immunology exam 1 preclass/ clicker ?

variable regions antigen binding region

AA sequence analysis showed that within variable regions, there were three regions of hypervariability. Where do you think those regions are in the BCR?

bone marrow

All blood cells in an adult human can trace their ancestry to which cellular compartment?

false first by innate

An invading pathogen is usually detected first by adaptive immune cells. true or false

microbes

Antigens are found on

d. negative, positive

As T cells mature, they are processed through ____ selection to remove those with high affinity to self antigens and ______ selection to keep those that recognize the self-marker. a. double, single b. single, double c. positive, negative d. negative, positive

viruses and extracellular parasites

Based on shared versus unique properties, which two categories of pathogen do you think might be treated most differently by the immune response? viruses and intracellular bacteria viruses and extracellular parasites extracellular bacteria and extracellular parasites fungi and extracellular parasites

Chemokines induce movement

Chemokines are a sub-family of cytokines. How are they related and distinct from the general cytokine?

dead or dying self-cells

DAMPs are found on

PAMPs DAMPS

Earlier, we discussed PRRs and their role in identifying foreign molecules non-specifically. What two types of molecules do PRRs bind to?

antibodies & B cells, fluids

Humoral immunity is part of the adaptive defense and involves _____

c. synergy

IL-2 and IL-5 act together on B cells to induce an antibody class switch to IgE. They are both needed. What type of attribute is being described? a. pleiotropy b. redundancy c. synergy d. antagonism

b. true, false

Identify whether each statement is true or false. - B cells develop in the bone marrow. - All stromal cells are immune cells within the bone marrow. a. true, true b. true, false c. false, true d. false, false

adaptive immunity

If a human were unable to produce lymphoid progenitor cells, predict which part of the immune system would be most impacted. innate immunity adaptive immunity both innate and adaptive immunity would be equally impacted

b. low affinity, high avidity

IgM antibodies form pentamers. Based on deduction and the definitions of affinity & avidity, this means they have ______ and _______. a. low affinity, low avidity b. low affinity, high avidity c. high affinity, low avidity d. high affinity, high avidity

False a couple days after vaccination

Immediately after vaccination, you are now immunized (i.e., protected) against the pathogen that was represented in the vaccine. true or false

b. Cyclosporin acts by inhibiting the movement of transcription factors into the nucleus

Immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporin act via inhibition of molecules such as NFAT. What is the mechanism of cyclosporin? a. Cyclosporin acts by inhibiting cytokine secretion b. Cyclosporin acts by inhibiting the movement of transcription factors into the nucleus c. Cyclosporin acts by blocking cytokines from binding to its receptor d. Cyclosporin acts by preventing adaptor molecules from binding to ITAMs

false adaptive involved both humoral (b cells) and cell-mediated (t cells)

Innate immunity involves soluble products and is a part of humoral immunity, whereas adaptive immunity involves the work of B and T cells, or cell-mediated immunity. true or false

mutlivalency

Many B cell receptors can bind to more than one ligand, which is called _______.

PAMPs

Molecules on foreign cells & microbes that are recognized by innate immune cells are called _________

innate & adaptive, adaptive

PRRs are found on _____ cells and antigen-specific receptors are found on _______ cells.

antibodies

Passive immunity is the transfer of _______ to another individual. antibodies T cells B cells all of the above are true

a change in the number or type of membrane-bound receptors cell movement cell activation cell death

Select all that apply: What is the result of cytokine signaling? a change in the number or type of membrane-bound receptors cell movement cell activation cell death

a. IL-1 (IL-1 family) c. TNFa (TNF family) d. IL-17 (IL-17) family

Select all that apply: Which cytokine is proinflammatory? a. IL-1 (IL-1 family) b. IL-6 (Class I family) c. TNFa (TNF family) d. IL-17 (IL-17) family e. CCL2 (chemokine family)

T cells B cells

Select all that apply: Which of the following cell types are lymphocytes? macrophages T cells neutrophils B cells mast cells

it is activated quickly once a microbe enters the body

Select all that apply: Which of the following is true of the innate immune response? it is activated quickly once a microbe enters the body it uses B and T cells it uses antibodies it recognizes specific microbes and kills them

NF-kB NFAT

Select all that apply: Which of the molecules listed here is a transcription factor? SOS Ras NF-kB NFAT PI3 kinase

neutrophiles macrophages

Select all that apply: which of the following cells are myeloid-derived? neutrophils NK cells macrophages Tc cells B cells

b. intracellular microbes

Since IFN γ activates the cytotoxic response and leads to increased MHC on somatic cells, what do you predict is the target of this cytokine? a. extracellular microbes b. intracellular microbes

CD21

The BCR uses co-receptors to bind antigen and help bring the signal into the cell. What is the name of the BCR co-receptor?

false

The TCR does not use co-receptors. true or false

false don't want to get ride of all microbes want to get ride of bad bacteria

The goal of the immune system is to eliminate as many microbes from your body as possible. true or false

a. IgA b. IgM

There are five classes of antibodies. Most exist as monomers, but [A] is a dimer and [B] is a pentamer.

pleiotropy

What cytokine attribute means that it has different effects on different target cells?

cascade induction

What cytokine attribute occurs when one cytokine induces that cell to produce one or more additional cytokines?

cytokines

What is the communication molecule of the immune system?

c. immune response initiation

What is the primary function of the secondary lymphoid organs? a. immune cell termination b. immune cell development c. immune response initiation

all of the above are true

What is true about signal transduction? It is a process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell. the immune system relies on signal transduction since immune cells are motile it can result in changes in cell division, movement, differentiation, expression or secretion of molecules, or metabolism all of the above are true

receptors

What keeps cytokines from activating all cells?

Interleikins

What original name for cytokines reflects their job with immune cells?

a. PRR

What receptor nonspecifically identifies microbes? a. PRR b. BCR c. TCR d. antibody

cytotoxic T cells target intracellular microbes like viruses

What type of microbe are cytotoxic T cells most likely to target? Why?

antibody

When the BCR is secreted, it is called a(n)

follicle

Where are you most likely to find B cells in the spleen?

follicle

Where are you most likely to find B cells?

e. T cell

Which CLP cell expresses CD8 proteins? a. RBC b. B cell c. NKT cell d. NK cell e. T cell

a. neutrophils

Which CMP cell type makes up most of circulating cells and is the main component of pus? a. neutrophils b. eosinophils c. macrophages d. DCs e. platelets

CCL5

Which of the following is a chemokine? IL-2 IL-4 CCL5 IFN-gamma

It uses receptors and matching ligands on signaling and responding cells a is supposed to be multiple cells b is supposed to be responding cell

Which of the following is correct about signal transduction? a. It is the intracellular signaling of one cell b. The result is a change in behavior (growth, protein production, etc) in the signaling cell c. It uses receptors and matching ligands on signaling and responding cells d. both a & c e. a, b & c

e. None of the above are true

Which of the following is true about the Class I family of cytokines? a. Includes IL-33 and IL-18 b. Mostly involved in inflammatory responses (i.e. bringing cells to the tissues) c. Class I receptors have two parts, and form low and high-affinity receptors d. All of the above are true e. None of the above are true

c. It includes phagocytes non specific immediate response

Which of the following is true about the innate immune response? a. It is specific to the microbe b. It takes ~2 days for a response c. It includes phagocytes d. both a & c are correct e. a, b, & c are correct

c. Igα and Igβ transduce the signal inside the B cell

Which of the following is/are correct? a. T cells, but not B cells, need co-receptors for signal transduction b. The ITAMs on CD28 are phosphorylated in T cells c. Igα and Igβ transduce the signal inside the B cell d. b & c are correct

all of the above are true

Which of the following statements about PAMPs is true? PAMPs are found on microbes PAMPs activate innate immune cells PAMPs can lead to inflammation all of the above are true

Kabat- identified the antibody in serum Von Behring and Kitasato - identified serum as critical immune response

Which person/people recognized that a non-cellular component plays an important role in the immune system? a. Kabat b. Metchnikoff c. Montague d. Von Behring & Kitasato e. Jenner

Dendritic cell

a major cell type presenting antigen to naive T cells

NKT cells

cells that share a common progenitor with T and B cell but have many features of innate cells

eosinophils

granulocytic cells important in the defense against helminths

neutrophils

most common immune cell of the blood

endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus

plasma cells can secrete thousands of antibodies per second. Based on this observation, name two organelles that you might expect to find in abundance within an active plasma cell

bone marrow thymus

primary lymphoid tissues includes

communication between innate and adaptive immune system for antigens in the blood

what is the role of the spleen?

d. granulocyte

what type of cell is this? a. RBC b.DC c.platelet d. granulocyte

thymus

where do T cells complete their maturation

lymph node

where would you find follicles and germinal centers

HSCs differentiate into common myeloid progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors

which of the following is true about HSCs? a. HSCs are present primarily in secondary lymphoid tissue b. HSCs divide only during infection c. HSCs differentiate into common myeloid progenitors and common lymphoid prgenitors d. both a and c are correct

mast cells

white blood cells that play an important role in allergy development