Industrial Hygiene (Airborne)
Allergic vs. Non-allergic Disease
*Based on inflammatory mechanisms/symptoms Allergic- immune specific inflammation response Non-allergic- non immune specific
Upper Extremity MSDs
*Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Lateral Epicondylitis Medial Epicondylitis Tendonitis Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome
Asbestos PEL
- 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air as an 8 hour TWA
IARC
1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4
PPM --> Atm.
1,000,000 ppm = 1 atm (760 mm Hg)
Speed of sound in water
1,360 m/sec
Non-Allergic Asthma
-Sensitization NOT Requried -dec. in pulmonary capacity -often accompanied by ODTS -not immediately acute (4-8hrs) -Most often from ENDOTOXIN exposure (any worker can develop symptoms)
written procedures for sampling measures
-reproducibility -use same method- less error -chain of custodies -exposure monitoring -quailty control and assurance
Definition of Sound
...
diffusion
...
Annual dose limit from USNRC - continuous/frequent, general public
0.1 rem/1 mSv
Biosafety Levels
1. Agents NOT known to cause disease in immunocompetent adults 2. Agents that pose moderate hazards to personnel & environment must have training 3. Work performed on exotic agents posing serious or potentially lethal disease through inhalation 4. Dangerous exotic agents posing High Levels of Individual risk via aerosol transmission
What is sampling used for? (IMPORTANT)
1. Determine the concentration of contaminants present before design changes. 2. Monitor levels while waiting for controls. 3. Monitor effectiveness of controls.
Interpretation of the OSHA noise standard indicates that exposure (to continuous type noise) above _____ is not permissible for any length of time.
115 dBA
TLV-STEL
15 min max, less than 4x per day, 60 min in between exposures
TLV-STEL should be sampled for how long?
15 minute periods.
Annual dose limits - USNRC - lens of the eye
15 rem
BEI Sampling time prior to shift
16 hours after exposure ceases
Molecular weight of water
18 g/ mol
Annual average radiation dose - TI cardiac study
1800 mrem
Minimum oxygen content
19.5% at sea level or 148 torr ,dry air
general industry standard lead
1910.1025
OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard
1910.134
ASBESTOS IN CONSTRUCTION STANDARD
1926. 1101
construction standard for lead
1926.62
Walsh-Healey Contracts Act
1936. Established rules under which federal contracts of $10K or more would be granted and retained. Key provision: No part of such contract will be performed ....in any plants, factories, buildings, or surroundings, or under working conditions which are hazardous, unsanitary, or dangerous to the health and safety of employees engaged in the performance of said contract.
mL's in cubic centimeter
1mL
What is the normal range of human hearing?
20 uPa - 20 Pa 0-120 dB
the audible range of frequencies for humans with good hearing is
20-20,000 hz
What are the two types of uranium series (terrestrial sources of radiation)?
226-Ra and 222-Rn
NTP
25 C + 273 C, 760 mmHg, 24.45 molar volume of air in L 77 F+ 460 R, 29.92 "Hg
Testing and monitoring for metals dust and fumes, what is the OSHA standard size filter to be used
25 mm
NTP
25C and 760mmHg
1 ft^3 cubic foot = ? in liters
28.32 L
The density of air
28.96 g/mole
what is the OSHA standard for noise?
29 CFR 1910.95
Occupational Noise OSHA?
29 CFR 1910.95 hearing conservation program.
ACGIH value corresponding to the doubling of soud pressure levels
3 dB
DoD value corresponding to the doubling of soud pressure levels
3 dB
Eye and Face washing station should provide...
3 gallons of water per minute.
Cosmic radiation - annual dose equivalent
30 mrem - ext. irradiation no int. irradiation 30 mrem total
Action Level
30 ug (micrograms)/ m 3
exposure records
30 years after exposure
medical records
30 years after leaving company
An organism acts as an antenna. An object absorbs the most radiation energy if it is about 40 percent of the wavelength and not well-grounded or when it is about 20 percent of the wavelength and well-grounded. Thus, the resonant frequency for a rat is much higher than for a human. Present regulations assume that peak absorption, or resonance for humans occurs at frequencies of ______
30-300 MHz
The RF portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into three (3) major parts. The range from _______ is the most restrictive because this is where a child or adult functions as a good antenna.
30-300 MHz
Annual average background radiation dose
300 mrem
What is the speed of sound through air?
332 m/s
Speed of sound in Air
340 m/sec
Terrestial radiation - annual dose equivalent
35 ext irradiation 132.6 int irradiation 167.6 total
What is the ratio relating to fibers?
3:1
Portable eye wash fountains will provide a required flow of..
4 gallons of water per minute for 15 minutes.
Respirable particle
4 microns gas exchange region
Annual average radiation dose - 6000 miles by jet
4 mrem
SL Meters have a range of what?
40 to 140 dB & both a fast & a slow response setting
Separate criteria were set for exposure of the general public to RF & MW radiation and for occupational exposures. For frequencies from 1.34 MHz to 15GHz, non-occupational standards are generally ______ times more restrictive than occupational standards.
5
OSHA value corresponding to the doubling of soud pressure levels
5 dB
Respirable-sized particles are those that are less than ____ in size.
5 microns
Annual dose limits - USNRC - whole body
5 rem
For cancer and genetic effects, the limiting value is specified in terms of a derived quantity called the effective dose equivalent. The effective dose equivalent for ionizing radiation received in any year by an adult worker should not exceed _______
5 rem
Annual average radiation dose - chest xray
50 mrem
Annual dose limits - USNRC - forearms
50 rem
Annual dose limits - USNRC - gonads
50 rem
Annual dose limits - USNRC - hands
50 rem
Median Effective Dose (ED50)
50% of pop. specifically effected
Median Lethal Concentration (LC50)
50% of pop. will die in specified time
Median Lethal Dose (LD50)
50% of pop. will die in specified time
What type of frequency is the human ear more sensitive to?
500Hz and 4000Hz
Total radiation - annual dose equivalent
65 mrem ext irradiation 134 mrem int irradiation 200 mrem total radiation
Hard hats protect against small objects only and tested at...
8 Ibs of weight for 5 ft. drop.
lead poisoning
90% accumulates in the bones 10-20 year biological half life teratogenic delayed in children
Acute Syndrome (Ionizing Radiation)
<100 rem = No immediate effect >100-150 rem 500 rem= die within 30 days w/o treatment <1000rem= death from hematopoietic failure 1000-10000=death from ulceration/bleeding >10000= immediate effect of nervous system Acute Rad poisoning depends on Dose; manifests within hours/days
Annual average radiation dose - max dose received by medical personnel attending radiation accident victims
<75 mrem
Watt
= j/s
What is an Additive?
A chemical interaction such as Xylene and Toluene; 2+3=5
Alpha X or Gamma Radiation
A class of electromagnetic photons emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms. Gamma-rays are highly penetrating and present an external radiation exposure hazard.
What else is needed to collect respirable dust or silica
A cyclone
Silicosis
A disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of silica dust / free silica particulates.
Qualitative
A fit test that relies on the wearers ability to sense a test agent by taste, smell, or irritation.
Quantitative
A fit test where the leakage of the respirator is actually determined by measuring the concentration of a test agent outside the respirator and comparing it to the concentration inside the respirator.
Non-Ionizing Radiation
A form of electromagnetic radiation with varying effects on the body, depending largely on the wavelength of the radiation involved. Electromagnetic radiation that does not cause ionization. Includes ultraviolet, laser, infrared, microwave and radio-frequency radiation
Caplan's syndrome
A modified form of pneumoconiosis found in association with rheumatoid arthritis, occur in coal miners or men in a wide variety of dusty trades
Steady State Noise
A periodic or random variation in atmospheric pressure at audible frequencies.
Qualified Person
A person designated in writing, as capable of anticipating, recognizing and evaluating employee exposure to hazardous substances or other unsafe conditions in a confined space.
Standby Person
A person trained in emergency rescue procedures.
Single
A platform supported by single row of uprights or standards tied along the wall, connected horizontally by a ledger and supporting putlogs which rests on ledger on one side and in holes left in walls on the floor
What is Indoor Air Quality
A profile of all environmental factors associated with a building or dwelling and how they effect the occupants.
Ledger
A scaffold bracing which extends horizontally from standard to standard forming right angles with putlogs and forms a tie between the standards
Which frequency scale is representative of the human ear to hear the quiestest sound?
A scale
Impact Noise
A sharp burst of sound. Employees should not be exposed to impulsive or impact noise that exceeds a peak sound pressure level of 140dBA
Impact/Impulse Noise
A short burst of acoustical energy characterized by a rapid rise to maximum intensity followed by a slower decay. Both occur in a fraction of a second.
Audiometer
A signal generator or instrument for measuring objectively the sensitivity of hearing. Pure-tone audiometers are standard instruments for industrial use for audiometric testing.
Full period single sampling
A single sample is taken for the full work shift. Generally less expensive.
Hapten
A small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself.
Adsorbent
A solid media such as activated carbon inside a tube used to collect gases and vapors
Confined Space
A space which has limited opening for entry and exit; unfavorable natural ventilation, which could contain or produce dangerous air contaminants, and which is not intended for the continuous employee occupancy.
Pro-carcinogen
A substance that is metabolized to a direct-acting carcinogen
What is aerosol?
A suspension of solid or liquid particles in a gas (usually air)
Histoplasmosis
A systemic fungal infection contracted by inhaling dust from soil containing spores of the fungus
Sloping
A technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of excavation
Area of a duct in ft^2 when diameter is in "inches"
A= 0.005454 * (d)^2 or d= (inches/12) A= (pi) (d^2) / 4
Threshold limit value
ACGIH
TLV
ACGIH- threshold limit value
Thermal System Insulation
ACM applied to pipes, fittings, boilers, tanks, ducts or other structural components to prevent heat loss or gain.
intact
ACM has not been crumbled/deteriorated -> not going to harm.
Methods of Operations: Thermal Conductivity
Ability of the tested air to conduct heat Also uses a wheatstone bridge circuit Gas fills the chamber and heats the filament Electrical resistance is detected
Most common type of ADsorbent, made from coconut shell, desorbes with CS2
Activated Charcoal
What is the most common type of adsorbent
Activated charcoal
Class 1
Activities involving the removal of Thermal System Insulation (TSI) or surfacing ACM OR PACM more friable
Acute effects
Adverse effect with symptoms that develop rapidly and lead quickly to a health crisis
6 months
After erection or alteration, every hoist shall be tested and examined every _________ by a competent person and the result of such tests and exam shall be recorded in a log book
Personal Risk Factors in Ergonomics?
Age Strength Nutrition Fitness Gender Hobbies Use of Alcohol, Medications, Drugs, and Caffeine.
White phosphorus
Agent associated with "Phos (Phossy) Jaw
Aluminum (bauxite)
Agent associated with Shaver's disease
Iron oxide
Agent associated with Siderosis
Anthrax
Agent associated with wool exposure
Tetraethyl lead
Agent causing "plumbism"
Zinc oxide
Agent causing Febrile illness known as "metal fume fever"
Nitroglycerin
Agent causing Monday-morning angina
Carbon tetrachloride
Agent causing Oliguria (production of abnormally small amounts of urine) formerly used as a cleaning agent, as a precursor for refrigerants, and in fire extinguishers
Silver
Agent causing argyria, which is tightly contained in the body by sulfhydryl groups
Yellow phosphorus
Agent causing bone necrosis
Selenium
Agent causing garlic breath
Vanadium
Agent causing green and black tongue
Diethylamine
Agent that smells like fish
Styrene
Agent whose BEI is mandelic acid
Cumulative exposure
Aggregate exposure to SERIES of toxins (thus cumulative exposure is more complex than aggregate exposure)
Respiratory Function
Air Conditioning: heat air and moisten air Air Filtration : <10u can reach alveoli
a. Length of Shift b. Length of Task c. Short term
Air Monitoring - Monitoring Times:
APWMA
Air Pollution and Waste Management Association
Fume
Airborne particulate formed by the condensation of solid particles from the gaseous state. Less than a micron in diameter.
Compounds with single bonds
Alkanes
Total Dust
All airborne particles - regardless of their size or composition
When does it become mandatory for an employer to implement OSHA's Hearing Conservation Standard?
All employees whose noise exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA must be included.
What is the basic philosophy of radiation protection?
All procedures involving radiation exposure should always produce a net benefit; occupational exposure < allowed established limits; radiation exposures should be as low as reasonably achievable
Alpha Radiation(Alpa-Particle)
Alpa-Particles transfer their energy in a very short distance and are readily deflected by a piece of paper or the top, dead layer of the skin.
Particulate ionizing radiation
Alpha, beta neutrons
Types of Ionizing Radiation [Particulate]
Alpha= High energy transfer/unit distance(Fast), stopped by shielding (paper & skin); internal hazard Beta= electrons/positrons; small mass, carry a charge, can penetrate skin Xrays=high energy to low energy orbital; from extranuclear part Gamma=emitted from nucleus during transitions; during nuclear decay
OSHA Exposure Limits
PELs
receiver
PPE, enclosure, changing job schedules
Ideal gas law
PV = nRT
Hungarian women
Paprika splitters' lung used to be found among the ____________ who picked and processed a certain variety of red peppers
Schistosmiasis
Parasitic; transmitted by infected water
Area sampling
Part/segment of the workplace
<5 microns
Particle size allowing agent to reach alvaeoli
PPM
Parts Per Million of air by volume of vapor or gas or other contaminant
What are the results when radiation is incident upon biological system?
Pass through the system without producing any damage or be totally/partially absorbed within the system resulting in some degree of damage
Exposure pathway
Path toxicant moves from source to human receptor
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limits, substance specifc that include safe exposure limit (more complete than TLV)
benzene metabolizes in the body to form
Phenols, can be used as bei marker
PID
Photoionization using UV light; it is qualitative
Whats good for Beta Shielding?
Plastic and Glass
What is Period refer to?
Point to Point measure known as the Wave Length
For TEM analysis a good choice of filters would be ?
Polycarbonate filters
Gravimetric
Pre and post weighing of a sample to determine the change in weight; this is done for particulate samples
Sound pressure level or SPL is
Pressure of a medium as a function of time
PACM
Presumed Asbestos Containing Material
Mad cow disease is caused by a
Prion
OSHA- PELS - Ceiling Values
Proceeded with "C The concentration that should never be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.
Primary Irritant
Produces NO systemic toxic action - Product formed on tissue is "non-toxic" --> HCl, H2SO4, Ammonia - Irritant action much greater than systemic toxic action --> Mustard gas (Sulfur Mustard) (Cl-Ch2CH2)2S
Important functions performed by the skin
Protecting the body from invasion by microorganisms and injury to vital organs, the rays of sun, and the loss of moisture. Temperature regulation and it's sensory perception of pain, itch, heat, cold, etc.
Squuoiosis
Pullalaria
Air flow
Q = VA
Hood Flow Rate and Static pressure
Q= 4005 * Ce * A * SP^.5
Which centrifugal fan type has the lowest efficiency
Radial blade
Contamination
Radioactive substance dispersed in materials or places where it is undesirable
Beta Radiation
Range from a few eV to 2.24 MeV, can penetrate deeper into material, Sr -90 can go 1.1 cm into body
Photoionization Detectors may be used for
Range of organics and some organic chemicals including aromatics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, EtOH, hydrogen sulfide
Air Sampling ..... R=Q/T or speed = dist/ time
Rate = Quantity/ Time
Fick's Law
Rate of diffusion of a substance across a unit area is proportional to the concentration gradient. J= -D * (A(C_o-C_1) / L, Passive Sampling uses this method
What is byssinosis?
Reactive airway disease associated with exposure to cotton dust
Primary Irritant
Reacts on contact with skin Alters the chemisty of the skin by dissolving a portion of it. Example Ammonia
Incidence and severity of MSD's are best controlled by an ergonomics program that includes:
Recognition of the problem Evaluation of suspected job risk factors Identification of causitive factors Involment of workers as participants Appropriate health care for workers who have developed WRMSD
Noise Dosimeter
Records noise energy to which the employee is exposed to during the work shift.
Chemical Asphyxint
Render the body incapable of utilizing an adequate supply of oxygen - CO (carboxyheemoglobin) prevents uptake of O2 - Cyanide (histotoxic hypoxia) prevents use of O2
Class 3
Repair and maintenance operations where ACM and/or PACM is likely to be disturbed.
Thermal Balance equation
S+ increase in body temperature; S- decrease in body temperature; S = 0 maintain body temperature
Heat Balance Equation
S=(+)M (+/-)CV (+/-)CD (+/-)R (-)E M=Metabolic rate CV=convection CD=conduction R=radiant heat E=evaporative *if body heat is less than CV, CD, R then its +
Is the most common welding process?
SMAW or stick welding . Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Total pressure
SP + VP
Partial period single sampling
Same as full period single sampling except only a portion of the day is sampled.
What do components of a sampling train depend on?
Sampling Method
Air Sampling .......SCT=M
Sampling Rate (28L/m)* Concentration (30ppm) * Time = Mass Collected
Personal Air Sampling
Sampling device is attached directly to the worker. Measures actual worker exposure. Best method for sampling.
What are passive samplers?
Sampling done without an air sampling pump. It uses defusion, sampling badges
Air monitoring
Sampling for and measuring of pollutants in the atmosphere
Worst-case sampling
Sampling highest-risk workers or at times when exposure risk is greatest (preferably both). If these workers have well-controlled risk, we can assume everyone else does too.
Aluminosis
Aluminum
AAIH
American Academy of Industrial Hygiene & American Board of Industrial Hygiene
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AIHA
American Industrial Hygiene Association
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
APHA
American Public Health Association
ASHRAE
American Society Of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers
ASSE
American Society of Safety Engineers
ACGIH
American conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
the tidal volume
Amount of air moved in or out of lungs at normal respiration
What is Amplitude?
Amount of compression/rarefaction of a medium...Power
Alkyl mercury
An agent most hazardous when ingested
Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
An atmosphere with an oxygen content below 19.5% by volume.
A haze is..
An atmospheric aerosol that affects visibility.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Good when sampling for mold spores
Andersen Sampler with agar
Bats
Animal posing a risk of rabies
What is "Zoonotics"
Animal to human biological transmission through bite and scratches
Bio Hazard Control
Anticipate Recognize Evaluate Control-PPE, Barriers, Ventilation, Limit Access -Ventilation=1st; engineer it out
4 Stages of Industrial Hygiene (A-R-E-C)
Anticipate, Recognize, Evaluate, Control
Exposure assessment basics
Anticipate->Recognize->Measure/Evaluate->Control
Immunotoxicants
Antineoplastic drugs, Heavy metals, organic metals, Pesticides, and Halogenated hydrogens are all ????. TOLUENE
Biological hazards
Any living organisms or its properties that can cause an adverse response in humans
Sound
Any pressure variation in air,water, or some other medium, that the human ear can detect.
Mutagen
Anything that can cause a change in the genetic material of a living cell
What is the most desirable method of controlling a noise problem?
Apply engineering principles that are designed to reduce noise levels.
What are used to evaluate the effectiveness of controls?
Area Samples
Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation
Area survey meters Personal Dosimeters Biomarkers
Which of the following chemical exposures is linked to skin cancer? arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, or lead
Arsenic
Test for oxygen content, flammability, and toxic gasses..
As a minimum.
ALARA
As low as reasonably achievable
Biological sampling
Bodies of individual workers
Copper Sulphate
Bordeaux solution which contains dilute ________ will produce mist that causes granulomas
Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)
Brief exposure to intense noise and ordinarily recover with 14 hours, typically most prominent at 4,000 Hz
Biologically relevant dose or target organ dose
Dose, but taking into account absorption levels
What is integrated/continuous sampling?
Drawing air across sampling medium, analyzed Preferred method for determining TWA exposures
A type of secondary calibration source is
Dry Gas Meter
What are impingers?
Bubbler or gas wash bottle and is collected in a solution
EL for >8hr work shifts
C * T8hr = C * Txhr
Respirator Fit Factor ratio
C out/ Cin
Dose Equation
C1/T1 + C2/T2 + C3/T3 (C is individual exposure times, T is allowable exposure times)
Allergic Asthma
COMPLEX PATHOLOGY=hard to track!! 3 main components: -Chronic airway inflammation -Reversible airflow obstruction -Enhanced Bronchial Reactivity *Reversible obstruction of airflow (wheezing, breathlessness, cough, sputum, chest tightness)
Divisions of Resp Disease
COPD-mucus production, airflow obstructions (from long term exposure) progressive: chem, dust, bacterial exposures Restrictive-fibrosis cant take air in well damage to tissue (change in lung structure)
Calibration
Calibration should occur before and after IH sampling
Sampling train
Calibrator, collection device (filter with cassette, tube, etc.) tubing, and pump
Mesothelioma-
Cancer caused by exposure to asbestos
Corrosives
Capable of destroying living tissue and have a destructive effect on other substances, particularly on combustible material; this effect can result in fire or explosion
what is Toxicity?
Capacity of a chemical to harm or injure a living organism
Exposure to______________ usually is indicative
Carbon Tetrachloride
Outer Ear
Cartilage-Focuses and collects sound Auditory Canal- Amplifies Sound Tympanic membran-Transmits sound to mid ear
Barium
Cause of baritosis, a benign pneumoconiosis
Allergic Rhinitis
Caused by ALLERGIC inflammation in URT mucosae Symptoms: sneezing, congestion, conjunctivitis, associated w/asthmas
Occupational induced hearing loss
Caused from noises in workplace.
TLV-C
Ceiling
Particulates/aerosols Gases and/or vapors Oxygen deficient atmospheres Any combination of hazards
Classes of airborne hazards
a. Asphyxiants b. Primary Anesthetics c. Systemic Poisons (Toxicants)
Classification by Toxic Effect
Understand how positive pressure and negative pressure affect engineered dust control methods.
Closed processes: The surest and most positive dust control method is a total enclosure of the dust-producing process: Include an exhaust of the enclosure to maintain a negative pressure Large equipment that does not require constant attention can be enclosed in buildings with separate exhausts Workers can wear personal protective equipment when they must enter these buildings Consideration should be given to prevent dust explosions in such operations
Inner Ear
Cochlea Semicircular canals basalar membrane Organ of Corti-damage in an area=hearing loss
Heat/Cold Illness
Cold: Hypothermia, Frost Bite, trenchfoot Heat: heat stroke, heat syncope (fainting), heat exhaustion, heat ramps, heat rash, heat fatigue (dec. in productivity)
What are cyclones used for?
Collect Silica
Biological monitoring
Collection & Analysis for chemical contaminants or their metabolites of expelled biological material such as blood or urine form which estimates of a worker exposure to the chemical can be made
- Tend to be industry specific - Concentrations re typically LOW in most industries
Common throughout industry
What are some causes of oxygen deficient atmosphere?
Confined Spaces Interiors of metal tanks that have oxidized Decomposition of vegetation or other organic matter Enclosed areas containing inert gases, chemical asphyxiants Use of evaporative cleaning solvents in poorly ventilated areas Welding or cutting inside of tanks
Carcinogicity category " A1 "
Confirmed Human Carcinogen
What is the tracheobronchial region?
Considered to be the trachea or windpipe and bronchi
Dalton Law of Partial Pressures states
Constant equals the sum of all partial pressures
Exposure vs dose
Contact between toxicant and boundary of subject of interest vs. amount of toxicant that crosses the epithelial barrier and enters body
Acclimatization
Continuous or Repeated exposure to hot/cold brings gradual adjustment of body functions to conditions Heat Acclimatization changes in 1-2 wks -inc vascular flow -inc sweat (better distribution) -dec in electrolytes in sweat -inc in stroke vol (dec in HR)
Three types of noise?
Continuous, Intermittent, Impact
Where does most noise-induced hearing loss occur?
Conversion of sound into electrochemical activity in the inner ear
Human Eye
Cornea-covering over eye Pupil Iris-colored ring Lens-clear capsule behind iris; shape changes to focus Retina-rods/cones; cones at fovea (focal point)
Sources of natural background radiation
Cosmic sources, cosmogenic sources, terrestrial sources
EMR ionizing radiation
Cosmic, gamma, x-rays
Byssinosis
Cotton dust
Silicosis
Crystalline Silica
Chronocity index
Cumulative effect. Usually LD 50
What method is used to sample for respirable dust
Cyclone
When does damage cause cellular problems?
Damage is repaired imperfectly and replicated
Continuous Noise
Defined as broadband noise of approximately constant level and spectrum to which an employee is exposed for a period of 8 hours per day, 40 per week. OSHA PEL is 90 dba from a continuous 8-hr TWA exposure to a sound level (100% dose).
Acoustic trauma
Denotes injury to the sensorineural elements of the inner ear Produced by one/few exposures to sudden impact intense acoustic forms of energy Workers should be able to relate the onset of hearing loss to a single event
What are the two types of sampling?
Direct Reading and Integrated/Continuous Sampling
Chemical Asphyxiants
Direct chemical action that interferes with the transportation of oxygen form the lungs to the tissues
Histoplasmosis
Disease associated with exposure to spores in bird excrement
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Disease caused by ticks, pose greatest risk to those spending large amounts of time outdoors
Coccidioidomycosis
Disease characterized by fever, occurring in the San Joaquin Valley and caused by exposure to spores
Hard metal lung disease
Disease occurring from chronic exposures to aerosolized tungsten carbide and cobalt
Wavelength
Distance traveled during one pressure cycle. Changes with temperature
Ionizing radiation
Disturbs the orbital electrons of atoms with constitute a biological structure: Alpha, Beta, X-Ray, Gamma and Neturon
Contributory Negligence argument
Employee shared responsibility for an accident.
Fellow-Servant Doctrine
Employer not responsible if employee injured as a result of a co- workers negligence.
Laser Prevention
Enclosure, Monitor Exposure (duration, intensity, dose strength), eye protection, shields, HAZCOM
What is the energy level of ionizing radiation?
Energy > 10 EV
OSHA Hierarchy of Control
Engineering, work practice, administrative, PPE
Fibers
Enolgated particle having an aspect ratio 3:1 (asbestos, fiber glass)
Prevention and Control of Skin Dermotoses
Environmental Cleaniness, Monitoring and Control
Radiation induced bioeffects
Erythemia, necrosis of exposed tissue, eye irritation, increased incidence of leukemia
5dB Exchange Rule
Every 5-dBA increase in noise level cuts the allowable exposure time in half.
6' 6"
Every hoistway shall be efficiently protected by enclosures and when access to the hoist is necessary, it shall be fitted with gates. Such enclosures and gates shall extend to _______ except when lesser height is sufficient to prevent the fall of person
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Example of Gases.
Ethanol Iso-propyl Methanol
Examples of Alcohol Vapors.
Wood (saw dusts, paper dusts) Silica Coal
Examples of Dusts.
Asbestos Glass Synthetic (kevlar, rayon)
Examples of Fibers.
Oil (metal working fluids, lubrication) Glycol Ethers Paint
Examples of Mists.
Toluene Benzene Acetate
Examples of Organic Vapor.
Refractory ceramic fibers Fiberglass Kevlar Textile fibers
Examples of man-made fibers.
Asbestos Cellulose Cotton
Examples of natural fibers.
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating
Conductive Heat Exchange
Exchange between skin & solids (direct contact) Determinants: depends on metal/source -Heat conduction characteristics of source/receiver -Temps of source and receptor -surface areas in energy exchange
Cotton Dust
Exp Routes: Inhalation Disease(s): Byssinosis, chronic bronchitis Target Organs: Cardio and Respiratory Industries: Cotton processing Symptoms: Chest tightness, cough, wheeze, dyspnea, decreased forced expiratory volume, malaise, fever, chills, upper respiratory symptoms PEL/TLV: NA/0.1 mg/m3
carbon tetrachloride
Exposure can cause liver cancer, severe liver damage, or death if inhaled or absorbed by the skin.
Details about increased air travel - exposure to ionizing radiation
Exposure from cosmic radiation doubles every 1500-2000 m above sea level
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
Exposure limit published & enforced by OSHA as a legal standard over an 8-hour average
Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
Exposure limit; generally a time-weighted average; developed by NIOSH
Occupational radiation exposure
Exposure received from radiation sources while in the workplace. Doesn't include exposure from personal medical/dental procedures
Irritants
Exposure results in inflammation of mucous membranes
Ingestion
Exposure route by which alkyl mercury is most hazardous
Asbestosis
Fibrotic scarring of lung tissue that occurs in response to inhaled asbestos fibers
Asbestos
Fibrous materials associated with asbestosis and pneumoconiosis
Fumes
Fine, solid, produced from condensation of vaporized solid material.
Glaucoma
Fluid that normally fills the eyeball, the aqueous humor, fails to drain properly
What are the types of modifications of natural sources of exposure to ionizing radiation?
Fossil fuels, phosphate fertilizers, air travel, consumer products
shavers disease
From exposure to silica and dust fumes
Agents/ ways to be harmed
From plant/animal or microorganism Toxins may not exist until cell is metabolized Toxins may be part of cellular structure--released when cell is destroyed
Q Fever is mainly found among worker who handle animals with ________.
Hair or fur . Goats , sheep , alpacas, and varios cattle
Cilia
Hairlike filaments that move in coordinated waves to propel mucus and trapped particles toward the nostrils
How does one predict the amount of photo radiation transmitted through a specific thickness of an absorber?
Half-value layer (HVL)
What does the nasopharyngeal region entail?
Head, nose, nasal passages, sinus & mouth
TLV and BEI's are based sole on __________
Health Factors, and should not be adopted as standards
#1 Industry for injuries
Health. Due to moving patients.
Radiant Heat Exchange
Heat absorbed/released through electromagnetic radiation Determinants: -Emission characteristics of source [temp & freq] -Absorption characteristics [temp, freq of abs/em of recep] -Surface areas in energy exchange
Which heat related illness is caused by loss of salts in the body?
Heat cramps
Evaporation
Heat loss through evaporation of fluid on skin and in body Determinants: -Relative humidity of surrounding air -Vapor pressure of surrounding air -surface area in exchange -flow characteristics
Endotoxin
Heat stable toxin in cell wall only released when membrane is destroyed causes small changes to lung function mild acute to chronic/serious issues
Physiological Response to Heat/ Cold
Heat: Vasodilation- heat away from core to surface -sweat gland activation -dec. metabolic rate Cold: Vasoconstriction-keep core warm -inc. metabolic rate (shivering) - insulation=goose bumps
Organic lead
Heavy metal commonly associated with muscle pain
Is likely to be present in Portland Cement, which presents a dermal hazard when wet and inhalation hazard when dry?
Hexavalent Chromium
HEPA
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter
Laser Eye Hazards
High Intensity within light spectrum --> [corneal damage; cutaneous burns], [photophobia; loss of acuity] High Intensity within visible spectrum -->Retinal damage, dec. in field, edema, hemorrhage.
Good shielding materials for photon radiation
High z-number materials: lead, tungsten, uranium
Nitrogen dioxide
Highly reactive pollutant gas, lower respiratory irritant
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Physicians consider these factors in establishing diagnosis of NIHL
History of hearing loss including onset/progress Occupational history - type of work & years employed Employee otological examination Audiological & hearing studies performed Pre-placement, periodic, terminal help rule out non-industrial causes
1917
In what year did Supreme Court affirm employers inherent responsibility for employees safety and health, regardless of who was at fault. Under workmens compensation, a worker forfeits the right to sue for higher damages (including pain and suffering) in return for a fixed schedule of payments; usually a percentage of weekly income.
1913
In what year did the NY State Dept of Labor form the first Industrial Hygiene Division.
1935
In what year was Social Security Act implemented? Provided funds for public health programs and IH; public health service opens a division of IH.
1922
In what year were Impinger and standardized dust measuring methods developed.
IREQ is ?
Index of required cloting to maintain thermal equilibrium
Yu-cheng disease
Kanemi yusho: Japan __________: Taiwan
Elements of a good industrial hygiene program
Involves the anticipation recognition of health hazards arising form work operations and processes, evaluation and measurement of the magnitude of the hazard and control of the hazard
Siderosis
Iron and Oxide
Most vulnerable construction workers
Iron workers Demolition workers Painters Plumbing HVAC Electrical Work
Frequency
Known as pitch or tone measured in Hertz (Hz).
Intensity (sound)
Known as volume or loudness, measured in decibels (dB)
What are commonly used measures of toxicity?
LD50 and LC50
Ideal Gas Exchange
Large Contact Area Air saturated w/water and average body temperature Even distribution of O2/blood (minimize variations in blood levels) Respond to 02/CO2 needs
Subcutaneous
Lays beneath the dermis and is a fatty and resilient element that cushions and insulates the skin above it. The distinguishing feature of the subcutaneous layer is the presence of fat
Is the most pervasive non-ferrous metal encountered in construction?
Lead
What disease is connected to lead fume and oxides? Is it teratogenic?
Lead poisoning, yes
0dB
Least detectable by the human ear.
Lethal Concentration (LC)
Lethal concentration that kills 50 percent of the test animals within a specified time
Mine Act of 1842
Limited hours of working children to fewer than 12 hours per day.
Flammables
Liquids with a flash point of 100 degrees F (38 C) or less
What does cadmium affect?
Liver, Kidney, Heart & others, Teratogen
Fibers
Longer than wide. Airborne.
What are health effects of noise exposure?
Masking of wanted sounds (speech) Auditory fatigue Damage to hearing annoyance
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheets
Dependent Exposure Variables
Material used Environmental pH Temperature Range Ventilation
Systemic Poisons (Toxicants)
Materials (toxic effects) that affect any of the body's organ systems - Carcinogens - Reproductive toxins - Hepatotoxins - Nephrotoxins - Neurotoxins
Primary Anesethetics
Materials have a depressant effect on the CNS, particularly the brain - Anyl alcohol - Diethyl ether - Chloroform
GC / Flame Photometric
Mercaptans, Carbon disulfide, pesticides, phosphorus atoms.
What is the cancer associated with asbestos exposures?
Mesothelioma
AA or Atomic Absorption is good for?
Metal Compounds
Tin
Metal causing stannosis, a benign non-fibrotic pneumoconiosis
Lead
Metal that affects the hematopoietic system by heme-synthesis, decreases red blood cell life, and stimulates the erythropoeietic system
Beryllium
Metal whose TLV was established in a cab in 1938
What does MCEF stand for?
Mixed Cellulose Ester Filters
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Cancer
Mycotoxins-only clear established link between biological occu. exposure and carcinogenesis -Aflatoxin -Fungi= produced by microfungi as secondary metabolite Sinonasal adenocarcinoma/squamous cell -hardwood dusts *VENTILATION IS KEY*
example of primary irritant
NH3, HCL, SO2
Agency Testing and Approval for Respirators
NIOSH
REL?
NIOSH Recommended exposure limit.
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NSC
National Safety Council
Mercury
Nephrotoxic agent inspiring phrase "Mad as a hatter",
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Nerve compression between clavical and the first and second rib at the brachial plexus.. Blood flow to and from the arm is reduced. Job activity : buffing , grinding polishing, sanding, in particular overhead assembly; overhead welding, overhead painting, overhead auto repair
Oxygen Requirements
No less than 19.5% nor greater than 23.5%.
One-third
No vehicle or other machinery shall be driven, operated or located near the edge of the excavation at least a distance _______ of its depth
Impulse Noise
Noises that have a sharp peak in a narrow-frequency band for a very short period of time.
decibel is abbreviated
dB
Dose-response relationship
dose vs. probability of developing cancer (EPA acceptable 1 in a million
continuous/integrated sampling
drawing air across sampling medium analyzed preferred method for determining TWA exposures
Administration Controls of Thermal Stress
drink liquids, electrolytes, monitor worker's fluid balance, acclimatization, job rotation, rest cycles, medical surveillance, education
Mists
droplets of liquid created by breaking liquid into small particles
Dusts
dry particle aerosols produced by mechanical processes
passive samplers
easy but not accurate sampling done without an air sampling pump uses diffusion sampling badges
detector tubes/pumps pros
easy to use, variety of substances, inexpensive, rugged
Industrial Noise reasons for control
economics, legal, ethical
why is the temperature of the workplace measured by an instrument that measures the wetbulb globe temperature
effect of the air temperature, radiant heat and the humidity
Antagonistic Effect
effect produced when one drug reduces or offsets the effects of a second drug
Bioeffect from exposure of <50,000 rem/<500 mSV
effects detected by chromosome analysis
Coulometry
electricity through a solution
Conductivity
electrolyte
lead
element associated with fall of Rome through poisoning
isotope
elemetal atom with a specific number of neutrons
Fibers
elongated particles with an aspect ratio greater than 3:1
Continuous Wave Laser CW
emitted at t >/= .025 s
OSHAct
employers must furnish a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to their employees
Noise source reduction
enclosure, resilient vibration mounting, change of process
macrophages
engulf foreign objects and attempt to dissolve them.
coated/treated filters
enhance collection by chemically reacting with the contaminant
Heat Syncope
fainting due to circulatory hypostasis (low blood pressure) and water loss, vasodilation
a sign/symptom of heat exhaustion
fatigue
In Convection rate problems V is in units of
feet per minute
What are examples of personnel dosimetry devices?
film badges and TLDs
Fume
fine solid from vapor less than 0.1 micron
Acetylcholine (ACh) is
first neurotransmitter ID'd; released at junction; made in synaptic vesicles; degraded by acetylcholinesterase;
Nuclear reactors work by __________
fission
Chemical Hazard
flammability, re-activity, health cause a wide range of health hazards (such as irritation, sensitization, and carcinogenicity)
Reynolds number
fluid turbulence , a number that depends on flow speed and viscosity to predict the onset of turbulence
Ganglion
fluid-filled cyst arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the hand
Scintillation work by___________
fluorescence
Static pressure
force exerted by air molecules striking the surface of a container; same in all directions
Pressure (P)
force exerted by the sound over an area.
Fume
formed by evaporation and rapid condensation of metal vapor
Gases
formless fluids that expand to occupy a space
Metabolism
function of person and task
Adsorptive methods
gas and vapor molecules stick to solid surface; highly efficient reversible process; can be affected by high humidity; subject to overload
Types of exhaust systems
general and local
explain the function of the blood and sweat in cooling the body when it is exposed to high temperatures. Include in your explanation, the role of the blood in this process and the role of the sweat
heat is moved from the core by the blood flowing to the skin, blood vessels near the skins surface dilate, releasing heat from the blood. Sweating increases and the heat dissipates when the sweat evaporates.
Evaporation
heat loss from water evaporation (enhanced by air movement and dry conditions; doubling air speed can increase evaporation by 50%)
the most serious heat illness, characterized by a hot, dry skin, increased body temperature, and no sweating, is called
heat stroke
Convection
heat transfer via air currents (example a fan moving across your skin)
Conduction
heat transfer via contact
the measurement used to express frequency is
hertz
Backward curved blades
high efficiency; non-overloading characteristic; blade shape conductive to material build-up; quietest operation
Particle Deposition
how why where do particles end up in the respiratory system. effected by respiratory patterns and particulate characteristics like aerodynamic diameter and chemical and toxic properties.
workforce characterization groups
identify employees with similar work duties or job classifications
Citation becomes final
if the employer fails to contest it within 15 working days of receipt of the penalty notice
PID benefits
immediate quantitative results; wide range of chemicals; unaffected by atmospheric chemicals
direct reading
immediately/ fast feedback oxygen meter
OSHA inspection priorities
imminent dangers, fatality/catastrophe investigation, complaint/referral investigations, planned inspections
nasopharyngeal region
impaction
Biological agents
includes living and nonliving agents that may be allergenic, toxigenic, or infectious
work tends to increase or decrease the body core temperature
increase
Carbon disulfide
irritation and CNS depression, with high exposures, deliruim and psychosis, perpheral neuropathy, cardio mortality, decreased sperm
benign
is siderosis cancerous or benign?
sound level meter
is the basic instrument used to measure sound pressure levels cannot distinguish between a pleasant sound & an unpleasant sound
HPLC analyzer detects
isocyanates peroxides pna pah amines
Work practice control
isolating the source and installing controls such as ventilation systems
Carcinogen when?
it produces cancer in two or more animal species
Administration Control of Noise
job scheduling, worker rotation, rest areas
nephrotoxicants can an cause damage to
kidney, examples are cadmium mercury
Types of enclosing hoods
laboratory hood, glove box, paint booth
10 um or larger
large particles are considered:
sedimintation
larger, heavier particles settle out of the air stream by gravity
The main engineering control for _______ is enclosure, often in the form of interlocked rooms and protective housings.
lasers
What are some hazards associated with abrasive blasting?
lead, chromium, cadmium, manganese,nickel,
Building/Facility Owner
legal entity which controls management and record keeping of building where activities covered by this standard take place.
Permissible exposure limit
legally enforcable standard which most adequately assures, to the extent feasible, on the basis of the best available evidence
similar exposure groups
less sampling take a part of the whole
LC50
lethal concentration at which 50% of test animals are killed
Heat Strain/Fatigue
lethargy is biggest symptom; occurs much more frequently than heat stroke; fluid is key
trachea and bronchi
lined with cilia and mucous
Mists
liquid droplets
Mist and Fog are..
liquid particle aerosols formed by condensation or atomization.
hepatoxicants cause damage to
liver, acetaminophen, ethyl alcohol
stages of progression
localized, regional, advanced
evacuated container
looks like spray can
Ataxia
loss of muscle coordination and control
Flash Point
lowest temp at which a substance gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or in a vessel capable of flame propagation away from the source of ignition.
Fire Point
lowest temp at which vapors evolve fast enough to support continuous combustion, usually 5 degrees above FP
Industrial ventilation purpose
maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work area, control hazardous concentrations of toxic materials in the air, remove any undesirable odors from a given area, control temp and humidity, remove undesirable contaminants at their source
Occupational Health
maintenance of a sense of physical, mental, and social well-being of a worker.
Hearing conservation program
mandatory and includes: exposure monitoring, audiometric testing, hearing protection, employee training, and record keeping
mixed cellulose Ester Filters (MCEF)
manufactured from a polymer
inverted buret
marked with lines at various volumes uses a soap bubbles *is a primary calibration standard
Concentration
mass/volume
Surfacing Material
material sprayed, troweled on or applies to surfaces (acoustical plaster or fire proofing materials)
Denuder
materials diffuse to walls or screen; collects vapors from particle/gas mixtures; walls are coated with materials to absorb gases
Asbestos containing material (ACM)
means any material containing more than 1% asbestos.
Biological exposure indices
measurement of chemical determinant in biological media
Aerodynamic equivalent diameter
measures behavior of particle in air and determines the site of deposition in the lungs
Audiometric Testing
measures how well a person can hear, the threshold of hearing of the individual's ear for that frequency
sources of industrial exposure
mechanically generated, heat generated, aerosolized, evaporative
mucociliary elevator
mechanism for removal of mucus and particles from the lungs; cilia push the particle-laden mucus upward, toward the larger air passages, where is may be coughed and spit out, or otherwise removed from the respiratory system.
CYP2E1
metabolizes ethanol to acetic acid
wheatstone bridge circuit metal oxide semiconductor thermal conductivity photoionization detectors flame ionization detectors
methods of operation
objective
minimize or eliminate health hazards from the workplace.
Flammable/ Explosive Range
minimum concentration of vapor in air below which propagation of flame doesn't occur (lower explosive limit LEL) to maximum concentration of vapor in air above which propagation will not occur (upper explosive limit UEL)
1 dB
minimum difference in loudness that is perceptible
Capture velocity
minimun hood-induced air velocity necessary to capture and convey the contaminant into the hood
Membrane filters
mixed cellulose ester and polyvinyl chloride
Exposure factors for gases, vapors and solvents
mode of use, potential for exposure, temperature and volatility, concentration, reactivity, exposure guidelines
mucous membranes
moist and sticky and captures many of the minerals we inhale
new programs
more reactive
once established
more time spent on continuous improvement, voluntary commitments and preventative actions
Activated Charcoal
most common type of adsorbent, good for most hydrocarbons, clorinated hydrocarbons, glycol ethers. non polar compounds
Simple Diffusion , related to toxicology
most toxicants move through cell membranes via this method
Synaspe is where the....
neurons interact with another cell
Cosmogenic radiation - annual dose equivalent
no ext. irradiation 1.5 mrem int. irradiation 1.5 mrem total
what instrument should we use to help distinguish between a sound and a noise
no such instrument
to determine a worker's TWA exposure to noise, we would use which one of the following instruments?
noise dosimeter
Gas
normal formless state of matter which at room temperature and pressure has low density/viscosity and readily and uniformly distributes itself throughout any container
General Industry - Where do you find lead?
o Raw materials processing o Smelting o Refining and casting o Maintenance activities o Battery breaking o Metals containing lead
Short term acute over exposures
o Seizures o Coma o Death
personal samples
obtained by the worker wearing the sampling train
Odds Ratio
odd in the exposed divided by odds of unexposed for the outcome of interest
Walkaround/investigation
official takes photos, videos and audio; employers should follow the inspector and make the same documentation; employees may be interviewed
wheatstone bridge circuit
often used for combustible gases, CO uses and electrical circuit filament is coated with catalyst which reacts with gas senses an electrical imbalance
Sebaceous Glands
oil glands of the skin connected to hair follicles
Inhalable Fraction and Vapor (IFV)
on a TLV list it is used when a material exerts vapor pressure and can be present in both particle and vapor phases.
Action level
one half the PEL
gas
one of the 3 states of matter that is characterized by a lack of defined shape or volume
Industrial ventiliation applications
optimization of energy costs, reduction of occupational health disease claims, control of contaminants to acceptable levels, control of heat and humidity for comfort, prevention of fire and explosions
Polar
orientation of compounds which are easily excreted
Sound Pressure Levels Requiring HCP
over 85 dBA
Sampling strategy
overall plan or framework for sampling that may include the type and number of samples to be collected, the methods to be used and their accuracy, and the objectives for the sampling
contamination with interfering substances
overestimation/underestimation with sample
Chemilluminescence
oxidation of a gas produces a color
sign/ symptom of heat cramps
painful spasms
electrostatic capture
particle and fiber (or surface) are oppositely charged
impaction
particle can't follow the gas stream around the fiber because it has too much inertia to change direction
Interception
particle follows air stream fairly closely but contacts the surface of the lung and sticks
coagulation
particles collide with one another and stick together forming a larger particle
Horizontal elutriator
particles settle out as air passes between two plates
Elutriator
particles settle out in laminar flow
Vertical elutriator
particles with terminal settling velocity greater than air velocity are trapped
What are filters used for?
particluates, dusts, fibers, fumes
Fiber
particulate form of asbestos 5 micrometers or longer, with a length to diameter ratio of at least 3 to 1.
air contaminants
particulates, fumes, mists, fibers, gases, vapors
Absorption
passage of substances through skin
The target organs for biological effects from optical radiation are the skin and the eyes. The damage mechanisms are thought to be
photochemical
Acclimatization
physiological change (examples are increased sweating earlier in exposure and loss of less water)
In the mixing equation "ER" is in what units
pints per minute
GC / FID, good for detecting
pna pah ketone halogenated hydrocarbons, and alcohols, ethers, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons.
Fritted Bubbler
porous glass fitts or small holes in glass used to create small bubbles
How is mass/volume concentration converted to ppm?
ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/mw mw = molecular weight
Vapor pressure
pressure (measure in pounds per square inch absolute-PSIA) exerted by a vapor
Vapor pressure
pressure at which a vapor can accumulate above its liquid if confined and temperature constant
Supply system pressure
pressure created by the system is in addition to the atmospheric pressure
Vapor Pressure
pressure established above a liquid due to its partial evaporation, vapor pressure INCREASES with INCREASING TEMPERATURE.
Partial pressure
pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases. Example oxygen = 20.95%= (20.95 *10,000) /10 ^6) * 760mmHg = 159.2
Velocity pressure
pressure required to accelerate air from rest to some velocity and is proportional to the kinetic energy of the air stream; value is always positive
The TLV Cold Stress Objective is to:
prevent the deep body temperature from falling below 36 C , and to prevent injury to extremities. No single core temp exposure below 35 C
p- Value
probablity of comitting a type I error, for your results to be significant, this should be less than .05 if p < α = 0.05 then result is declared statistically significant and rejects H_o
overloading static electricity moisture or physical damage contamination with interfering filters
problems with filter collection
Solutions to industrial ventilation problems
process modifications, local exhaust ventilation, substitution, isolation, administrative control, personal protective devices, natural ventilation
sensitization
process of being made sensitive or acutely responsive to an external agent or substance
Dusts
produced by mechanical action on larger pieces of the material
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Butyl Rubber
provides highest protection
Pump and filter
pump pulls air through filter, filter sent to lab for weighing, result in mass/volume
OSHAct of 1970
purpose is to assure as much as possible, that every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources
Globe temperature
radiant temperature
Uranium
radioactive element that damages kidneys
Tritium
radioactive isotope of hydrogen, diagnosed through urine assay
First radiation induced bioeffects were first noted in whom?
radiologists, scientists investigating radiation properties, radium dial partners
Decay Law (ionizing)
rate at which a quantity of radioactive material is proportional to # of radioactive atoms present. Activity=directly proportional to number of atoms present
Frequency
rate of vibration of the source. Number of complete cycles in one second. Perceived as pitch
Inventory of stressors
raw materials, intermediates, support materials, all relevant toxological information and OELs
byssinosis
reactive airway disease associated with exposure to cotton dust
Button sampler
reduced sensitivity to wind direction and velocity; can be used for biological sampling
Threshold limit value
refers airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse effects
Sensitizer notation
refers to the confirmed potential for worker sensitization as a result of dermal contact and/or inhalation exposure
Characteristics of Sound Waves
reflect (bounce off and return), refract (change velocity from one medium to another), diffract (go around object in path), interfere (oppositely moving waves can cancel each other out)
path
reflected from ceiling or floor, direct air path. Increase distance from source to receiver, acoustical treatment of ceiling, floor and walls. enclose the source
Types I error is
rejecting H_o when H_o is the true positive
dose response
relationship between the degree of exposure (dose) and the magnitude of the effect (response)
Passive sampling
relies on the natural diffusive energy of molecules to move them to sampling media
Octave Band Analyzer (OBA) & OBA Filter
represents the frequency interval between a given frequency & twice that frequency
Airflow rates
required airflow to maintain a specific concentration from an open vat
Recognition
requires the collection of information on the production layout, processes, and raw materials
Combustion
resistance change
Parts of the Lower Respiratory Tract
respiratory bronchiolas, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
US Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
resposible for hearing appeals from decisions of administrative law judges
Types II error is
retain H_o when H_o is false negative
Case Control
retrospective___ Compares those with disease to those exposed without the disease
cassettes
rigid holders that filters are placed in
Tinnitus
ringing in the ear
During heat stroke a body temperature decilines or rises?
rises and does not sweat.
Monte Carlo Simulation
risk analysis technique in which probable future events are simulated on a computer, generating a probability distribution that indicates the most likely outcomes.
Heat Cramps
salt loss and cramping in large muscles (especially legs)
direct reading instruments
samples are taken and analyzed at the site
Sampling objectives
sampling for engineering testing, surveillance, or control; sampling for compliance, health research, or epidemiological purposes
medium total volume of air flow rate
sampling method will specify:
silicosis
scarring of the lungs by inhaling crystalline silica susceptible to TB and other infections leads to hypertension enlarged heart
Industrial hygiene
science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, that may cause sickness, impaired health, or significant discomfort
Toxicology
science that studies the poisonous or toxic properties of substances
A rotameter is a _________ standard of measurement
secondary , to the spirometer, fluid displacement
tracheobronchial region
sedimentation
metal oxide semiconductor
sensor used to measure combustibility senses change in electrical conductivity gas is absorbed onto the solid surface
Deterministic (nonstochastic) effects - radiation bioeffects
severity increases with increases in dose. Threshold dose is assumed
specific gravity
sg for volume calculations = g / mL
Permanent Hearing Loss
shift of your audible wavelengths (aka permanent threshold shift)
Temporary Threshold Shift
short term exposure to a loud noise (example a concert)
Bradycardia
slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute
Rikettsia
small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that are transmitted to humans ex: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
sorbent tubes
small glass tubes that contain sampling media
Haptens
small molecules that bind to larger ones, creating antigens
A gas used for QNFT can be ?
sodium chloride aerosol
the loudness of sound is determined by what two things
sound pressure and frequency
Velocity of Sound
speed and direction of the sound energy (moves faster through denser materials)
Risk Management
steps taken to minimize danger, hazard, and liability. Implementation of cost effective controls
Potential energy
stored energy; static pressure
Radial impeller
straight blades or radial from the hub; uses for heavy loads; resist material build-up; ideal for transporting dusts and particulate matter
toxicology
study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
vapor
substance in a gaseous phase but it is a liquid or solid at room temp and pressure (listed in SDS)
Vapor
substance in gaseous phase at a temp below critical point
Xenobiotic
substance that is foreign to the body
carcinogen
substance/process capable of increasing the incidence of malignent neoplasms or decreasing the time it takes to develop or increasing their severity or multiplicity
Acute Effects
sudden dose of a highly concentrated substance that results in immediate health problems ranging from irritation to death
A2
suspected human carcinogen
Mist particle size
suspended droplets 0.01 microns to 10.0 microns
Mists
suspended solid droplet, generated by a condensation of liquids from a vapor to a liquid state
aerosol
suspended solid particle or liquid droplets in gasous medium
why would a hot, still, humid summer day cause a heat emergency
sweat wouldn't evaporate and no wind to carry off any heat
Ways of Maintaining Core Temperature
sweating, vasodilation decreases BT; vasoconstriction increases BT; adaptation (clothes, lethargy) can affect BT
Change a decimal to percent
take decimal and multiply by 100 and add % sign example : 0.00341 x 100 = 0.341% 0.70 x 100 = 70%
Receiving hood
takes advantage of contaminant momentum
Dew point temperature
temperature at which condensation of water vapor occurs for a given humidity and pressure
Dry cleaner girl example
tetrachloroethylene (Perc)
Sound Pressure
the compression and decompression of molecules in the medium of transmission (usually air)
Photometry
the gas absorbs light
Wavelength
the length of a wave cycle
pneumocytes
the membranes of the alveoli are specialized cells that are ONE CELL THICK and surrounded by a bed of capillaries.
The noise dosimeter records what?
the noise energy a worker is exposed to during his/her shift.
Vapor pressure
the pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is at equilibrium with its own vapor; the higher it is the more volatile the chemical; measured in mmHg
Risk
the probability that a substance or situation will produce harm under specified conditions
industrial hygiene
the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling workplace conditions that may cause worker injury or illness
Toxicology
the study of the nature and actions of poisons and their effects upon living organisms
Pleura
the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest
thoracic particle
tracheobronchial
breathing zone
two foot half sphere around the front of the head and shoulders
Methods of Operations: Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Sensor used to measure combustibility Senses change in electrical conductivity Gas is absorbed onto the solid surface
Miscarriage
Serious hazard of anesthetic gases
What diseases are connected to aluminum fumes, dusts, and oxides?
Shaver's Disease or bauxite lung, emphysema
TLV-STEL
Short Term Exposure Limit
Types of Ionizing Radiation
Short Wavelength: Gamma & Xray Particulate Radiation: Alpha, Beta, , Proton
STEL
Short-term exposure limit, a 15 minute sample is used to estimate. STEL exposures should not be more than 15 minutes up to 4 times per day. Must have 60 minutes between exposures
Benzene
Simple Hydrocarbon Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds. Leukemia, BEI S- phenylmercapturic acid in urine, end of shift
Potential significant contribution to exposure through skin
Skin designation
Ossicles
Small bones in the middle ear
Describe sorbent tubes.
Small glass tubes that contain sampling media. Includes: Activated charcoal - used to collect organic solvents and vapors Silica Gel - used to collect polar compounds
What is the basic instrument used to measure sound pressure variations in air called?
Sound Level Meter
Power (W)
Sound energy emitted from a source
SAR
Specific absorption rate
Lung Function Tests
Spirometry=Volume + Speed of air mvmt Lung Diffusion Capacity= Movement of O2 into blood MEL=amount can exhale MIL=amount can inhale Vital Capacity=Air capable of moving [maxE-maxI=VC] amt breathed out after deep inhalation Tidal Volume=Normal Exhale-Normal Inhale (resting) Expiratory Reserve=whats left after exhale [normal out-total out]
Green
Standard color for signs designating safety. Examples of which are location of first-aid equipment
Eccrine
Sweat glands are present everywhere in the skin expect the lips and a few other areas. Its primarily function is to help the body to dissipate excessive internal heat by evaporation from the surface of the skin
Mucosal Membrane Irritation (MMI)
Symptoms: dry cough, eye, nose, & throat irritation -Non immune repsonse (like alleric rhinitis=need repeated exposure)
Time Weighted Average (TWA)
T*C + T*C + T*C ... / total time
ACGIH Exposure Limits
TLVs
To calculate a TWA
TWA = C1T1 + C2T2 + C3T3..... divided by Total Time
In an exposure distribution what is a positive skew?
Tail goes to right or Xbar is toward tail
How do you calculate a TWA
Take each concentration and multiply it by the sample time for that concentration. Add together each one in numerator and divide by total time
Talcosis
Talc
For analysis of Anthrax and SAR ,a good filter would be
Teflon or PTFE
A method for sampling chromatic acid is :
The PVC Filter
Legionnaires' Disease
The bacteria thrive in warm, moist places and may be transmitted through heating and cooling systems.
Yellow
The color code for gas, oil and steam in an excavation marking
TLV
Threshold Limit Values, voluntary guidelines for exposure airborne contaminants. Created by ACGIH.
What is TLV
Threshold limit value, a voluntary limit set by ACGIH. These are health based values that are set by experts and do not consider economic or technical feasibility
TLV-TWA
Time Weighted Average
Duration
Time the chemical is exposed
above UEL
Too rich to cause an explosion
Classes of IH Hazards
Top 3: Chemical, Physical, Biological Also-Ergo, mechanical, psychological
Dose formula for radiation
Total Dose = rate x time
Total volume of air in the lung following maximum inspiration
Total lung capacity
Organic mercury
Toxic metal compound excreted in feces
Inorganic mercury
Toxic metal compound excreted in urine
TSCA
Toxic substance control act
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
Toxic, man-made chemicals that were once used as insulating materials in high voltage electrical equipment
What are the Principles of Toxicology?
Toxicants-Produce adverse biologic effects Toxins-Specific proteins Poisons-Toxicants that cause immediate death Hazards-likelihood or probability that a toxic response will ever occur Exposure-The contact between a substance and a person
Chemical hazards
Toxicity and the use of the chemicals. Excessive airborne concentrations of mists, vapors, gases, or solids in the form of dusts or fumes
a. Short-term Exposure vs. Long-term Exposure b. Acute Health Effects vs. Chronic Health Effects
Toxicity of Air Contaminants
Toxic species vs. "Non-Toxic" speces
Toxicity of Particulates
Heat Stress, most important general control
Training (pre-placement, periodic, hygiene)
Radiation
Transfer of energy through space
Oxygen therapy, Pulmonary rehabilitation, Lung transplantation
Treatment for vineyard sprayer's lung
Dyspnea
Trouble breathing
TRUE
True or False Every scaffold shall be capable of supporting twice the maximum load to which it may be subjected without exceeding the allowable unit stresses of the material used
TRUE
True or False Scaffolding left standing for 4 months shall not be used until damaged members are replaced and the whole structure returned to its original length
FALSE
True or False Suspended scaffold shall not be used unless the fixed support or outriggers to which it is attached are capable of supporting at least 3 times the maximum load to which they may be subjected w/o exceeding the allowable unit stresses of the material used
What are breathing zones?
Two foot half sphere around the front of the head and shoulders
Anesthetic
Type of gases commonly associated with miscarriage
Foot Candle
Unit of measure of the illuminance level.
Exposure Evaluation
a. Recognition/Observation of Air Contaminants b. Air Monitoring c. Monitoring Locations d. How many Samples e. What do monitoring results mean? f. Compare to OSHA PELs g. Compare to Consensus OELs h. Make judgment based on available guidelines
thermal conductivity
ability of the tested air to conduct heat also uses a wheatstone bridge circuit gas fills with chamber and hears the filament electrical resistance is detected
Industry regulated
above 90 dB
the adaptation of the body to prolonged daily heat stress exposures by allowing a worker to gradually get used to the heat with longer exposures each day is called
acclimation
the two types of occupational hearing loss are
acoustic trauma, noise induced hearing loss
GC / nitrogen, phosphorus detector
acrolin, nicotine, acetone, cyanohydrin, organo phosphate pesticides
Disturbance
activities that disrupt the matrix of ACM/PACM
Types of exposure
acute (short period between exposure and onset of symptoms); chronic (long period between exposure and onset of symptoms)
Ionization
adding or removing electrons from an atom or molecule, which gives the atom or molecule a net charge
Neutotoxic agents
affect central nervous system
teratogen
affects fetus
Hemapotoetic Toxin
affects the cellular components of blood or its ability to function.
Dry bulb temperature
air temperature
Inhalation
airborn substances inhaled through nose,throat, bronchial tubes and lungs
plants pollen animals exhaust etc
airborne pollutants come from many sources such as...
aerosols
airborne solid or liquid particles dispersed in gas stream. Dust, fibers, mist, fog, fume, and smoke.
Hoods
airflow entrance to the local exhaust ventilation system
pralidoxime
aka 2-PAM. Used as step 2 after organophosphate intoxication (atropine is step 1).
Velocity is usually expressed in what units?
all of these units:fps fpm cms
Coefficient of enrty for hood equations
also expressed as Ce = VP^.5 / SP^.5
Duct velocity
an average of the velocities in a cross-section of a duct
Raoult's Law
an equation used to determine the vapor pressure of a solution Pa = Xa - P
DeQuervain's syndrome
an inflammation of the sheath or tunnel that surrounds two tendons that control movement of the thumb
Relative risk
an outcome in Exposed group or Population compared to the risk in the unexposed
Incus
anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
antigens
any foreign substance or cell in the body that reacts with antibodies
Authorized Person
any person authorized by the employer & required by work duties to be present in regulated areas
Noise dosimeters
are personal monitoring devices, worn by workers to measure personal exposures
Known carcinogens
asbestos, benzene, radon and chromium
Impinger
Used as part of the sampling train with absorbent liquid media
Spore trap sample
Used to collect mold spores (spores may be living or dead)
What are personnel dosimetry devices?
Used to measure occupational exposure.
familiar with the instrument familiar with alarms abel to calibrate instrument according to mfg familiar with limitations of instruments
User must be... with direct reading instruments?
Job-exposure matrix
Uses epidemiological retrospective cohort study to assign exposure levels to individual workers
Action level
Usually set at 1/2 the TLV, you are required to take some kind of admin or engineering control measure, and possibly monitor for exposure
Particulates
Usually small pieces of materials that are solids or liquids at room temperature & pressure. Dusts, fibers, fumes, mists
Sample volume
V = QT
Electric Field Strength is in units of
V/m
Charles' Law
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Conservation of air flow
V1A1 = V2A2
Hepatitis B
VIRAL INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, CAUSING JAUNDICE; EASILY TRANSMISSABLE
combustible gas indicators are good for measuring
VOC and petroleum solvent vapors
Cyclohexane
VOC having no systemic effects when absorbed through skin
Air Sampling ..... Vair = LOD / Concentration
Vair = LOD / Concentration
mg/m^3 (milligrams of chemical/cubic meter of air) - Chemical weight t air volume ratio
Vapor have been discussed as ______
What must calibration do?
Verify the flow rate of air through the air sampling device Establish the time it takes for the pump to move a known volume of air through sampling train
Used in textile Mills for cotton dust sampling
Verticle Elutriator
Why does sound carry differently when in water?
Water is less elastic than air
Characteristics of Radiation
Wave-like E=hv E=energy of photon(J) v=frequency of radiation h=constant (6.625 X 10-34) Particulate (photons = particles of discrete energy) wave form that has energy*
WBGT=0.7 T nwb + 0.2g +0.1 Tdb
Wet Bulb Globe Temp with direct exposure to sun
WBGT
Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer- ALL thermal components NOT TEMPERATURE! *evap/convective heat loss & need air flow* Dry bulb->msrmt of air temp w/thermometer Nat. Wet bulb-> humidity& ht exchange (evaporation) Air flow->air mvmt Globe Temp (G)->heat transferred by radiation
Midget impinger dust sampler uses what type of principle to measure
Wetting
MCE Mixed Cellulose ester : dissolves easy for metal analysis AA measurment PVC Polyvinyl Chloride : Good for silica, dust, zinc oxide
What are membrane filters
Georgius Agricola
Which German physician wrote about several mining diseases in De Re Metallica noting in the Carpathian mountains women married several times because of spouses deaths from tuberculosis.
Raynaud"s Syndrome
White Finger, from vibration , lack of blood circulation in the fingers
Hippocrates
Who is the medical practitioner regarded as the father of medicine. 400 B.C.
George Guenther
Who was the first Asst. Secretary of Labor for OSHA
120dB
Will cause discomfort to most people.
Western Red Cedar
Wood associated with occupational asthma and also a sensitizer
X ppm
Y (mg/m3) x 24.45/MW
Will a high PID lamp probe energy detect more chemicals?
Yes. Typical highest energy is 11.7eV; higher energy lamps are more expensive and have shorter life
????
_________ is probably the most severe of all forms of extrinsic alveolitis. Loss of weight may be prominent feature and number of patients have features suggestive of coeliac disease
Hoist
__________ shall mean lifting machine with carriage, platform or cage which moves on guides
Neurotoxicants
a chemical compound that can damage neurons. CNS lead mercury.
Detector tube
a colorimetric tube used with a bellows pump to detect chemicals in the air; must have the correct tube for what you are trying to detect. Accuracy is +/- 20-25%
Phosgene
a colorless poisonous gas that smells like new-mown hay, can cause pulmonary edema after 2-24 hours after exposure
Coefficient of entry
a measure of how efficient the hood is at accelerating the air
A dosimeter includes what?
a microphone placed in the worker's hearing zone.
Absorption
a molecular process by which molecules are homogenously dispersed in another substance
Prions
associated with "Mad Cow Disease" Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Famers Lung
associated with molds in hay, cotton and sugar cane
Theroy X
assume that workers are lazy, error prone and extrinsically motivated
Indirect action - potential damage from ionizing radiation
assumes cell damage occurs as a result of the action of radiation on water (85% of a cell's composition). Damage results from indirection action on DNA
Direct action - potential damage from ionizing radiation
assumes damage occurs as a result of a direct hit on the cell DNA, resulting in cell damage or cell death
Theory Y
assumes people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative
local (site of effect)
at site of contact
Treatment for acute organophoshate poisoning_________
atropine with 2-PAM
the machine used to test a worker's hearing levels is called an
audiometer
NIOSH
authorized to investigate workplaces to determine the existence of health hazards; responsible for recommending new standards to OSHA and undertaking basic occupational safety and health research projects
0.81 x VP centerline is
average duct VP velocity pressure
0.9 x centerline velocity is
average duct velocity
Hand Activity Level (HAL)
based on frequency of hand exertions and the duty cycle
similarity between PEL TLV
basic concepts are the same
Watt
basic unit of power
Reasons for contesting a citation
because a longer period to negotiate a settlement is needed or there is a good faith reason to believe the citation should be vacated
Potentiating Effect
becomes toxic in the presence of another substance
In welding "coal slag" is associated with higher exposures to ________and________?
beryllium and titanium
expected carcinogen
beryllium, cadmium, carbon tet, DDT, lead acetate, nickel, perc, ceramic fibers
Hearing Conversation Program
best option is avoiding high levels of noise. under 85dB.
Stachybotrys chartarum
black mold; a toxic mold that produces three different mycotoxins, this particular type requires a 90% moisture content environment
Stape
bone in middle ear that is used to transmit sound to the inner ear where it is converted into nerves impulses and interpreted by the brain
Radiant Heat and Convection problems are in what units? *hint think of boilers heat input
btu / hr
impingers
bubblers or gas wash bottle collected in a solution
Flame Ionization
burning
What 2 metals are present inhalation hazards when welding high alloy metals and stainless steel?
chromium and nickel. with a greater percentage on nickel
noise-induced hearing loss
chronic exposure
Carcinogens
class of chemicals associated with electrophilicity
Gas
classic state of matter. can be pure or mixture.
Combustible Liquid
closed cup flash point at or greater than 100 degrees F
Flammable Liquid
closed cup flash point is less than 100 degrees F and VP less than or equal to 40 psia
Trench Foot
cold and wet without freezing (chilblains is other parts of the body)
Impactor
collects particles by impaction; size collected dependent on airflow and physical characteristics
controls for heat are
colling systems and fans, reducing humidity, work/rest schedule, circulating air systems
Effective Half Life
combination of physical half-life and the biological half-life (aka artificial half-life)
Direct reading instruments may be used for
combustible gases, oxygen, othger gases
Fiber filters
common materials (cellulose, glass, quartz); high loading capacity; high sample flow rates
Forward curved blades
commonly called squirrel cages; blades curve toward direction of rotation; low to moderate SP; potential material build-up problems; use in HVAC and dilution ventilation
aerodynamic diameter
compare part sizes with irregular shapes (dusts and fibers) to particles with regular shapes (droplets and mists)
Cross sectional study
compares the prevalence of an outcome between groups that are divided by exposure status
Breakthrough
competition of sites on adsorbent with other chemicals; due to high concentration, migration of chemicals, high temp, channeling, or high flow rates
Smoke
complex mixture of solid and liquid aerosol particles, gases, and vapors resulting from incomplete combustion
Combined exposure limits can be calculated if
components have similar toxicological effects or if the combined effects is assumed to be additive
grab air sample are used to determine
composition of air limited to just that time and point location
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
Short term exposure limit
concentration expressed as a 15-min TWA, which shall not be exceeded
Permissible exposure limit
concentration expressed as an eight hour TWA, which shall not be exceeded; set by OSHA
Ceiling
concentration which shall never be exceeded, although it is expressed as a 10-15 min TWA
Haber's Rule
concentration x time = some constant outcome
Excursions
concentrations above the TLV and are permitted as long as they are balanced by concentrations below the TLV such that the 8hr TWA is less than the TLV
fog
condensation
between LEL and UEL
conditions are just right for explosion or flame
Types of Hearing Loss
conductive (blockage, damage to ear drum), sensorineural (damage to inner ear or nerve, common in workplaces)
Chronic Effects
continual exposure over time that results in health problems that develope slowly
Noise
unpleasant sound interferes with the perception of wanted sound & is likely to be physiologically harmful Only people can distinguish between sound and noise
PPE "Rule of Thumb"
use NRR given by manufacturer, subtract 7, divide results by 2, subtract this from environmental measurement
Brief and Scala Model
use model to apply to work schedules longer than 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week
Personal protective equipment
used as a final resort; can include gown, mask, gloves, respirator
Recommended exposure limit
used as a guideline but not law; based soley on health considerations; recommended by NIOSH
glass fiber filters
used as pre-collection device
Closing conference
used by OSHA to explain or identify conditions that likely willl be cited; may also be used as means of obtaining employer and union input on abatement
filters, absorbing solution
used for dusts and mists
filters
used for particulate, dusts, fibers, fumes common sampling meter (white part)
Biosafety Level 3
used for work with pathogens that may cause serious or potentially fatal diseases following inhalation Clothing and access controlled Negative air pressure (air flows into lab when door is opened) Work in Biosafety hood Airborne pathogens!
activated charcoal
used to collect organic solvents and vapors
In welding "specular hematiteand steel grit " is associated with higher exposures to __________?
vanadium
Amended water
water with a surfactant
in the wet bulb globe temperature measurement, humidity is represented by which one of the following
web bulb temperature
Hexavalent Chromium
welders, lung cancer. causes respiratory disorders, loss of lung function, perforated nasal septum
How to Cool Down from Heat
wet clothes, fan, electrolytes, hospitalization
To calibrate a laboratory rotameter use the following method
wet test method
secondary standards
what are electronic flow meters and rotameters considered? and must be checked periodically?
electronic flow meters inverted buret rotameters
what are some calibration tools?
calibration data logging ID peaks continuous monitoring
what are some direct reading methods?
combustible gas meters photoionization detectors flame ionization detectors length of stain/detector tubes
what are some examples of direct reading instruments?
asbestos glass fibers ceramic fibers
what are some examples of mineral fiber diseases
proteins in bird droppings (histoplasmosis) redwood sawdust (sequoisis) moldy sprouted barley (malt worker's lung)
what are some inhalable organic particles?
inhaled fibers are: thinner/smaller in diameter along one axis orient themselves along that long axis in the air
what are the differences of inhaled fibers and semi-spherical aerosols?
-sensors wear out overtime -fixed capacity -interfering compounds -ambient conditions -is it intrinsically safe?
what are the limitations when using gas meters?
mesothelioma
what is a cancer associated with asbestos exposure?
10%
what is the alarm set for LELs?
50x greater
what is the chance of getting lung cancer if you're a smoker?
Droplets/mists
when a liquid is aerosolized
bifurcate
when the bronchi split into two smaller branches which split repeatedly for a total of about 17 times creating passages with increasingly smaller diameters
Octave band analyzers evaluate what?
where the noise energy lies in a frequency spectrum
-Need to verify that is it responding to the contaminant -Need to verify that reading is accurate -calibration gases -bump tests -need to keep records of calibration and maintenance
why do we need to calibrate?
-Determine the concentration of contaminants present before design changes -Monitor levels while waiting for controls -Monitor effectiveness of controls
why do we sample?
The term "Afebrile" means
without fever,
Propeller fan
works against low pressure drops; commonly used for general ventilation;
Ergonomic hazards
workstation design, repetitive motion, improper lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions
Uupper 95% confidence 1 sided LIMIT (1 sided)
x± 1.645 SD/(√n)
Frequency
cycles per time
Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome (ODTS)
-Acute febrile illness (short occurrence) -high incidence -prior sensitization is NOT NEEDED (mostly non-immune)
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
-Allergic acute, subacute, chronic pulmonary condition -delayed febrile symptoms (flu-like;long lasting) -REPEATED exposures to microbial orgs *SPECIFIC ALLERGIC RESPONSE*--need previous exp
Individuals & Heat Stress
-Physically Fit are more tolerant-->use more blood -older less tolerant -->sluggish response -Nonheat disorders = higher risk (cardiovascular)
Annual dose limit from USNRC - embryo-fetus
0.5 rem (evenly distributed over the gestation period)
Annual dose limit from USNRC - infrequent, general public
0.5 rem/5 mSv
Afebrile
"without fever"
Hierarchy of Safety and Health Controls
(1.Best) Elimination or Substitution (2.) Engineering Controls (3.) Warnings (4.) Training and Administrative Controls (5.Last Resort) Personal Protective Equipment
What is a decibel
(1/10 of a bel) is the preferred unit for measuring sound 1 decibel (dB) is the minimum difference in loudness that is usually perceptible a dimensionless unit used to express the logarithm of the ratio of a measured quantity to a reference quantity
How many liters are in one cubic meter
(1000 L)/m^3 1000 L per cubic meter
Mixture is in compliance if
(C1/EL1) + (C2/EL2) + (Cn/ELn) <1.0
Maximun Use Concentration MUC
(OEL/TLV) x (APF)
Boyle's and Charles' Law combined
(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2
Engineering Control of Noise
(source control) substituting a quieter machine,decreasing vibration, enclosing the source, (path control) increasing absorption, blocking or enclosing the worker
saturated concentration (ppm)
(vapor pressure x 10^6)/atmospheric pressure
saturated concentration (mg/m3)
(vapor pressure x MW x 10^6)/(760mmHg x 24.45)
Mists
- Liquid droplets rendered airborne by agitation/spraying of liquid OR - Condensation of "super-saturated" atmosphere - Generally spherical in shape
Secondary Airborne Dusts
- Particles/powder materials dispersed into ambient air - Generally aggregates or clumps of smaller particles "stuck" together
Fibers
- Rod or ribbon-shaped particles rendered airborne by processing or manufacturing - May be man-made OR natural
Primary Airborne Dusts
- Solid particles rendered airborne by initial "working" of solid materials - Generally irregular in shape & size
Lung Cancer
- smoking = 50x more likely of getting cancer if exposed to asbestos
What size of particles are small enough to make it to alveolar region?
0.5um - 3um (only a fraction actually reach these deeper regions b/c of body defense mechanisms)
STP
0C and 760mmHg
Fibers Per Cubic Centimeter of air
1 fibers per cubic centimeter for an eight hour work period and one fiber per cubic centimeter in any given thirty minute time period. According to OSHA, the reduced risk derives directly from a 90 percent reduction in the acceptable level of asbestos exposure, from 2 fibers per cubic centimeter, (f/cc) of contaminated airspace to 0.
How do you calculate the TLV of a mixture
1 is divided by each chemical fraction (as a decimal) divide by its TLV and added toether.
Density of water
1 m/cm^3 1 gram per cc
How to add dB levels on your calculator
1) divide each level by 10, 2)raise 10^ x by the power of the result 3) add em up then 4) multiply the sum by 10 Log example total dB= 10 log (10^db1/10 + 10^ dB2/10 + 10^dB3/10 +......)
What are the basic components of OSHA's hearing conservation program? (5)
1. Exposure monitoring 2. Audiometric testing 3. Hearing protection 4. Employee training 5. Record keeping
Know the different types of hearing loss: (4)
1. Noise Induced: Brief exposure to intense noise and ordinarily recovers within 14 hours (Page 94) 2. Conductive: associated with pathology in the external or middle ear generally affects a person's ability to hear at normal loudness levels. (Page 96) 3. Sensorineural: Damage occurring to the inner ear or auditory nerve can affect not only the perceived loudness of incoming sounds but also their clarity. (Page 96) 4. Mixture of both conductive and sensorineural
What are the steps involved in the noise survey procedure? (4)
1. Obtain specific information on the existing noise levels at each work station 2. Develop guidelines for establishing engineering &/or administrative controls 3. Define areas where hearing protection will be required 4. Identify those work areas where audiometric testing of employees is desirable &/or required.
Prevention and Control of Occupational Skin Disease
1. Planning or the workplace to reduce exposure 2. Process control 3. Selection of Material
What does a sampling train consist of?
1. Sampling medium and holder 2. Tubing 3. Pump
What are the five (5) basic categories of controls used to occupational exposures to RF and MW radiation?
1. Shield 2. Enclosure 3. Distance 4. Time 5. Use Warning Signs
Asbestos Banned
1. Surfacing 2. Thermal systems insulation (TSI) 3. Miscellaneous, title, mastic, acoustic ceiling tiles, roofing, sides.. etc.
What are the categories of protection measures associated with external radiation exposure hazards? (3)
1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding
Most Common Life-threatening Occupational related dis in U.S
1. Tuberculosis 2. Viral Hepatitis (Hep B) 3. Lyme Disease
TLV/PEL-TWA should be sampled for how long?
8 hour work shifts.
TLV - TWA
8 hour workday; 40 hour work week; nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect
PEL LEAD
8 hr TWA = 50 ug(micrograms) / m 3
Annual average radiation dose - CT chest exam
800 mrem
Annual average radiation dose - lower GI exam
800 mrem
Steady State Noise: Personnel cannot be exposed to noise levels above ___ without the use of hearing protection.
85 dB
What is the NIOSH recommended noise exposure limit?
85 dBA for eight hours
DB level in terms of TWA for noise exposures
85 dba averaged over an 8 hour workday
what level does program become mandatory
85dB
Recommended Exposure Limit
85dB, averaged over 8hrs/day for 40 yrs
OSHA- Steady State Noise: Personnel cannot be exposed to noise levels above ___ without the use of hearing protection.
90 dB
DB level in terms of ACTION level for an 8-hour workday under the OSHA Hearing Conservation program?
90 dba
Geiger-Muller Counter
A gas-filled electrical device that counts the presence of an atomic particle or ray by detecting the ions produced.
Pneumoconiosis
A group of interstitial lung diseases caused by the inhalation of certain dusts & the lung tissue's reaction to dust.
Absorbent
A liquid media that absorbs gases and vapors. The liquid can be analyzed in the laboratory
A fume is...
A solid particle aerosol produced by the condensation of vapors or gaseous combustion products.
Scaffolding
A temporary structure of timber or metal work with a platform used in the construction, alteration or demolition of a building, or other maintenance work used to support workers or to allow the hoisting and lowering of workers, their tools and materials
Roentgen
A unit used to measure nuclear radiation; equal to the amount of radiation that produces 2 x 10^9 ion pairs when it passes through 1 cm^3 of dry air.
Standard or Upright
A vertical member of a scaffold transmitting the load to the ground or to a base plate
A cloud is...
A visible aerosol
What is the effect of using a wall to shield people from low frequency sounds?
A wall can be an effective barrier against high-frequency sound (short wavelength)
OSHAct
A) December 29, 1970 enacted by Hygienists B) April 28, 1971 became effective
What noise weighting is used for humans?
A-weighted sound level measurements have become the most popular for assessing occupational noise exposure (It is more representative of human hearing) The A-weighted scale is used by ACGIH, OSHA, and NIOSH
Fourier's Theorem
Any wave form that is continuous and periodic can be represented as the sum of a series of simple sine waves of appropriate frequency, amplitude, and phase.
ZPP
Compound used as a measure of blood exposure
What is Sound?
Compression and Rarefaction of a medium
Air concentration
Concentration = mass/Volume of air
Calculating dose
Concentration X duration of exposure X rate = dose
ppm (parts-per-million) - gas/vapor to air ratio - standard unit
Concentrations generally discussed as ______
Eczema
Condition also known as "nickel-itch"
Dose response relations to consider?
Conditions, route, response.
related to "oat cell carcinoma", of the lung
Bis-chloromethyl ether
Heat Balance
Body=98.6 F / 37 C Change of +/- 2C = affects of bodily functions Change of =/- 6C = usually fatatal
What is the most important route of entry?
Inhalation, because it goes directly to blood and central nervous system.
how are workers exposued to lead?
Inhalation, ingestion
Principal routes of exposure
Inhalation, ingestion, dermal. Others: injection, ocular, transplacental
What are the factors that influence toxicity?
Inhalation-High severity; Most significant route of entry. Cutaneous/Skin Absorption- Low severity; Frequent occurrence; difficult to quantify. Ocular-Enters through the eyes; May cause systemic poisoning. Ingestion/Oral- Low significance; common occurrence.
Assumption of Risk Concept
Injured employee presumably knew the risks of the job before agreeing to work.
Workers comp judicial precedence
Injured employees had to sue unless employer volunteered to pay. Few employers volunteered to pay as they rarely lost on court. Judicial precedence limited the employers personal liability.
Arsine
Inorganic compound of arsenic causing hemolysis of red blood cells--pyrophoric, flammable, and highly toxic gas
Industrial hygiene data is normally or log normally distributed
Log normally distributed
Know how to calculate DND
Look at handout
Know the Tabular Method
Look at handout
Sociocusis
Loss due to non-occupational sources - household noises, music, TV.
LEL
Lower Explosion Level
LFL
Lower Flammable Level
LOAEL
Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level, the lowest dose (or concentration) at which you first start to see an adverse effect
Details about consumer products - exposure to ionizing radiation
Luminous dials, anti-static devices, smoke detectors, tobacco products
Main Exposure Routes (who's the pioneer in these)
Lungs, Eyes, Ears, Skin (Frank Patty)
Radioactivity
Decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus - energy given up, Process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintergration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state
Specific gravity
Density of subtance / density of water
Physiological Effects
Dependent on dose received and source (strength, distance, duration) High dose > 150rem = cytoxicity sublethal dose= 25-100 rem --> Hematopoietic cancer= 100rem & development effects (<100) *targets rapidly dividing/moderately rapid cells*
Skin Hazards
Dermal Absorption of Chemicals: Irritants (water soluble, solvents, acids) sensitizers allergic-contact dermatitis photoallergic contact dermatitis Physical: Lacerations, Burns, Age, biological
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Describes the cumulative permanent loss of hearing Always of the sensorineural type, develops over months or years of hazardous noise exposure
C-Weighted Network
Designed for high sound pressure levels.
B-Weighted Network
Designed for medium sound pressure levels.
A weighting
Designed to approximate the equal loudness curve and approximate the way the human ear responds to noise at various frequencies.
A-Weighted Network
Designed to approximate the equal-loudness curves at low sound pressure levels. Sound level measurement is popular in the assessment of overall noise hazard because it is thought to provide a rating of industrial broadband noises that indicates the injurious effects such noises has on human hearing.
What would be used to analyze for gases and vapors?
Detector tubes, combustible gas detector, electrochemical sensors, absorbents, adsorbents
Loose Fitting Respirators
Does not require fit testing Hoods and Helmets acceptable for personnel with facial hair.
Non-Friable
Does not usually release airborne fibers unless subjected to cutting, sanding or grinding
Dust
Dry solid particle. Mechanically reduced in size from crushing, grinding, drilling, handling, and shoveling.
What is respirable dust
Dust below about 4-5 microns in size, which is capabily of getting into the gas exchange region of the lungs called the alveoli
Respiratory Dust
Dust which penetrates the upper respiratory defenses & travels deep into the lungs 5 micron to 0.1 micron
What is Pneumoconiosis?
Dusts in the lungs, defined as the reaction of the lung tissue with the inhalation of dusts
What are some physiological responses of airborne contaminants?
Dusts may stimulate/increase production of mucus Engulfment of particle Inflammation of tissues/adema Formation of fibrous tissues
4 main issues related to air sampling
E-S-S-FE. Efficiency, Stability, Safety, Field "Ease"
What is the PEL for impact noise?
For impact noise (hammer hitting metal, etc.), do not exceed 140 dBA
What does the mucociliary elevator (ladder) do?
Foreign particles are trapped in the mucus lining of the of the tracheal region and then removed by the lungs.
Electrostatic precipitators are good for sample
Fumes and solid partilces
Vapors
Gaseous-phase of materials that are ordinarily a solid or liquid at room temperature and pressure. Organic, alcohol, and amine vapors.
What are gases? Vapors?
Gases - one of the 3 states of matter that is characterized by a lack of defined shape of volume Vapors- substance in a gaseous phase but is a liquid or solid at room temperature and pressure
Simple Asphyxiants
Gases that dilute or displace atmospheric oxygen below that required to maintain blood levels sufficient for normal tissue respiration
Toxic chemicals
Gases, liquids, or solids that can produce injurious or lethal effects through their chemical properties on contact with body cells
Establish SEGs
Groups of workers having the same general exposure profile because of similarity and frequency of the tasks performed, the materials and processes they work, and the similarity of the way in which they perform work. Allows limited resources to be allocated better so all exposures present in a particular work place can be characterized.
lead symbol
Pb
What is PEL
Permissable exposure limit set by OSHA and located in 1910.1000 Table Z-1
PEL
Permissible Exposure Limits
Dusts may stimulate production of mucus Engulfment of particle, body sends out macrophages Inflammation of tissue/edema Formation of fibrous tissues
Physiological responses to particulate diseases
Secondary Irritant
Produces irritant effects - Overshadowed by toxic effects --> H2S
What is the structure of ionizing radiation?
Production of ion pairs
Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS)
Prolonged exposure to intense noise gradually damages the cochlear hair
What is used to sample for dust
Pump and filter and gravimetric analysis; must know air volume through filter; cyclone
Which instrument is most commonly used to measure an integrated sample of dust
Pump with MCE filter cassette
Toxicity entails what dimension?
Quantity or dose
NIOSH Exposure Limits
REL
Radio/ELF
RF: Similar to microwave in exp, diagnosis, trtmt, prevention--Long distance ELF: extremely low frequency
Exposure
Radiation "shines" onto an objects
Radioactive vs. Radioactive
Radiation=energetic particles Radioactive=characteristics of radioactive materials; capable of emitting radiation
a. Are air contaminants present? b. Can airborne particulates be seen? c. Is an odor associated with particular gases or vapors present? d. Does the process have the potential to release air contaminants? e. Is settled dust present in the work area? f. How long long does it take settled dust to accumulate? g. Do employees have any concern regarding air contaminants?
Recognition/Observation of Air Contaminants
What is sidderosis?
Reddish discoloration from deposits of iron oxide, benign
Purpose of HAZCOM Standards
Reduce occupational illness and injury resulting from chemical exposure by: Informing employees of the identities and the hazards of the chemicals they work with. Training employees on the measures for preventing chemical exposures.
Cell healing ability
Regardless of the method of damage, cells repair perfectly
Aggressive Method
Removal by sanding, abrading, grinding
Class 2
Removal of ACM which is not Thermal System Insulation (TSI) or surfacing material Removal of asbestos containing wall board, floor tile and roofing shingles (misc.)
Temporary Threshold Shifts
Magnitude of threshold shift 2 mins after exposure to loud noise
Exposure assessment criteria
Magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure
Class 4 (iv)
Maintenance and custodial activities during which employees contact but do not disturb ACM OR PACM and activities to clean up dust, waste and debris resulting from Class 1,2,3 activities o Fire the contractor who leaves asbestos
What is MIP ?
Manganese Induced Pakinsonism, prevanlent in miners , but also generated from welding fumes.
Asphyxiants
Materials having the ability to derive the body of oxygen
For Lasers, what is MPE?
Maximum Permissible Exposure eye or skin can be exposed to
Excursion Limit
May exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no longer that a total of 30 minutes during any 8 hour work period and at no time should exposure exceed five times the TLV-TWA provided that the TWA is not exceeded. STELS take precedence over excursion limits.
Personal monitoring
Measurement of an employee's exposure to airborne contaminants through collection of air samples near the employee's breathing zone and subsequent analysis of the collected sample
Anthropometry
Measurement of human body parts
Environmental monitoring
Measurement of the presence of harmful factors such as toxins chemicals and other pollutants in a specific location
OSHA does not cover:
Miners, seamen, railroad workers, flight crews and mechanics, government employees
What are the primary exposures to nuclear power production?
Mining, fuel fabrication, reactor operation, waste storage
What are two direct reading particulate matter monitors?
Miniram and portable dust monitor
Bioeffect from exposure of 50,000 rem/500 mSV
Minor blood changes
Bioeffect from exposure of 1000,000 rem/1000 mSV
Moderate blood changes
What are the two kinds of technologically modified sources?
Modified natural sources and technologically produced sources
Mole of solute per liter of solution
Molarity mol solute/ solution L
a. Personal Samples b. Point of Generation c. Ambient Area
Monitoring Locations:
Charcoal tubes
Most common adsorbent media; good for non-polar compounds Ok for up to 90% humidity; desorbed with carbon disulfide
Reproductive hazard
Most common health effect of ethylene glycol
Natural defenses of the human airway
Mucus lining and cilia, muscular contraction of the bronchial tubes, coughing and sneezing
Nasal Cavity and Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity: Nose, Sinus Cavities, Cilia, Mucus, Pharynx Resp. Sys.: Bronchioles, Lungs (alveoli) *Gas moves from high concentration to low concentration*
NIOSH
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, research arm of OSHA.
What are the two major sources of exposure to ionizing radiation?
Natural background radiation and technologically modified sources
What is NHZ ?
Nominal Hazard Zone, area where MPE is exceeded
Types of Radiation
Non-ionizing: atom movement vs. electron displacement ex: microwaves, CFLs, Radar, Lasers, Electromagnetic Radiation Ionizing: electron displacement & Ion creation ex: xrays, gamma rays
Moles of ions per liter of solution
Normality
Grab Sampling
Normally used to estimate ceiling or peak concentrations. Generally used as a screening method to determine further sampling requirements. Used because of limitations in measurements methods such as with direct reading meters.
below LEL
Not enough to cause an explosion
What are details of personnel dosimetry devices?
Not to be stored close to radiation sources or worn when having personally prescribed radiation procedures performed
Governing Bodies
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Environmental Protection Agency (training, disposal, env) OSHA- ionizing/nonionizing state department
What are the medical exposures to radiation?
Nuclear medicine, radiation therapy, radiology
Atomic structure
Nucleus, electron cloud, ions/ionization, nuclear stability
What is frequency of a wave?
Number of oscillation per second
Organosulfates
O replaced by S; made by microbial activity; oxidation states: -2 and +6; synthetic detergent. Also blocks ACH
Organic Dust vs. Bioaerosol
OD: Organic origin--> resp. disorder BA: <1u to 100u--> Go further in resp tract and not fully affected by gravity (suspension in air)
beta-naphthylamine
OSHA 13 carcinogen used to make azo dyes, causes bladder tumors
Legally enforceable limits
OSHA PEL; OSHA action level
Inspection process
OSHA inspections are made to determine whether employers are in compliance with OSH standards, OSH regluation and the general duty
Limits to OSHA standard-making
OSHA is not authorized to adopt the most restrictive standard possible as dictated solely by health or safety considerations; the agency must demonstrate the need for a new standard based on risk factors
Opening conference
OSHA officials present credential; all employees should be represented
PEL?
OSHA permissible exposure limit
Rickettsial
Rod shaped smaller than bacteria. Must have host. Ornithosis Q fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever
RAD
Roentgen Absorbed Dose (RAD) The mean energy per unit of mass imparted by ionizing radiation in a mass. Ione rad is 100 ergs absorbed per gram.
REM
Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM) A unit of absorbed dose (in rad) times a quality factor that is used to express the relative biological effect of the particular radiation as compared to gamma-radiation.
What is the special unit of exposure?
Roentgen subunit: milliroentgen
Elemental Mercury
Otherwise hazardous agent that is not absorbed or toxic when ingested
Name some problems with filter collection.
Overloading Static Electricity Moisture or physical damage Contamination with interfering substances
SPL= 20 log( P/P0) What is the pressure reference value for P0 ? or P subscript zero
P0= 20 x 10^-6 Nm^2 or 0.000020 hint: use the solve feature on a TI 36x pro or Casio FX-115ES -you'll love this feature
Administrative Controls for Noise
Rotate workers Education Machine scheduling-reduce the number of employees exposed Schedule machine operating times- break machine use from a full 8 hour day to two 4 hour days Purchase equipment that does not produce noise levels in excess of 85 dB at the operator level.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Safe and healthful working conditions are assured as far as possible for any worker in the nation and it preserve human resources.
General Air Sampling
Sampling device is placed in a fixed location in the work area generally occupied by the worker. Used to determine efficiency of controls. May be used as an alarm/early warning device. Used to delineate areas of contamination.
Particulate sampling is conducted with what
Sampling pump, tubing and cassette with filter or a direct reading instrument for dust
What is silicosis?
Scarring of the lungs by inhaling crystalline silica
Aggregate exposure
Simultaenously all routes & pathways that may have been involved in an exposure to a single compound
Liver and bones
Site of copper storage in the body
a. Interaction w/ atmosphere b. Settling Velocity (Stoke's Law)
Size of Particulate concern:
Why did OSHA choose the sound level for employee exposures to impulse or impact type noise according to OSHA?
Sound pressure weighting: The A-weighted sound level measurement is popular in the assessment of overall noise hazard because it is thought provide a rating of industrial broadband noises that indicates the injurious effects such noise has on the human ear
Describe the mechanism of hearing
Sound waves enter the outer ear. Vibrations impact the ear drum and are transmitted to the middle and inner ear (middle ear amplifies and transmits to inner ear). Inner ear hairs convert sound waves into nerve impulses
Ultraviolet Radiation
Sources: Sun, Plasma torches, Arc Welders, Xenon discharge lamps Biological Effects: -Skin Penetration [280-300nm=Dermis; <280=epid] Acute-darkening of skin& cell growth redness (erythema) [290-320 nm] Chronic-accelerated aging, cancer, dec eleasticity -Eyes Acute- Conjunctivitis, stained cornea <315nm Chronics- Cataracts, cancer [295-320nm]
Ionizing Radiation
Sources: sun, deep space, radio isotopes (natural), man-made Particles moving along a waveform: particulate radiation, finite mass that may/not hold charge, moves at speed of light Waves: xrays & Gamma rays--Ionize matter
1902
When was US Public Health Service established
Paracelsus
Which Swiss alchemist and physician is famous for "The dose makes the poison"?
Ulrich Ellenbog
Who Produced a pamphlet describing the health effects of lead and mercury poisoning and suggested preventive measures.
Pliny the Elder
Who is the Roman scholar, who described respirators made from animal bladders and used in mining. 23-79 A.D.
John Bloomfield
Who is the modern day "father of industrial hygiene".
Galen
Who was the Greek physician, wrote about acid mists and copper miners. 130-200 A.D.
Marcus Key
Who was the first director of NIOSH
Alice Hamilton
Who was the first woman professor at Harvard. A physician who exposed many dangerous substances such as lead, ceramic dust, and chemical waste which were making many people unhealthy
What are the two types of exposure?
Whole body or specific part of body
140dB
Will cause pain to most people.
Statue law that created OSHA and NIOSH
Williams Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970
Elements of a Hearing Conservation Program
a competent professional in charge and backed up by the management, baseline measurements of noise exposure for all workers, control of excessive noise exposure, training of affected workers, written and followed standard operating procedures, assessment of program's effectiveness, records of program, buy quiet programs, focus on outside of work experiences
Bone Marrow
a connective tissue that produces red and white blood cells
goal
a desired outcome. means to achieve
Bagassosis
a disease of men inhaling the fibrous residue of sugarcane stalks after the juice has been extracted by crushing
Copper
a metal that is stored in liver and bones
Sound level meters contain what?
a microphone, an amplifier with a calibrated attenuator, a set of frequency weighted filters & an indicating meter
Adsorption
a molecular process by which molecules are reversibly bound to a surface
Irradiance
a parameter used to specify IR light power for given area of a surface in watts per square centimeter (W/cm²). for CW Lasers W=J/s
Inertial impaction
a particle moving in a gas stream is unable to remain in the streamline when the gas changes direction; as a result the particle strikes a stationary object and is removed from the air
Inhalable particulate
a particle which is deposited anywhere in the human respiratory tract
Thoracic particulate
a particle which is deposited anywhere within the lung airways and the gas-exchange region of the human respiratory tract
Respirable particulate
a particle which is deposited in the gas-exchange region of the human respiratory tract
Workers Compensation Act
State workers compensation laws are no-fault statutes that hold employers responsible for the cost of occupational injury and disease clams while guaranteeing benefits to covered workers who meet the laws requirements
Injection
Substance enters directly into the blood stream Causes the most severe effects.
Gases
Substances that are in a gaseous-state at room temperature & pressure
Explosives
Substances, mixtures, or compounds capable of entering into a combustion reaction so rapidly and violently as to cause an explosion
Techniques used in industrial hygiene
Substitution, ventilation, isolation, personal protective equipment (PPE)
Respirable particle
alveolar
the residual volume in the lung
amount of air remaining after maximum expiration
Aerosol
Suspension of fine solid or liquid particles within a gas.
Indoor Air Quality Pollutants
Temperature Humidity Ventilation Volatile Organic Compounds Gasses Biologicals
What is spirometry?
Tests lung capacity, results compared to expected value Based on age, gender & weight Also used for respirator fit testing
What is the PEL in noise?
The PEL is that noise dose that would result from a continuous 8-hour exposure to a sound level of 90 dBA (This dose = 100 %)
Toxicity
The ability of substance to produce and unwanted effect when the substance has reached a sufficient concentration at a certain site in the body
Sound
The ability to hear sounds as loud as they truly are & the ability to hear sounds with complete clarity
Candela or Candle Power
The amount of light that is emitted by the flame of an international candle; the unit of intensity of a light source.
What is the lower distal region of the lungs?
The bronchi split, or bifurcate, into two smaller branches which split repeatedly 17 times.
Action Level
The concentration or level of an agent at which it is deemed that some specific action should be taken.
Short Term Exposure Limit
The concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from: Irritation Chronic or irreversible tissue damage Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self rescue, or reduce work efficiency.
Which mathematical theorem can be applied to determine the change in external penetrating radiation exposure with change in distance from a radiation source.
The energy of an X-ray is inversely proportional to its wavelength The more energy an X-ray possesses, the shorter its wavelength The extent of penetration of X-rays depends on the wavelength and the material being irradiated
The most important aspect of life threatening hypothermia is_________?
The falling of deep core body temperature, 96.8 F, 36 C.
When choosing a respirator you must consider the following inhalation hazards...
The nature of the hazardous operation or process The type of respiratory hazard The location of the hazardous area in relation to the nearest breathable air source The time period that respirators must be worn The workers activity.
Dioxins
The pollutants that contaminated the Kanemi Yusho rice bran oil were PCB and _______
From what do terrestrial sources of radiation result?
The presence of primordial radionuclides and their decay products
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.
Partial period consecutive sampling
Two or more samples are taken for only a portion of the work day.
Full period consecutive sampling
Two or more samples are taken for the full period of the work shift. Most expensive sampling strategy. Also the best sampling strategy.
When evaluating dust exposure, why are particles larger than 10u not included?
They settle more quickly than smaller particles.
Bernardo Ramazzini
This Italian physician wrote the first complete treatise on occupational diseases in 1700 and is kown as the "Father of Occupational Medicine"
Service brake
This brake is typically operated by a foot and is mechanically separated from the parking brake or emergency braking system
TLV
Threshold Limit Value
TLV-C
Threshold Limit Value Ceiling Limit - Concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of working exposure
TLV-STEL
Threshold Limit Value, Short Term Exposure Limit - Concentrations that workers can be exposed to for a short period of time
Allergic Inflammation
Time Sequence Oriented Early Phase (in minutes) -smooth muscle contraction; dec. in lung function; shortness of breath Late Phase (4-8 hours) - bronchial hyperreactivity - exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response
Half Life
Time it takes for half of somethings value to be lost Biologic HL= time it takes for a substance to be eliminated during normal biological processes Effective HL= half life of substances in the body
TWA
Time-Weighted Average concentration for an 8 hour period
ALARA!
Uncertainties in individual radiation does --> need to keep exposure AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE
TRUE
True or False A ladder scaffold shall be used only either when the work is of such light nature or when the distance between the ladders of the scaffold is less than 3 meters
UEL
Upper Explosion Level
UFL
Upper Flammable Level
What are the primordial radionuclides and their decay products?
Uranium series, thorium series, actinium series
Newcastle Disease
Virus caused by exposure to birds and chickens
What are some disadvantages of PID?
adversely affected by humidity, particulates, corrosive atmospheres, must be recalibarated, poor selectivity
1 foot squared around the face (May be affected through the use of fans, enhances or moves the contaminant into the "Breathing Zone")
What is the "Breathing Zone"?
Metal Fume Fever
What results from the inhalation of fumes, like iron, nickel, copper, zinc
1912
What year did USPHS expanded an Occupational Health Division.
1913
What year did the National Council for Industrial Safety (National Safety Council) organized.
1905
What year the MA State Board of Health employs first workplace inspectors
1980
What year was CERCLA. Comprehensive Environmental response, compensation, and liability act implemented?
1986
What year was SARA. Superfund reauthorization act implemented?
1976
What year was Toxic Substance Control Act and RCRA implemented? Resource Conservation and recovery act (RCRA)
1977
What year was the Clean water act implemented? It was the same year MSHA was formed.
fumes
aerosol produced when a material in the gaseous phase condenses to form a solid (usually metals.)
Static Property (aerosol)
aerosol property not related to movement (ex. size, solubility, surface area, etc.)
Dynamic Property (aerosol)
aerosol propety related to movement (ex. settling, impaction, diffusion, etc.)
dusts
aerosols composed of particles typically formed by abrasion (grinding)
Ultrafines & Nanoparticles (aerosol)
aerosols that can deposit anywhere (<1 µm)
Inhalable/Inspirable (aerosol)
aerosols that can deposit anywhere in the RT (<100 µm)
Thoracic (aerosol)
aerosols that can penetrate to RT below larynx (<10 µm)
Respirable (aerosol)
aerosols that penetrate to pulmonary zone (<3.5 µm)
What are noise weightings?
are the sound level meter's means of responding more to some frequencies & less to other frequencies Sound pressure weighting: 3 scales - A, B, & C
Hormesis
area of study reports benificial effects of low level exposures of substance while higher levels can cause disease
toxicokinetics
assesses, once a chemical is in the body, how long it stays, what organs are damaged, and how it's removed (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination)
Most radiosensitive cellualr population?
cells that are primitive in their relative degree of maturity. Cells that have the ability to divide for long periods of time, cells that are in rapid division during irradiation
Linear dose response implications/assumptions
certain effects (cancer, genetic effects) are observed even at zero radiation dose since it occurs naturally in population. Assumes probability of observing the response is proportional to the dose
Confidence interval
certainty that the true score falls within a specific range. The smaller the range the less the certainty. If it includes "1" then NOT significant and yes if it does.
Engineering control
changing the industrial process or materials used to eliminate the source of the hazard
EDTA
chelating agent of choice for lead toxicity
Critical factors in determining exposure
chemical and biological composition; forms, shapes, and sizes of particles; dose-concentration vs duration; pre-existing health or genetic status; concurrent exposure to other toxic agents
Beryllium
chemical can be dangerous if you work in the aerospace industry or in nuclear plant. pneumonitis, scaring of lungs and lung cancer.
enviromental stressors
chemical-contaminents Physical-radiation, noise, heat, light Biological-fungus, mold Ergonomic-workstation design
Nitrile
chemicals and solvents, high cut resistance
Describe Breakthrough Rate
condition in which mass of gas in the backup section is greater than 10% of the mass in the front section
A3
confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans
A1
confirmed human carcinogen
sample bags
connect to pump, fills with air
Particulate matter
considered an aerosol when suspended in air; includes dusts, mists, fumes, smoke, biological agents
tracheobronchial region of the respiratory system
considered to be the trachea or windpipe and bronchi
Local exhaust ventilation
consists of a hood, duct system, air cleaning device, and a fan
What is sound?
consists of pressure changes in a medium (usually air), caused by vibration or turbulence
moisture or physical damage
constantly monitor filters
The most frequent type of occupational disease is ?
contact dermatitis
detector tubes
contain a solid sorbent that reacts with chemical and changes color sometimes called length of stain tubes
Tube axial fans
contain narrow or propeller blades in a short, cylindrical housing, normally without straightening vanes; works against medium pressure drops
Impingers
contaminant bubbled through absorbent solution; used for gases; messy and unstable, not suited to personal sampling
maintain documentation because
continuity and compliance bench mark streamline systematic approach if you get sewed
Which is more dangerous, continuous noise or intermittent noise?
continuous noise
Laser
continuous wave or pulse Health Hazards: multiple frequency = multiple hazards, low power lasers [more atoms in "ground state" (not excited), High power lasers [thermal/pressure induced injuries(acute)].
Industrial ventilation
control of emissions and exposures
Body Temperature
core temperature
Stratum Corneum
cornified layer, outermost layer of the epidermis
Supply system
creates a comfortable environment in plant and replaces air exhausted from the plant
mutagens
damage characteristics of offspring
teratogens
damage to fetus
Nephrotoxin
damages the kidneys
Hepatotoxin
damages the liver
Pulmonary Toxin
damages the lungs
Neurotoxin
damages the nervous system
Bioeffect from exposure of >5 mil rem/>50000 mSV
death
the preferred unit for measuring sound intensity (loudness) is
decibels
Nominal Hazard Zone
defines a region where control measures are required . Nonionizing radiation
Heat Rash
degradation of tissue due to inflammation of sweat ducts
Regulated Areas
demarcate areas where airborne concentration of asbestos exceed/may exceed PEL.
Acoustic Trauma
denotes injury to the senorineural elements of the inner ear. It is produced by one or a few exposures to sudden intense acoustic forms of energy resulting from blasts and explosions or by direct trauma to the head or ear.
A Critical Orifice is dependant upon
density and humidity
Narcosis
depression of the central nervous system
OSHA citations
describe the nature of the violaton including a reference to the provision of the Act, standard, rule, regulation, or order alleged to have been violated
OSHA specification standards
describe the specific means of hazard abatement
Xenobiotic
describes a substance that crosses the placenta by diffusion
workplace characterization
description of the process and operations in the workplace detailing areas with potential exposure to an environmental hazard. -does not group employees with similar duties
aerodynamic diameter
diameter of a unit density (1gm/cm3) sphere that settles at the same velocity as the particle in question
Bioeffect from exposure of 105 mil rem/10000-50000 mSV
diarrhea, vomiting, fever, electrolyte imbalance, death
alveolar region
diffusion
Types of external hoods
duct opening, slot hood, compound hood, receiving hood
Airborne contaminents
dust-solid particles smoke-carbon particles mists-droplets condensed from a liquid to a gas state gases vapors-gaseous form of substance
What are filters and absorbing solutions used for?
dusts and mists
Pneumoconiasis
dusts in the lungs, defined as reaction of the lung tissue with the inhalation of dusts. Body may not have a response to inhaled dusts
What are some airborne contaminants that would be grouped under particulates/aerosols?
dusts, fibers, droplets and fumes
Particulates
dusts, fumes, fibers; non-respirable particulates(>10um); respirable particulates (<10um)
Types of aerosols
dusts, fumes, mists, smokes, fibers
General Duty Requirement
each employer shall furnish a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm
Ingestion
entry of substances through mouth
Injection
entry of substances via needle or break skin
what are the two sources of heat that a safety and health professional must be concerned with?
environmental heat and internal body heat
American Board of Industrial Hygiene
established to improve the practice and educational standards of the profession; primary influence is through certification
Industrail hygienist
examine workplace identify potential health hazards evaluate magnitude of health problem implement control methods
Hearing protection required when?
exceed 85 dB TWA
Difference between exhaust and supply system
exhaust system removes the air and airborne contaminants and supply system adds air to dilute contaminant concentrations
Semi-volatile materials
exist in both vapor and particluate form; moves back and forth between the two states
Labor unions were involved in..
expanding the Standard to non-manufacturing sectors.
Employee Exposure
exposure to airborne asbestos that would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protective equipment
Organ most vulnerable to occupational injury
eyes
cadmium
found in lead and zinc ores half life of 20 years teratogen affects liver, kidney, heart, and others in welding
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
free exchange of ideas and promotion of standards and techniques in industrial health; publishes TLVs and BEIs
Hard Metal Lung disease
from chronic exposure to aerosolized tungsten carbide and cobalt.
Cold Related Diseases
frostbite, hypothermia, trench foot (chilblains), frostnip
Ethylene Oxide
gas used to sterilize surgical instruments and other supplies, hepa,nephro,neuro toxin. casuse lukiemia
Vapor
gaseous form of a substance which coexists as a solid or liquid at normal temperature and pressure
Chemical hazards
gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke
any substance capable of causing damage to cellular DNA and thus producing mutations or cancer
genotoxin
mutagens
germ cells (DNA)
Colorimetric tubes
glass tubes packed with inert solid material; granular material coated with chemical agent that changes color when vapor is pulled through the tube; length of color produced is related to concentation of vapor in air
what are the three types of temperature measurements that are measured to determine the worker's heat stress?
glob, wet bulb and dry bulb temperature
Albumin
glycoprotien in the bloodCYP2E1
Local exhaust ventilation
goal is to remove the contaminant as it is generated at the source itself; more effective than general exhaust, lower heating costs, and lower general costs
Thermal Stress PPE
goose down is best for cold, wind and water barriers are important for cold stress, air or water cooled vests, reflective clothing
OSHA definition of an airbone fiber ratio is
greater than 3:1 length to width
Bioeffect from exposure of 300,000 - 1 mil rem/3000-10000 mSV
hair loss, hemorrhage, infection, vomiting, death
Malleus
hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
Cassette filters
has three typical sizes; leakage can be a problem if not properly assembled
+/- 25%
how accurate is a detector tube?
polyvinyl Chloride filters
hydrophobic resistance to acidic and basic substances
Instruments to measure humidity
hygrometer, psychrometer
Heat Stroke
hyperthermia, medical emergency, can develop over days of exposure
Inverse square law
i1d1^2 = i2d2^2
Cohort study (prospective)
identify a group of workers by exposure and FOLLOW them over time for development of a disease. (have the most power)
Gases and vapors can be collected using ________
impingers
How is Wave Length Measured?
in feet
Chemical asphyxiant
include hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon monoxide (CO). HCN and H2S combine with enzymes to disrupt respiration at the cellular level, while CO binds with hemoglobin to block the delivery of oxygen to the cells
allergic alveolitis
inhale spores-fungi and mold inhale protein molecules produced by animals allergic response in the lungs
Biological hazards
insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and viruses
when sampling for welding fumes the best location to place the device is
inside the welders helmet
grab samples
integrated sample, represents a very brief sampling period. used when you have no idea what could be there
sampling medium and holder tubing pump
integrated sampling train
Particle deposition mechanism
interception, inertial impaction, sedimentation, and diffusion
agent characterization
inventory of environmental agents. description of their health effects, how they are used, and their properties
Arrhythmias
irregular heartbeats. cused by toluene, and ketones like acetone. Hologenated hydrocarbons, methylene chloride, 111trichloroethane TCE
cilia
moves in a wave like manner pushing the mucous up smoking effects this process
Kinetic energy
moving energy; velocity pressure
PPE for Noise
muffs, earplugs, devices with high NRR (noise reduction ratings)
Demarcation
must be marked to minimize exposure (post signs)
A4
not classifiable as a human carcinogen
detector tubes/pumps cons
not selective, cross react
A5
not suspected as a human carcinogen
Absolute risk
number of cases or people with an outcome in population over a period of time
Incidence rate
number of incident individuals divided by the total of person time at risk in population (new/total)* 1000
Prevalence
number of individuals with an outcome in population over a specific period of time; includes existing and new cases
Odds
number of people with the outcome divided by number without the outcome in the same exposure group. oc/ no oc in group
atomic mass
number of protons in the neucleus of an atom
hepatic portal vein
nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content. oxygen poor
lead - Long term (chronic) over exposure
o CNS Damage o Brain Damage o Blood Forming System o Urinary System o Reproductive System
Silica gel would be a good adsobent for
organic vapors and gases with boiling points below 0 deg C and in a dry atmosphere
Sedimentation
particle movement is resisted by aerodynamic drag created by the particle moving downward
0.5 um to 3 um
particles from ______ to ______ are small enough to make it to the alveolar region but only a fraction actually reach these deeper regions because of the bay's defense mechanism.
interception
particles in the air stream are caught in a fiber matrix
systemic (site of effect)
penetrates barrier tissue to the blood
Ionizing radiation
penetrating EMR or particulate radiation having sufficient energy to produce ion pairs in media through which it passes
Exposure assessment
process of estimating or measuring the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure to an agent, along with the number and characteristics of the population exposed
LDx (Lethal Dose, percent of population killed)
produced from testing animal populations
smoke
products of combustion
Smoke
products of incomplete combustion of organic materials
OSHA responsibilities
promulgate occupational safety and health standards; inspect workplaces, issue citations to employers, assess civil pentalties against employers, and require abatement of violative conditions
Exhaust system
removes the air and airborne contaminants from the workplace air; may exhaust entire area or it may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant
Gas chromatography
separate difference chemicals in the air and identifies them by flame ionization or other method
OSHA performance standards
set the occupational health or safety objective to be obtained or the hazard to be abated; they do not specify the method of hazard abatement or control
A fundamental concept behind occupational exposure limits is
setting a level where most workers can be exposed everyday of their expected working life and suffer no serious health effects
acoustic trauma
short term
For a gas mixture to violate the combined TLV, what assumption should be made? TLV Book
should have a similar toxic affect on a target organ. It is an additive affect.
Polar Molecules collect better on_______
silca gel tubes
IOM sampler
simulates collection of particles inhaled into your mouth and nose
Routes of chemical exposures
skin and eyes, ingestion, inhalation
Aerosol
solid or liquid particles dispersed in a gaseous medium
Fibers
solid, slender, elongated structures; length several times the diameter
Solvents, health issues
solubility affects absorption in body
Biological effects by radiation are __________
somatic
any pressure variation that the human ear can detect is called
sound
Inverse square law
sound decreases with square of the distance from the source. Intensity is reduced by moving further away.
Noise Measuring Instruments
sound level meter (simplest, area meter), octave band analyzer (sound level meter with other features), noise dosimeter (personal sampler, can determine several important values)
all of the following are instruments to measure sound
sound level meter, noise dosimeter, octave band analyzer
Mists
spherical droplet aerosols produced by mechanical processes
sampling media to be used (SDS) sampling flow rate volume of air to be sampled instructions for preservation and handling procedure for the analysis
standard sampling methods
Best hood design
start with completely enclosing the process; remove only the side to allow process to work
Pulmonary Irritants
stimulate receptors in the alveoli region, results in inflamation,brochoconstriction,edema,cough, and shallow breathing. Isocynates
Control
strategy or plan designed to reduce exposure to an acceptable level
The basis behind a threshold limit model for setting exposure levels
that there is an exposure level that DOES NOT produce illness or injury
industrial hygiene
the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of physical, chemical, biological and ergonomics hazards or stressors
Anticipation
the application of and mastery of knowledge that permits the occupational hygienist to forsee the potential for disease and injury
What is the time weighted average or TWA?
the average airborne concentration an employee is exposed to during the work shift (usually 8 hours)
Homeostasis
the body maintaing its inner equilibrium by adjusting for a physiological process
Wave Length
the distance that a sound travels in one cycle
Audiometry
the measurement of hearing
Incidence
the number of of individuals with an outcome in a population over a specific period of time that were outcome free at the beginning of the time period, ie new cases
atomic number
the number of protons in the neucleus defines the element
Exhaust system pressure
the objective is to lower the pressure in the system below the atmospheric pressure
Key evaluation element when determining the potential severity of an occupational chemical exposure
the route of entry, how much and how long, the probability the material will be absorbed
Industrial Hygiene
the science and art of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace.
Period
the time it takes to complete a wave cycle
Presumed Asbestos Containing Material (PACM
thermal system insulation and suffering material (usually manufactured before 1980- presume it is asbestos)
Half-value layer
thickness of an absorber required to attenuate or remove 50% of the incident radiation beam intensity
shaver's disease or bauxite lung
this can lead to emphysema and is a metal disease exposure to aluminum
the weakest sound that can e heard is called the
threshold of hearing
Person time
time a person is at risk to develop an outcome, usually beginning at the time of first exposure to the the supected agent of risk
Factors influencing dose effect models
time period over which the dose is delivered. Age of exposed individual. State of health. Time period between exposures
Three ways to reduce occupational radiation source?
time, distance, appropriate shielding
bronchioles
tiny air passages that end at the alveoli.
Parts of the Upper Respiratory Tract
tip of the nose down to the terminal bronchioles.
Purpose of exposure assessment
to identify and quantify health hazards throughout a work area, assess compliance with standards and guidelines, respond to complaints, medical or epi studies, determine effectiveness of engineering/administrative controls
Aneuploidization
to lose a chromosome
synergistic effect classic example
tobacco smoke and asbestos
overloading
too much dust, can't do anything with it do a partial sample (2-4 hr) or do 2 samples
Size of particle
toxicity of some particles is heavily dependent upon size; AED is what IH is concerned about
General Duty Clause can also imply providing an employee.....
training and education on health and safety issues
General exhaust system
used for heat control in an area by intoducing large quantities of air in the area, and for removal of contaminants generated in an area by mixing enough outdoor air with the contaminant so that the average concentration is reduced to a safe level
silica gel
used to collect polar compounds -hydrogen chloride, HF
cyclones
used to collect silica different kinds, (nylon, aluminum) used for respirable dust
HVL layer thickness
used to determine the reduction in intensity or exposure rate caused by thickness absorber
Mixing factor
used to estimate an airflow necessary to remove contaminant in a room with less than ideal mixing
area samples
used to evaluate the effectiveness of controls
Audiogram
used to measure hearing loss
Manometer
used to measure pressure in a ventilation system; simple graduated U-shaped tube, open at both ends
Manometer
used to measure vapor pressure; the difference in fluid height is proportional to the pressure difference
Critical barrier
used to prevent airborne asbestos from mitigating
Appropriate shielding (measure of radiation protection)
used to reduce occupational radiation exposure only when available and appropriate
spirometry
used to test lung capacity test results compare to expected value based on age, gender, and weight also use for respirator fit testing
flame ionization detectors
uses a hear source to ionize used to detect hydrocarbons
Evaluation
uses techniques based on the nature of the hazards, emission sources, and the routes of exposure
Administrative control
using administrative directives to limit the amount of exposure a worker receives
Carbon Tetrachloride, formaldehyde, and benzene are examples present in the ________ state.
vapor
Engineering Controls of Thermal Stress
ventilation, HVAC, shielding, humidifiers
Fumes
very fine solid aerosol particles produced from vaporized solids
Diffusion
very small particles wiggle around randomly and settle out when they bump on a surface
Fumes
volatilized solids, condenses in cool air
Radiation
warmer surface to cooler surface
-identify tube/hazard -test pump for leaks -determine # of pump strokes -break ends -insert tube with arrow facing direct. of flow -pump -interpret results
what are the 7 steps to use a detector tube?
direct reading and integrated sampling
what are the two types of sampling approaches?
less than 19.5%
what is considered an oxygen deficient atmosphere?
NFPA Diamond Blue is and Yellow is
Blue health hazard, Yellow is instability
Name and describe a primary calibration standard.
Inverted Buret - marked with lines or various volumes and uses a soap bubble
Boyle's Law
P1V1=P2V2
Temperature of water at a eye wash station
Between 60F and 95F
What does a sampling method specify?
1. Medium 2. Total volume of air 3. Flow Rate
Limit exposure
1. stop using it 2.engineering controls 3.PPE
Four categories of exposure assessment
1.) imputing or modeling devices 2.) measuring environmental exposures 3.) measuring personal exposures 4.) measuring biomarkers
Asbestos Excursion Limit
1.0 fiber per cubic centimeter of air 1 f/c as averaged over a sampling period of 30 minutes.
Prohibit hot work areas that have a flammability concentration of..
10% or greater.
Idiosyncratic reaction
Atypical reaction to a chemical
Middle Ear
Auditory Canal-2x sound intensity Ossicles: 2x vibration Malleus (hammer), incus(anvil), stapes (stirrup) Oval Window- amplifies signal 30x Pressure Equalization: greater inner than outer contraction will reduce loud sounds
Intensity (I)
Average rate of sound energy per unit area
What biosafety Level is appropriate for Legionella
BLS 2 Human Diseases, Pathogens
Types of Biohazards
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites Prions Insect transmitted diseases
Main Agents
Bacteria, Fungi, Paracites, and Viruses (incapable of growth outside a living cell)
Brucellosis
Bacterial - Small G(-) cocci. Spread through direct contact with infected animals and products (including nonpasteurised dairy)
IARC and NTP Eval?
Based on Strength of evidence.
Mucus
Gives up heat and moisture to incoming air and serves as a trap for bacteria and dust in the air. It also helps dilute any irritating substances in the air
Silica gel tubes
Good for polar compounds; hydrophilic so not good in humid environments
What are other sampling methods and describe them
Grab Samples - integrated sample, represents a very brief sampling period Sample Bag - connects to pumps, fills with air
Atmospheric supplying devices must provide
Grade D air
Solvents
Group of chemicals affecting CNS on a chronic basis
Interstitial lung diseases
Group of diseases associated with nickel, chromium, and iron when chronic exposures to aerosols or dusts are common
a. Verify minimal exposure b. Evaluate specific operation c. Address employee concerns
How many samples?
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen and Carbon
Attenuation equation
I = I_0 * (0.5)^N I=transmitted intensity I_0=initial intensity N=actual thickness in HVL
Benzidine
Iconic cause of bladder cancer
bis-chloromethyl ether
Iconic cause of oat-cell carcinoma of the lung
Industrial Hygiene
Identification and evaluation of a Hazard; Controlling it
How do you know if noise is considered to be continuous?
If the variation in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less it is considered to be continuous
TLV-IDLH
Immediate Danger to Life and Health
Personal sampling
Immediate vicinity of individual workers
What is direct-reading?
Immediate/Fast Feedback Uses oxygen meter
1. Toxicity of Air Contaminants 2. Exposure Time 3. Concentration in Breathing Zone
Important Exposure Factors
a. Toxicity of Particulates b. Concentration in Breathing Zone c. Types of Dust based on Size & Fate of Particulate d. Size of Particulate
Important Exposure Factors
Purging
Impurities are displaced from a confined space.
Indirect-lighting
In __________ 90 % to 100 % of the light of the luminaires is directed in angles below the horizontal directly toward the ceiling and upper sidewalls.
Direct-lighting
In __________ 90 % to 100 % of the light of the luminaires is directed in angles below the horizontal directly toward the usual working area
1930
In what year did Gauley Bridge Disaster occur in West Virginia hydroelectric tunnel; silicosis? This was the same year the Hat making industry became known for mercury poisoning of fur cutters; known as Mad Hatters.
What are the occupational exposures to radiation?
Individuals in industry, medical research, nuclear power, diagnostic medicine, therapeutic medicine
Infection, Pathogenicity, & Virulence
Infection: Presence and Multiplication in host subclinical-no symptoms (carrier) clinical- symptoms Pathogenicity: Ability to cause disease in host (qualitative) can invade, replicate, and cause dis Virulence: Pathology cause by an organism (quantitative) A takes fewer particles to infect than B
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva; the membrane that lines the eyelids & covers the exposed surface of the eyeball
is the most frequent route of entry of radioactive material into the body.
Inhalation
What is metal fume fever?
Inhalation of metal fumes during welding, flu-like symptoms
What is reactive airway disease?
Inhalation of some organic particles. Involves tightening of the chest, wheezing and shortness of breath
What are personal samples?
Obtained by the worker wearing the sampling train
OEL
Occupational Exposure limit
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Regulatory agency.
Industrial Hygienist
Occupational health professionals who recognizes that environmental stresses may endanger life and health, accelerate the aging process, or cause significant discomfort
What are the two legal classifications of exposed individuals?
Occupationally exposed individuals (radiologists, x-ray techs) and general public (hospital visitors)
Subchronic exposures
Occur over intermediate time scales (weeks/months), may be episodic and recurring. Middle ground btwn acute and chronic exposures
Systemic effect
Occurs at locations other than the site of exposure.
Octave Band Analyzer
Octave Band Analyzer: An arbitrary spread of frequencies. The top frequency in an octave band is always twice the bottom one. The octave band may be referred to by a center frequency.
Methods of Operations: Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
Often used for combustible gases uses electrical circuit Filament is coated with catalyst which reacts with gas Senses electrical imbalance
How thick are the membranes of alveoli called pneumocytes?
One cell thick
Cataracts
Opacity in the lens of the eye that may obscure vision
Great Rooms
Open rooms or floors with freely flowing air; unobstructed (cubicle farms, waiting rooms, ) *Ventilation is KEY*
UV analysis is good for?
Organic compounds
Tight Fitting Respirators
Requires fit testing Not acceptable with Facial Hair
R.E.T.E.R
Reservoir Escape from Reservoir Transmission Entry to new Host Reinfection
What are Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters?
Resistance to acidic and basic substances
What is Phase angle?
Respect to point-in-time of wave measured in degrees
Which of the following would be analyzed using gravimetric methods? Lead, Cadmium, Asbestos, Respirable Dust
Respirable dust
Cyclone samplers are generally used to sample for?
Respirable particles , in general, 10 microns and below
What items would you normally consider when determining the type of respirator to use.
Respirators: Must be carefully matched to the type of particulate hazard present, type of dust, length of exposure, dust concentration, and particle size The OSHA regulations for some particulates (e.g. lead, asbestos, and cadmium) have specific respirator requirements: Describe what types of respirators are appropriate for various levels of exposure and; How and when respirators can be used as part of the control process
Case-Control
Retospect study- looking at those who already have the outcome Case -idenfied from a specfic population Contol- same population who do not have the outcome
Related Heat Stress Disorders
Rhabdomylosis, hyponatremia
Thoracic size particle
chest region 10 microns
A spirometer operates on what principle
The displacement of air volume
Lethal Dose (LD)
The dose required to produce the death in 50 percent of the exposed population within a specified time period
Spirometer
The equipment used to measure the volume air and the relating them to time
Why are briefer pulses from pulsed lasers more hazardous to the eyes than longer pulses of equal energy content?
The heat does not dissipate as much during a shorter pulse.
Clarity
The inability to distinguish between the various sounds in spoken language
Loudness
The inability to hear soft sounds
What is frequency?
The number of pressure variations over time
"Snap-Shot Picture"
The purpose of Air Monitoring by
What is toxicology?
The study of dynamic interaction of chemicals with living organisms.
Ergonomics
The study or measurement of work to achieve the optimum adjustment of people to their work with the benefits being measured in terms of human efficiency and well-being
Trestle scaffolds
The support of the platform are step ladders, tripods or similar movable contrivances
Exposure standards for optical radiation include a 6-minute time limit for the skin and the eyes. What is this based on?
The thermal equilibrium of the target organs.
Biological Half Life
The time required for half of a radioisotope to disappear from the body.
Friable
can be crumbled, pulverized or reduced to a powder by hand pressure. More likely to release fibers into the air.
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter
capable of trapping and retaining at least 99.97 percent of 0.3 micrometer diameters particles.
irritants
cause irritation to skin, eyes, nose, mouth, throat, upper respiratory tract
Sensory Irritants
cause response in nose,caan result in burning and painfulsensations, inflamation, hypersection, and vasodilation and obstruction
Neural Hearing loss
caused by damage to areas of brain which interpret auditory info
Nerve hearing loss
caused by damage to inner ear. non-reversible.
Conductive hearing loss
caused by damage to sound conduction mechanisms in outer and inner ear. Usually reversible
diffusion
caused by random movement of particles in the air stream- particle lands and attaches to a surface
Dermatoxicants
causes damage to the skin; Magesium Chromate
Hematoxicants
causes damge to the circulatory system ; benzene
TLV-C
ceiling value, should never be exceed at anytime in the working exposure
hepatocyte
cells of the liver
Risk
chance that an event will occur or a person will end up with the outcome of interest
Tachycardia
increase in heart rate, abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute) barium can cause this
Distance (measure of radiation protection)
increase the distance between you and the radiation source
the body increases or decreases the sweating rate of the body until cooling is sufficient to remove the heat generated by metabolism
increases
Skin notation
indicates substances for which there is potential for substantial contribution to exposure via absoprtion through the skin
Simple asphyxiant
inert gases or vapors that displace oxygen from air when present in high concentrations
What are three dust categories
inhalable, thoracic, and respirable (inhalable is largest size)
metal fume fever
inhalation of metal fumes during weld -flu like symptoms
reactive airway disease
inhalation of some organic particles tightening of chest, wheezing, shortness of breath
Routes of entry
inhalation, absorption, ingestion
routes of exposure
inhalation, absorption, ingestion, injection
Common routes of entry into the body for toxic substances
inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion and injection
Amplitude
intensity of sound, perceived as loudness
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Risk Factors
*Effects the hand, wrist, and fingers Hand held in fixed position over prolonged periods Repeated wrist and finger flexion Prolonged strenuous use of the hands Vibration
Mixed Air Contaminants
- Chemicals used as blends - Chemicals with synergistic effects
Secondary Fumes
- Dispersion of fume particles from bulk sources OR - Re-dispersion of previously settled fume - Generally more course than primary fume - Consists of clumps or aggregates of smaller fume particles stuck together
Inhalation Dust
- Dust which enters the body but is trapped in the nose, throat, & upper respiratory tract - Median aerodynamic diameter = 10 micon (PM^-10)
Primary Fume
- Formed by the condensation of oxidized metal vapors - Generally irregular in shape
Simple Asphyxiants
- Inert gases that displace oxygen in the atmosphere - NO"toxic" or chemical effects on the body (CO2, nitrogen, argon)
benefits of IH program
-employees are protected from known health hazards in their workplace -insurance premiums are lowered because compensable injuries are reduced -productivity is increased -operating costs are reduced -regulations are quickly assesed and implemented
gas meter
-have a small pump that draws air across sensor/sampling chamber -have a readout device -single units or "multi-meters" -sensors are often used for specific chemicals -chambers are often used for combustible gases
components of IH programs
-hazard recognition -exposure evaluation/risk assesments -control and mitigation -audit/program evaluation -employee trainers -documentation
calibration
-must verify the flow rate of air through the air sampling device -must establish the time it takes fro the pump to move a known volume of air through the sampling train
audit process
-open conference with management(purpose, scope, schedule) -info is gather -info is analyzed -findings are presented to management -report of finding issued
intrinsically safe
-won't cause a fire or spark -sealed, gases and vapors can't get into device an instrument that can be safely operated in a possibly combustible atmosphere
What are absorbing solutions and solid sorbent tubes used for?
...
What is the aspect ratio of mineral fibers/other fibers?
...
impaction
...
interception
...
sedimentation
...
Eye wash stations provide...
.4 gallons of potable water per minute and are installed 10 seconds walking time from hazard.
The leading dosimetric standard for exposure to non-ionizing radiation in the U.S. for humans is _____
.4W/kg, divided by a safety factor of 10.
sound absorption coefficient from 0-1 means
0 most sound is reflected 1 means 100% absorbtion
Area of a microscope or the gtaticule field for asbetos
0.00785 mm^2
Control Asbestos (3 ways)
1) Abatement/removal best way 2) Encapsulate (thick paint/seals it) 3) Enclose (build false wall)
Baritosis
Benign pneumoconiosis caused by long-term exposure to barium
A Standard Threshold Shift (STS) is defined in OSHA's Hearing Conservation amendment as an average shift (or loss) in either ear of _____ or more at the 2,000; 3,000; and 4,000 frequencies.
10 dB
UV rays strongest at what time of day?
10-4
What is the unit of measure (for Industrial Hygiene purposes), for the size of airborne dust particle?
100 micrometers in diameter
Inhalabe size particle
100 microns ,,use an IOM sampler
Impact/Impulse Noise: Personnel cannot be exposed to noise levels above___ without the use of hearing protection.
140 dB
What is the maximum peak sound pressure level for employee exposures to impulse or impact type noise according to OSHA?
140dBA
Who identified radiosensitive cells?
Bergonie and Tribondeau
Beryliosis
Beryllium and compounds
Intensity (light)
An indication of the amount or quantity of light a source gives off in a given direction.
Aspergillosis
An infection caused by a fungus of the genus Aspergillus. It may cause inflammation and lesions on or in any organ.
What is histoplasmosis?
An infection that occurs from breathing in the spores of the fungus (proteins in bird droppings)
Dosimeter
An instrument used to determine the radiation dose a person has received.
ACGIH
A1, A2, A3, A4, A5
What are potential sources for Legionella bacterium
All sources of misting water, particularly contaminated water, include cooling towers, humidifiers, evaporative condensers, pipes containing stagnant warm water, shower heads and faucet aerators, decorative fountains, eyewash stations, and first aid showers.
Allergy vs. Occupational Allergy
Allergy= illness due to exposure to external agents -hypersensitive from preceding sensitization - large production of antibodies to allergen Occ. Allergy=exposure to allergen IN WORKPLACE -Strong CAUSE/EFFECT
Neutron Radiation
An atomic particle. The neutron weighs about the same as a proton. As its name implies, the neutron has no electrical charge. Neutrons make effective atomic projectiles for the bombardment of nuclei. Neutrons can also present unique external exposure hazards to personnel.
What is Toxicity?
An expression of the capacity of a substance to produce injury in a living host.
Impactor
An impactor (Andersen sampler) is used to collect culturable mold or bacteria samples using an agar plate; Results are colony forming units
Disocyanates
Aromatic and aliphatic compounds, usually result in occupational asthma.
Cadmium
Aromatics, TO, Kidneys lung cancer, a soft bluish-white toxic metallic element
Abestosis
Asbestos
Beta Radiation(Beta Particle)
Beta Particle are small electrically charged particles emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms. They pose an internal exposure hazard. They are often penetrating enough to cause skin burns.
Convective Heat Exchange
Between skin/air or fluids Determinants: -convective characteristics of source and receiving body how readily it gives off heat - temps of source AND receiving body -surface areas in energy exchange -flow characteristics of source/receptor
Chelation
Binding of a substance to a metal, thus helping the body to remove it.
a worker's internal body heat comes from
normal body processes
Ionizing Radiation Effects
Biologic Normal Dose=300-450mrem pathways=ingestion, inhalation, absorption Exposure=Roentgen; Absorbed Dose-Rad; Dose Equivalent=Rem
Wind Chill
Based on temperature of air and wind velocity
ACGIH eval?
Based on weight of evidence.
BOHS
British Occupational Hygiene Association
Which class of lasers is considered to be intrinsically safe?
Class 1
What class of laser required Medical surveillance and training programs?
Class 3b and 4 lasers
What are rigid holders that filters are placed in known as?
Cassettes
Dangerous gases
Cause lethal or injurious effects and damage to property by their toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive physical and chemical properties
Secondary irritant
Cause systemic effects. Remember S, S. For secondary and systemic
Antimony
Causes poisoning similar to arsenic
What is the concentration that should not be exceed at any time
Ceiling
Schwann cells
Cells appearing in response to peripheral nervous system damage
CDC
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Basis for Confined Space Classification
Characteristics Oxygen level Flammability Toxicity
Which air sampling media is appropriate for collecting an air sample of benzene?
Charcoal tube
Environmental Factors or Stresses
Chemcial, Physical, Ergonomic, Biological
Things that are considered environmental factors with regards to Industrial Hygiene
Chemical hazards, physical hazards, biological hazards, biological hazards and ergonomic hazards
Industrial hazards
Chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic agents
Organophosphates
Chemicals such as parathion and malathion which are found in insecticides that inactivate ACHe so ACH can no longer be rapidly hydrolyzed resulting in an accumulation of ACH at the post synaptic portion of the junction.
Toxicity
Chemicals that are gases, liquids, or solids that, through their chemical properties, can produce injurious or lethal effects on contact with body cells
Oxidizers
Chemicals that decompose readily under certain conditions that yield oxygen
Circumference of a circle
Circumference= 2πr = πD
What is the relationship between the energy of an X-ray and its wavelength? The wavelength of the x-ray determines the penetrating ability.
The more energy an X-=ray possesses, the shorter its wavelength.
What are the mechanisms of toxicity?
Exposure-Any contact Uptake-Taking in or absorption Distribution-Movement of a chemical from entry to target site Metabolism-biochemical process Excretion/Elimination-process through which chemicals and or their metabolites are removed from the body.
Microwaves
Exposure: depends on proximity to source & intensity Health Hazards: Acute=Burns, tinnitus, headache, vertigo, inc BP; Chronic=Male repro issues; ocular issues Prevention: Move away, change freq., change duration [shield=barriers]
What is the PEL for continuous noise?
Exposures above 115 dBA (continuous noise) not permitted for any length of time
Black Lung
The name given to all lung diseases associated with chronic overexposure to coal dust.
Optical Radiation Msrmt
Thermal Detectors: Globe thermometers Quantum Detectors: UV, Visible, UVA, Photon Counters
(TSI)
Thermal System Insulation
Other than their use as a weapon, what are the 2 greatest hazards of lasers?
Electricity & Fire
the most widely distributed sweat gland is called the________
ECCRINE
What are the two types of ionizing radiation?
EMR and Particulate
Temporary threshold shift
Ears ability to recover from intense noise (car radio example)
Air Sampling - Cumulative Error Equation
Ec= ( E1 + E2+ E3...) ^0.5
Dermal Contact-entry routes
Effective barrier, sensitization, local irritation, skin penetration
Systemic Effects
Effects that spread throughout the body; affecting all body systems and organs
Transmission
Efficiency of Mvmt of pathogenic organism between hosts *contact between source & host Through direct contact, vehicle (food), air, vector borne Reservoir=intermediate host (soil, saliva, vector)
Name and describe a secondary calibration standard.
Electronic Flow Meters Rotameters Both must be periodically checked
Manganese
Element causing metal fume fever and Parkinson-like symptoms
Units of Measurement
Energy: Electron volt (Ev)/ Joule (J) Radioactive Decay [Activity]: Curie (Ci) Exposure: Roentgen (R) Absorbed Dose: Gray (Gy); 100 rad Biologic Effectivnes [dose equivalent]: Sievert (Sv); 100 rem [1Gy x Q]
Cadmium
Environmental poison found in rice fields in Japan, source of "Itai-Itai" disease
Skin
Epidermis Dermis: multiple layers papillary-thin with few collagen fibers reticular-thicker with collagen fibers Function: temp regulation, permeability barrier, defense
What is Ergonomics?
Knowledge about human capacities and limitations to the design of the workplaces, jobs, tasks, tools, equipment, and the environment. Fitting the workplace to the worker.
Irritating dusts
These are dusts that have immediate and local effect. They include lime and other caustic, picric acid, soap powder and some cereal dusts
At what level do you have to have a hearing conversation program for noise exposed workers?What
The hearing conservation program requires employers to monitor noise exposure levels in a way that accurately identifies employees exposed to noise at or above 85 decibels (dB) averaged over 8 working hours, or an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). Employers must monitor all employees whose noise exposure is equivalent to or greater than a noise exposure received in 8 hours where the noise level is constantly 85 dB. The exposure measurement must include all continuous, intermittent, and impulsive noise within an 80 dB to 130 dB range and must be taken during a typical work situation. This requirement is performance-oriented because it allows employers to choose the monitoring method that best suits each individual situation.
Why is continuous noise thought to be more damaging than intermittent noise?
The incidence of hearing loss is directly related to total exposure time
Flash Point
The lowest temperature at which it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture
Fire Point
The lowest temperature at which vapors evolve fast enough to support continuous combustion
Dermis
The main natural protection against trauma, is much thicker than the overlaying epidermis in most locations
Percival Pott
The man is noted for researching and publishing the role of soot in causing scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps
Alveoli
The tiny sacs of the lungs, formed at the end of the bronchioles; through the thin walls of the alveoli, the blood takes in oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide in respiration
Epidermis
The top layer composed of dead cells called the horny or keratin layer, it also resists chemical attacks fairly well
Electric Pneumatic Liquid fuel Hydraulic Powder-actuated.
The types of power tools according to their power source
1938
The year ACGIH was formed.
1939
The year AIHA was formed.
1972
The year Noise control Act went into effect. Community noise.
1970
The year OSH Act was promulgated. William -Steiger bill that received union support fromRalph Nader.
1960
The year the ABIH formed. Originates in Pennsylvania.
1911
The year the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire results in first workers compensation laws.
Cold Stress, most important control
Training, hygiene practices, medical surveillance
Evaluation of Thermal Stress
WBGT for General Area Personal monitoring
AIHA Exposure Limits
WEELS
Confined spaces Interiors of metal tanks that have rust Decomposition of vegetation or other organic matter Enclosed areas containing inert ages, chemical asphyxiants Use of evaporative cleaning solvents in poorly ventilated areas Welding or cutting inside of tanks
What are some causes of deficient atmospheres?
Brace
a scaffold member that holds standards or uprights in a fixed position to prevent any lateral movement
Vanadium
a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys
Feasibility
a standard is feasible if its requirements are capable of being achieved over a period of time; must consider technological and economic feasibility
Formaldehyde
a substance used to preserve laboratory animals and as embalming fluid , used as building material , Inh skin abs, nasal and lung cancer
solubility
a substance's ability to dissolve in a solvent
For Gases and Vapors ADsorbents usually ......
adhere gases and vapors to media
Three major health outcomes of Beryllium are:
acute beryllium disease, chronic beryllium disease lung cancer, very prevalent among painters and paper hanging.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
an ulnar nerve compression at the elbow (2nd most common compression). Job activity: resting forearm near elbow on a hard surface or sharp edge or reaching over obstruction.
Caisson's disease (the bends)
disease caused by nitrogen bubbles in the blood
asphxiants
disrupt breathing, insufficient oxygen
For Gases and Vapors ABsorbents usually ......
dissolve the gas in liguid media
air sampling objectives
document compliance, work exposure correlations, id unsafe conditions, investigate complaints
Workplace monitoring
documentation of worker exposure and health and safety regulation compliance, identification of contaminant release, assistance in design/evaluation of control systems and correlation of disease or injury with exposures to specific stressors
Risk assessment paradigm
hazard identification, dose-response, exposure assessment, risk characterization
Inhalable Particulate Matter
hazardous when deposited anywhere in the respiratory tract
Thoracic Particulate Matter
hazardous when deposited anywhere within the lung airway and gas exchange region
Respirable Particulate Matter
hazardous when deposited in the gas exchange region
Nasohparyngeal region
head, nose, and nasal passages, sinus and mouth lined with mucous membranes.
Occupational hearing loss
hearing impairment of one or both ears, partial or complete, that results from one's employment (includes acoustic trauma as well as noise induced hearing loss).
Presbycusis
hearing loss due to normal aging. Basilar membrane less flexible.
Medical Measurements of Heat/Cold
heart rate monitor, body temperature (rectal, tympanic)
what are the two types of temperature extremes that are of concern to safety and health professionals in the workplace
heat and cold
low blood pressure is a sign/symptom of
heat exhaustion
Inhalable particle
nasopharyngeal
Sample volume determination
need to collect a sufficient quantity of the analyte of interest in order to be able to quantify the concentration
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
nemacide fumigant that reduces sperm count and can cause sterility
Physical Hazards
noise, radiation, heat stress, vibration
Physical hazards
non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, extreme temps and pressures
what is the OSHA standard for heat and cold
none
photoionization detectors
nonspecific organic vapors-alcohols, ketones, ethers uses UV light- detect ions
Direct reading measurement
real time measurement of contaminant; information saved to data logger
Photometer
real-time measure of particulate matter concentrations; light diffracted from particle
objective
realistic and measurable. directed at fixing the root or underlying cause of an issue
siderosis
reddish discoloration from deposits of iron oxide
Time (measure of radiation protection)
reduce the time spent near radiation sources
Toxic substances
substances that have a negative effect on a person or animal must enter blood stream to result in harm
exposure assesment program
where the requirements apply what needs to be done how it should be done who should be involved how often
Hood equation q=V(10(x^2) + A) units for x= ? units A= ?
x = ft question will be in inches in/12 , A = square feet f^2 question will be with diameter in inches = 0.005454 * (d^2) to convert to square feet
95% confidence INTERVAL (2 sided test of mean)
x± 1.96 SD/(√n)
In Statistics the symbol "α" represents :
α is the probability of a random type 1 error α = 0.05 is typically used Confidence =1 = α typically 95%
In Stat what is " β "
β = the probability of making a random type II error Power of test = 1- β
Construction workers & lead exposure sources
• Roofs • Tank linings • Electrical conduits • Paint
