Infant Development (0-3 months)

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What happens in Utero?

Sensory development, motor development, Moro, rooting, sucking, grasp

What are infants able to do at 0-2 months?

- flexion at rest - can lift and turn their head in supine - hands are fisted, arms are flexed - neck is unable to support the head when the infant is pulled to a sitting position

What does fine motor development look like at 0-2 months?

- reflexive palmar grasp - hands mostly fisted - reflexively hold objects in hands

What is the average amount of sleep for 4-6 months old?

14-15 hours

What are an infant's body functions/performance skills?

Sensory/cognitive, gross motor, fine motor

Describe the oral cavity in infants

Small space, large fat pads for nipple feeding, includes hard and soft palate, tongue, cheeks, jaw, teeth

What does rolling look like at 2 months?

Some can get from side lying to supine by turning head

What does rolling look like at 3-4 months?

Some can roll supine to side lying

Quiet alert

Sustained gaze, limited movements, maximal alertness (limited in first few weeks)

What is fully developed by birth?

Tactile, proprioception, vestibular system (fully functional at birth, but refined over time), immature visual and auditory system, self-regulation (states of arousal)

What is the average amount of sleep for 3 month olds?

15.5-18 hours

What is the average amount of sleep for 0-2 month olds?

16-20 hours

When is the startle reflex first shown/disappeared?

0+ not integrated

When is the withdrawal reflex first shown/integrated?

0+ not integrated

When is the babinski's reflex first shown/integrated?

0-10 months

When can a baby begin to respond to touch by relaxing/smiling/vocalizing?

0-3 months

When can a baby first self-smooth and respond to soothing?

0-3 months

When do infants look at faces, track sounds/objects, and prefer contrasting colors?

0-3 months

When is the ATNR reflex first shown/disappeared?

0-3 months

When is the Babkin first shown/integrated?

0-4 months

When is the walking reflex first shown/disappeared?

0-4 months

When is the Moro reflex first shown/disappeared?

0-4/6 months

When is rooting first shown/integrated?

0-6 months

When is sucking/suckling first shown/integrated?

0-6 months; true suck by 4 months

When is the voluntary smile developed?

2 months

When do infants begin to anticipate routines/begins to act bored?

2-3 months

When is Moro developed?

28 weeks of gestation

When is suckling and gag reflex functionally mature?

31 weeks

When do rooting, sucking, grasp develop?

32 weeks

What is considered a full term pregnancy?

37 weeks

When is the suck-swallow-breathe coordination is functionally mature?

37-38 weeks

What are milestones seen as?

A reference instead of an absolute due to children developing differently (considering nature/nuture/etc.)

What are the occupations of an infant?

ADL's (swallowing/eating), rest/sleep, play

Active alert

Active movements, mild distress occasionally

What is the visual acuity of a newborn

Approx. 10 inches

Describe social play

Begins at birth; evolves into parallel play with parents, then associative play, then dramatic play

Describe exploratory play

Begins at birth; sensorimotor that evolves into functional play

What does fine motor development look like at 3 months?

Begins to reach for faces; hands to mouth

When is the reflexive smile developed?

Birth

What does drinking look like for 0-3 month olds?

Drinking (breast or bottle) with a suckling pattern; tongue back and forth and jaw moves up and down

Describe functional play

Evolves from sensorimotor play by 12 months; functional play includes using toys purposefully, pretend play, imitative play

What are the categories of play for an infant?

Exploratory, social play, functional play

What can babies see at birth?

Faces and high contrast stimuli

Describe the larynx in infants?

More ascended with less space between structures

What are an infant's performance skills?

Motor, process, social interaction

Describe the pharynx in infants

Not elongated, less risk of aspiration because epiglottis and soft palate are close to esophagus

When is the grasp reflexes first integrated?

Palmar = 0-3/6 months Plantar = 0-12 months

What are the states of arousal?

Quiet sleep, active sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying

Active sleep

Rapid eye movements, irregular respirations, large muscle paralysis

Quiet sleep

Regular respirations, limited movements

What does drinking/eating look like for a 4 month old?

The tongue moves up and down (true suckling); some may begin cereal rice or eating other purée

Drowsy

Transitional state between sleep states and waking states

Crying

Unable to attend to other stimuli

What are an infant's client factors?

Values, beliefs, spirituality, body functions, body structures


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