DNA, Hot Pockets, & The Longest Word Ever
5' Cap
A special type of guanine is added to the 5 prime end, that's the first part of the mRNA that's copied and this is called the _ _
Tertiary Structure
All of this shape caused by bonding between R groups gives our polypeptide a _ _
Termination Signal
Eventually the RNA polymerase reaches another sequence downstream called a _ _ that triggers it to pull off
Folding
In addition to bring very big proteins can also contort into very complex formations. One key to understanding how a protein works is to understand how it folds
Polypeptide Chain
In each case that new amino acid gets connected to the previous amino acid starting a _ _ , which is the very beginning of a protein
Quaternary Structure
In other proteins like hemoglobin several different chains come together to form a _ _
Transcription
Inside a cell's nucleus the DNA instruction manual is copied gene by gene by _ onto a kind of RNA and then taken out of the lair where the instructions are followed by the process of translation
RNA Splicing
Just before leaving the nucleus extra information gets cut out of the RNA in a process called _ _ . Two key players one of which is called Snurps which are small nuclear RibonucleoProteins. These are a combination of RNA and proteins and they recognize the sequence that signal the start and end of the areas to be spliced
Enzymes
Most of the polypeptides that get made aren't structural proteins like hair, they're enzymes which go on to act like the assembly machinery breaking down and building and combining carbohydrates and lipids and proteins that make up variations of cell material
Triplet Codon
Now it's like building a puzzle. The mRNA slides through the ribosome. The ribosome reads the mRNA three letters at a time - each set called a _ _ .
Poly-A Tail
On the other end another enzyme added about 250 adenines on the 3' end. This is called a _ - _ _ . These caps on either end of the RNA package make it easier for the mRNA to leave the nucleus and they also help protect it from degradation from passing enzymes while making it easier to connect with other organelles later on
Sequence
One one end of the tRNA is an amino acid. On the other end is a specific _ of three nitrogenous bases. These two ends are kind of matched to each other. Each of the 20 amino acids that we have in our body has its own _ at the end. So if the tRNA has the amino acid methionine on one end for instance it can have UAC as the nucleotide _ in the other
Uracil
RNA doesn't have thymine instead it has _ so U appears here in T's place as the partner to adenine. As it moves the RNA polymerase re-zips the DNA behind it and let's our new strand of messenger RNA peel away
tRNA
RRNA doesn't contribute any genetic information to the process instead it has binding sites that allow the incoming mRNA to interact with another special type of RNA the third in this caper called transfer RNA or _ . And _ really might as well be called translation RNA because that's what it does. It translates from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids and proteins
rRNA
Ribosomes are a mixture of protein and a second kind of RNA called ribosomal RNA or _ . And they act together as a sort of work space.
Spliceosome
Snurps bunch together with a bunch of other proteins to form the _ which does what the actual editing as it were breaking the junk segments down so their nitrogenous bases can be reused in DNA or RNA and sticking together the two ends of the good stuff
Helix
Some amino acids don't like to just hold hands with two others they're a bit more promiscuous than that. The hydrogens on the main backbone of the amino acids like to sometimes form bonds on the side (hydrogen bonds) to the oxygens in amino acids a few doors down. When they do that depending on the primary structure they bend and fold and twist into a chain of spirals called a _
AUG
Starting at the 5' end of the mRNA that's fed into the ribosome after the 5' cap for almost every gene you find the nucleotide sequence _ on the mRNA
TATA Box
TATAAAA ATATTTT This is called the _ _ it's nearly universal and helps our enzyme figure out where to bind to the strand
Primary Structure
The actual sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. What you see scrolling along down there is called its _ _ .One amino acid covalently bonded to another and that one to another in a single file
RNA Polymerase
The first enzyme in this process is _ _ and it copies the DNA sequence downstream of the TATA box, that's towards the 5' end and copies it into a similar type of language: messenger RNA (mRNA). The _ _ binds to the DNA at that TATA box and it begins to unzip the double helix. Working along the DNA chain the enzyme reads the nitrogenous bases and helps the RNA version of the nitrogenous bases floating around in the nucleus find their match
Exons
The good stuff are called _ because they'll be eventually expressed
Introns
The junk that gets cut out are just intervening segments or _ . The material in the _ will stay in the nucleus and get recycled
Transcription Unit
The length of DNA that we're going to transcribe onto an RNA molecule is called our _ _ . Each _ _ has a sequence just above it in the strand and biologists call that "upstream" on the strand and that sequence defines where the _ _ is going to begin.
Leucine
The mRNA like a mile long dollar bill keeps sliding into the ribosome so that the next codon can be read and another tRNA molecule with the right anticodon binds on. If the codon is UUA the matching tRNA has AAU one one end and _ on the other. And if the mRNA has AGA the matching tRNA has UCU on one end and Arginine on the other
Titin
The name of the longest known protein on earth. It's a protein that helps give you some of the springiness to your muscles
Translation
The process to assemble amino acid strings into polypeptides or proteins that make up all kinds of stuff from this Titin down here to the keratin in your hair
Methionine
The ribosome finds a tRNA with the anticodon UAC and in the other end of that tRNA is _
Anticodon
The ribosome then finds the matching piece of the puzzle: a tRNA with three bases that will pair with the codon sequence. That end of the tRNA is called the _
Ribosomes
The roughy dots on the endoplasmic reticulum are the _ and the processed messenger RNA gets fed into a _ like a bill into a vending machine
Promoter
The special sequence that defines where the transcription unit is going to begin. It almost always contains a sequence of two of the four nitrogenous bases. Specifically the _ is a really simple repetition
Secondary Structure
These hydrogen bonds help give polypeptides their _ _
Pleated Sheets
We also find several kinked strands laying parallel to one another called _ _
DNA Strands
_ _ run in one of two directions depending on which end of the strand is free and which end has a phosphate bond. One direction is five prime three prime and the other direction is three prime five prime. In this case upstream means towards the 3 prime end and downstream means toward the 5 prime end.