Immunology: Blood

Hemopoiesis is __________, homeostasis is __________, and hemostais is __________.

blood formation; a process of maintaining a steady state; blood clotting

During the process of erythropoiesis, the developing erythrocytes go through a variety of stages. During one stage the cells are called young or immature erythrocytes, otherwise known as __________.

Reticulocyte

People with blood type AB have an antigen on the membrane of their erythrocytes that are labeled as "A" and also an antigen labeled as "B." Which of the following is in reference to people with blood type O? a. They have only antigen O on their erythrocytes. b. They do not have antigen A or B on their erythrocytes. c. They have antigen A, B, and O on their erythrocytes.

B

Which of the following patients would be considered the universal donor (in other words, who can donate blood to a type A, B, AB, and O recipient)? a. AB b. O c. No one is considered to be a universal donor.

B

Which of the following leukocytes have the ability to produce antibodies?

B lymphocytes

Histamine is a chemical that causes blood vessels to dilate in an effort to increase the flow of blood and subsequently leukocytes to the infected site. Which of the following leukocytes release the most histamine?

Basophils

If a patient has type A blood, they could receive blood from which of the following donors? a. B b. AB c. O

C

Which of the following stimulates the release of erythropoietin? a. decreased amount of vitamin B12 b. excess amount of oxygen going to the kidneys c. decreased amount of oxygen going to the kidneys

C

Neutrophils are attracted to the site of an infection due to the process of __________.

Chemotaxis

There are five major leukocytes. Which of the following is the rarest of the five when a person is not sick?

Eosinophils

Which of the following leukocytes respond when a person is allergic to something?

Eosinophils

During hemopoiesis a specific stem cell will differentiate into other stem cells resulting in all the different cellular components of blood. Which of the following is the name of this original stem cell?

Hemocytoblast

The process of blood clotting is called __________.

Hemostasis

Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas and binds to hemoglobin when inhaled. It creates problems because it binds to the same site as oxygen does, competing for the same binding site. This ultimately causes the erythrocyte to deliver carbon monoxide instead of oxygen to the tissues. Which of the following is the binding site for carbon monoxide?

Iron

Oxygen binds to the __________ portion of hemoglobin.

Iron

Leukocytes can be partially identified by looking at their nucleus. All leukocytes have just one nucleus, but some have several lobes to their nucleus. Which of the following does NOT have a multi‐lobed nucleus?

Lymphocytes

Most leukocytes will leave the bloodstream and function to kill bacteria, etc., often times dying in the process. These leukocytes do not return to the bloodstream. Which of the following leukocytes are the only ones that can leave and return to the bloodstream?

Lymphocytes

Some of the leukocytes have granules in their cytosol that consist of a variety of chemicals involved in defending the body. Which of the following cells typically do NOT contain granules?

Lymphocytes

Which of the following leukocytes do not have multi‐lobed nuclei?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

The major element of whole blood is __________

Plasma

Megakaryocytes leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream by passing through the walls of capillaries. In the process of passing through the pores in the capillaries, the megakaryocytes fragment. These fragments are __________.

Platelets

Which of the following characteristics of erythrocytes allow for the easy exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

flattened shape

Erythropoietin is a chemical that is involved in starting the process of erythropoiesis. Erythropoietin is a(n) __________ produced by the __________.

hormone; kidneys

Neutrophils are referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes because __________.

their nucleus can take on a variety of shapes

What is the greatest component of plasma?

water

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. How many oxygen atoms can one erythrocyte transport?

1 billion

Leukocytes make up less than 0.5% of whole blood; however, of that small value approximately __________ are lymphocytes.

20-25%

Calcium ions were the __________ substance discovered to be involved in the process of blood clotting. a. 4 th b. 10 th c. 13 th

A

Clots form to stop the "leakage" of blood from a damaged vessel. After the damaged vessel has healed, the clot is no longer needed and goes through a process of dissolution. Which of the following is involved in the dissolution of a clot? a. plasmin b. fibrinogen c. thrombin

A

Hemocytoblasts can differentiate and turn into stem cells called myeloblasts. Myeloblasts will then turn into all of the following leukocytes EXCEPT __________. a) lymphocytes b) neutrophils c) eosinophils

A

If a patient has type AB blood, they could receive blood from all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. A b. A B c. O

A

Which of the following is involved in the final phase of blood clotting? a. formation of fibrin b. formation of prothrombin c. activation of blood clotting factor X

A

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to blood clotting? a. vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, coagulation b. platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, coagulation c. vasoconstriction coagulation platelet aggregation

A

Which of the following patients would be considered the universal recipient (in other words, who can receive blood from a type A, B, AB, and O donor)? a. AB b. O c. No one is considered to be a universal recipient.

A

Which of the following would NOT result in the release of more erythropoietin from the kidney? a. being on an oxygen respirator b. decrease in oxygen intake c. decrease in erythrocyte formation

A

Carbon dioxide binds the __________ portion of hemoglobin.

amino acids

Fibrinogen is a __________ that is transported via the plasma of blood.

clotting protein

Phagocytosis is a process where some leukocytes (such as neutrophils) can __________.

engulf and kill bacteria

During the process of erythropoiesis, what are ejected from the developing erythrocyte?.

nucleus and organelles. hemoglobin is NOT ejected.