Infant & Child Development Ch. 10 - Emotional Development

Children who respond to novelty with fearful distress (anxiety) are more likely to show

- shy and sociably avoidant personality - behavioral inhibition

Behavioral inhibition in infancy is associated with _______, _______, and ________ at older ages

anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal

Children become more skilled in explaining causes of emotion in a. middle school b. early preschool and across school years c. high school

b.

A child's temperament is greatly influenced by the parent's __________

behavior towards the child

At what age can children accurately identify sad situations? a. 2 years b. 3 years c. 4 years d. 5 years e. 6 years

c.

When someone's behavior is disregulated a. there is no hope for the individual b. the individual has no emotions c. it takes longer for the individual's emotions to subside d. the parents must intervene

c.

The ability to delay gratification allows children to become more a. patient b. angry c. self reliant d. cognitively developed e. bold

c. self reliant

What are some examples of disregulated behaviors?

cutting, fighting, binge drinking/eating, constant shopping

American mothers are more likely that Japanese mothers to a. feed their children less healthy food b. be employed c. display negative emotions d. encourage emotional expression e. regulate their child's behavior

d.

The ability to distinguish among different negative emotions doesn't arise until a. middle school b. daycare c. early preschool d. late preschool to early school e. high school

d.

The ability to recognize, discuss and regulate emotion a. depends on parents' labeling of emotions b. depends on children's growing executive functioning c. parents' elaborative conversations about causes of emotions d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Increase in adults' expectations of children is correlated with

the increased ability to delay gratification

Children's relationship with parents influence ________ and ______.

their sense of security and how they feel about themselves/others

Recent research suggests that there are 6 dimensions of temperament. What are they?

1. Fearful distress (anxiety) 2. Irritable distress (anger) 3. Attention Span/Persistence 4. Activity Level 5. Positive Affect 6. Rhythmicity (establishing routines)

Choosing how to control negative emotions involves two things:

1. Knowing what you can/cannot control 2. Knowing the most effective way to manage reactions to stressors

Big Five Factor Model of Personality

1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

To control negative emotions, 1. Younger children use strategies like 2. Older children use strategies like

1. distracting themselves physically 2. mentally distract themselves by focusing on positive thoughts

Children who showed behavioral inhibition as infants showed ____1____ at age 2 and ____2____ at age 4.

1. elevated levels of fear 2. elevated levels of social inhibition

Chess & Thomas categorize temperament in how many different ways? What are the categories?

3 Categories 1. Easy babies - can adjust easily (40%) 2. Difficult babies- slow to adjust (10%) 3. Slow to warm up babies - difficult only at first (15%)

What were the findings from the timid-temperament study on monkeys?

A parent that is relaxed but tends to have children that exhibit more bold behavior A parent that is nervous/protective tends to have children that are more reactive and anxious when separated from the mother A monkey that initially demonstrated the timid type was separated from nervous biological mother and raised under a foster mother that was more relaxed. As time progressed, the monkey actually changed behaviors, demonstrating a more bold type. However, when separated from foster mother, went back to original nervous personality.

Effortful Control

A type of self-regulation in which a child can inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant response

At what age do children grasp the concept of display rules?

Ages 3-5

At 6 months, how do infants reduce stress? How can parents reduce their stress?

Averting their gaze and self-soothing such as rubbing or stroking their bodies or clothing, thumb or pacifier sucking Parents can reduce stress by picking up the baby and stroking them

Self Concept

Beliefs one holds about themselves and response of others

Temperament

Biologically based tendencies to respond. Emerges early in development and is relatively stable. (emotional reactivity)

How can parents regulate children's emotional arousal?

By controlling child's exposure to stimulating events and modulating their play

At ages 1-2, how do children reduce stress?

By turning their attention to non-distressing objects or people for *distraction*

Self Regulation

Executive control of emotion, cognition, and behavior.

Children's temperament from infant will always be the same in adulthood T or F

False

Goodness of Fit

Measures the congruence between the child's temperament and parent's response so it Children's temperament can change when parents are calm, responsive, and know what causes stress to their child

What are two important factors in shaping a child's personality?

Parents and socialization

Emotional Self Regulation

Process of initiating, inhibiting or modulating internal feeling states and emotion-related thoughts or behaviors *in the service of accomplishing one's goals*

Kagan's longtitudinal studies focused on

Reactions of 4 month olds to novel stimuli and see how that predicts temperament

Behavioral Inhibition

Tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar situations, people, or environment when under distress

Social Competence

The ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships *Emotional regulation is key*

How do babies react to the still face scenario? What does this mean?

When mother displays still face, babies will try to re-engage mother by making eye contact, and showing distress: crying, arching of back, aversion of gaze This means that infants have come to expect from their mothers

How do babies recognize the emotion of others in the following ages? a. At age 4-7 months b. At 8-12 months c. By age 3

a. Distinguish emotional expressions such as happiness and surprise b. Demonstrate social referencing, using parents' facial cues to deal with possibly threatening situations (novel) c. Have a rudimentary ability to label a narrow range of emotional expression

Young children are best at labeling a. happiness b. anger c. sadness d. jealousy

a. happiness

The ability to inhibit motor behavior improves as

age increases

When parents express negative emotion, children have

lower levels of social competence and express negative emotions

Outgoing/Bold temperaments were seen in infants who were __________ in response to stimuli. They had more activity in their ______ hemisphere

quiet/calm LEFT

Display Rules

social norms of how someone should behave

Children's temperament and parents' ________ efforts affect each other over time

socialization

Shy/Timid Temperaments were seen in infants who ________ in response to stimuli. They had more activity in their _______ hemisphere

thrashed their arms irritably RIGHT