DNA, Hot Pockets, & The Longest Word Ever

5' Cap

A special type of guanine is added to the 5 prime end, that's the first part of the mRNA that's copied and this is called the _ _

Tertiary Structure

All of this shape caused by bonding between R groups gives our polypeptide a _ _

Termination Signal

Eventually the RNA polymerase reaches another sequence downstream called a _ _ that triggers it to pull off

Folding

In addition to bring very big proteins can also contort into very complex formations. One key to understanding how a protein works is to understand how it folds

Polypeptide Chain

In each case that new amino acid gets connected to the previous amino acid starting a _ _ , which is the very beginning of a protein

Quaternary Structure

In other proteins like hemoglobin several different chains come together to form a _ _

Transcription

Inside a cell's nucleus the DNA instruction manual is copied gene by gene by _ onto a kind of RNA and then taken out of the lair where the instructions are followed by the process of translation

RNA Splicing

Just before leaving the nucleus extra information gets cut out of the RNA in a process called _ _ . Two key players one of which is called Snurps which are small nuclear RibonucleoProteins. These are a combination of RNA and proteins and they recognize the sequence that signal the start and end of the areas to be spliced

Enzymes

Most of the polypeptides that get made aren't structural proteins like hair, they're enzymes which go on to act like the assembly machinery breaking down and building and combining carbohydrates and lipids and proteins that make up variations of cell material

Triplet Codon

Now it's like building a puzzle. The mRNA slides through the ribosome. The ribosome reads the mRNA three letters at a time - each set called a _ _ .

Poly-A Tail

On the other end another enzyme added about 250 adenines on the 3' end. This is called a _ - _ _ . These caps on either end of the RNA package make it easier for the mRNA to leave the nucleus and they also help protect it from degradation from passing enzymes while making it easier to connect with other organelles later on

Sequence

One one end of the tRNA is an amino acid. On the other end is a specific _ of three nitrogenous bases. These two ends are kind of matched to each other. Each of the 20 amino acids that we have in our body has its own _ at the end. So if the tRNA has the amino acid methionine on one end for instance it can have UAC as the nucleotide _ in the other

Uracil

RNA doesn't have thymine instead it has _ so U appears here in T's place as the partner to adenine. As it moves the RNA polymerase re-zips the DNA behind it and let's our new strand of messenger RNA peel away

tRNA

RRNA doesn't contribute any genetic information to the process instead it has binding sites that allow the incoming mRNA to interact with another special type of RNA the third in this caper called transfer RNA or _ . And _ really might as well be called translation RNA because that's what it does. It translates from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids and proteins

rRNA

Ribosomes are a mixture of protein and a second kind of RNA called ribosomal RNA or _ . And they act together as a sort of work space.

Spliceosome

Snurps bunch together with a bunch of other proteins to form the _ which does what the actual editing as it were breaking the junk segments down so their nitrogenous bases can be reused in DNA or RNA and sticking together the two ends of the good stuff

Helix

Some amino acids don't like to just hold hands with two others they're a bit more promiscuous than that. The hydrogens on the main backbone of the amino acids like to sometimes form bonds on the side (hydrogen bonds) to the oxygens in amino acids a few doors down. When they do that depending on the primary structure they bend and fold and twist into a chain of spirals called a _

AUG

Starting at the 5' end of the mRNA that's fed into the ribosome after the 5' cap for almost every gene you find the nucleotide sequence _ on the mRNA

TATA Box

TATAAAA ATATTTT This is called the _ _ it's nearly universal and helps our enzyme figure out where to bind to the strand

Primary Structure

The actual sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. What you see scrolling along down there is called its _ _ .One amino acid covalently bonded to another and that one to another in a single file

RNA Polymerase

The first enzyme in this process is _ _ and it copies the DNA sequence downstream of the TATA box, that's towards the 5' end and copies it into a similar type of language: messenger RNA (mRNA). The _ _ binds to the DNA at that TATA box and it begins to unzip the double helix. Working along the DNA chain the enzyme reads the nitrogenous bases and helps the RNA version of the nitrogenous bases floating around in the nucleus find their match

Exons

The good stuff are called _ because they'll be eventually expressed

Introns

The junk that gets cut out are just intervening segments or _ . The material in the _ will stay in the nucleus and get recycled

Transcription Unit

The length of DNA that we're going to transcribe onto an RNA molecule is called our _ _ . Each _ _ has a sequence just above it in the strand and biologists call that "upstream" on the strand and that sequence defines where the _ _ is going to begin.

Leucine

The mRNA like a mile long dollar bill keeps sliding into the ribosome so that the next codon can be read and another tRNA molecule with the right anticodon binds on. If the codon is UUA the matching tRNA has AAU one one end and _ on the other. And if the mRNA has AGA the matching tRNA has UCU on one end and Arginine on the other

Titin

The name of the longest known protein on earth. It's a protein that helps give you some of the springiness to your muscles

Translation

The process to assemble amino acid strings into polypeptides or proteins that make up all kinds of stuff from this Titin down here to the keratin in your hair

Methionine

The ribosome finds a tRNA with the anticodon UAC and in the other end of that tRNA is _

Anticodon

The ribosome then finds the matching piece of the puzzle: a tRNA with three bases that will pair with the codon sequence. That end of the tRNA is called the _

Ribosomes

The roughy dots on the endoplasmic reticulum are the _ and the processed messenger RNA gets fed into a _ like a bill into a vending machine

Promoter

The special sequence that defines where the transcription unit is going to begin. It almost always contains a sequence of two of the four nitrogenous bases. Specifically the _ is a really simple repetition

Secondary Structure

These hydrogen bonds help give polypeptides their _ _

Pleated Sheets

We also find several kinked strands laying parallel to one another called _ _

DNA Strands

_ _ run in one of two directions depending on which end of the strand is free and which end has a phosphate bond. One direction is five prime three prime and the other direction is three prime five prime. In this case upstream means towards the 3 prime end and downstream means toward the 5 prime end.