
A patient has a final check-up with the nurse after a long recovery from a gunshot wound. If the patient experiences long-term or permanent decreased functionality at the site of the wound, what would the nurse expect to find upon inspection of the wound site? A) Scab B) Blisters C) Redness D) Scar tissue
D) Scar tissue Scar tissue occurs when the healthy cells are not able to divide adequately to cover the damaged area. This results in loss of normal tissue function and permanent decreased functionality. A scab, redness, or blisters are signs of incomplete healing and would most likely not be present at this final checkup.
What are the conditions in which inflammation is not caused by an infection? Select all that apply. A) Cystitis B) Meningitis C) Pneumonia D) Joint sprains E) Blister formation
D,E Joint sprains and blister formation are examples of inflammations not caused by an infection. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, and pneumonia is inflammation of the lung parenchyma, all of which are due to infection.
