Infant Development (0-3 months)
What happens in Utero?
Sensory development, motor development, Moro, rooting, sucking, grasp
What are infants able to do at 0-2 months?
- flexion at rest - can lift and turn their head in supine - hands are fisted, arms are flexed - neck is unable to support the head when the infant is pulled to a sitting position
What does fine motor development look like at 0-2 months?
- reflexive palmar grasp - hands mostly fisted - reflexively hold objects in hands
What is the average amount of sleep for 4-6 months old?
14-15 hours
What are an infant's body functions/performance skills?
Sensory/cognitive, gross motor, fine motor
Describe the oral cavity in infants
Small space, large fat pads for nipple feeding, includes hard and soft palate, tongue, cheeks, jaw, teeth
What does rolling look like at 2 months?
Some can get from side lying to supine by turning head
What does rolling look like at 3-4 months?
Some can roll supine to side lying
Quiet alert
Sustained gaze, limited movements, maximal alertness (limited in first few weeks)
What is fully developed by birth?
Tactile, proprioception, vestibular system (fully functional at birth, but refined over time), immature visual and auditory system, self-regulation (states of arousal)
What is the average amount of sleep for 3 month olds?
15.5-18 hours
What is the average amount of sleep for 0-2 month olds?
16-20 hours
When is the startle reflex first shown/disappeared?
0+ not integrated
When is the withdrawal reflex first shown/integrated?
0+ not integrated
When is the babinski's reflex first shown/integrated?
0-10 months
When can a baby begin to respond to touch by relaxing/smiling/vocalizing?
0-3 months
When can a baby first self-smooth and respond to soothing?
0-3 months
When do infants look at faces, track sounds/objects, and prefer contrasting colors?
0-3 months
When is the ATNR reflex first shown/disappeared?
0-3 months
When is the Babkin first shown/integrated?
0-4 months
When is the walking reflex first shown/disappeared?
0-4 months
When is the Moro reflex first shown/disappeared?
0-4/6 months
When is rooting first shown/integrated?
0-6 months
When is sucking/suckling first shown/integrated?
0-6 months; true suck by 4 months
When is the voluntary smile developed?
2 months
When do infants begin to anticipate routines/begins to act bored?
2-3 months
When is Moro developed?
28 weeks of gestation
When is suckling and gag reflex functionally mature?
31 weeks
When do rooting, sucking, grasp develop?
32 weeks
What is considered a full term pregnancy?
37 weeks
When is the suck-swallow-breathe coordination is functionally mature?
37-38 weeks
What are milestones seen as?
A reference instead of an absolute due to children developing differently (considering nature/nuture/etc.)
What are the occupations of an infant?
ADL's (swallowing/eating), rest/sleep, play
Active alert
Active movements, mild distress occasionally
What is the visual acuity of a newborn
Approx. 10 inches
Describe social play
Begins at birth; evolves into parallel play with parents, then associative play, then dramatic play
Describe exploratory play
Begins at birth; sensorimotor that evolves into functional play
What does fine motor development look like at 3 months?
Begins to reach for faces; hands to mouth
When is the reflexive smile developed?
Birth
What does drinking look like for 0-3 month olds?
Drinking (breast or bottle) with a suckling pattern; tongue back and forth and jaw moves up and down
Describe functional play
Evolves from sensorimotor play by 12 months; functional play includes using toys purposefully, pretend play, imitative play
What are the categories of play for an infant?
Exploratory, social play, functional play
What can babies see at birth?
Faces and high contrast stimuli
Describe the larynx in infants?
More ascended with less space between structures
What are an infant's performance skills?
Motor, process, social interaction
Describe the pharynx in infants
Not elongated, less risk of aspiration because epiglottis and soft palate are close to esophagus
When is the grasp reflexes first integrated?
Palmar = 0-3/6 months Plantar = 0-12 months
What are the states of arousal?
Quiet sleep, active sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying
Active sleep
Rapid eye movements, irregular respirations, large muscle paralysis
Quiet sleep
Regular respirations, limited movements
What does drinking/eating look like for a 4 month old?
The tongue moves up and down (true suckling); some may begin cereal rice or eating other purée
Drowsy
Transitional state between sleep states and waking states
Crying
Unable to attend to other stimuli
What are an infant's client factors?
Values, beliefs, spirituality, body functions, body structures
