Infant hip

The femoral vein and artery and the femoral canal are enclosed in a connective tissue sleeve called the femoral ________.

Sheath

This occurs when the femoral head moves posterior aspect of the acetabulum.

Subluxation

__________ dislocations occur in utero and are associated with neruomuscular disorders.

Teratogenic

Ossification of the femoral head begins between ___ and ___ months of age, occurs earlier in girls than boys, and is often complete by 1 year.

2 and 8

___________ causes of hip dislocation can be traumatic or nontraumatic.

Acquired

The rounded shape of the femur and the cup shape of the _________ form the "ball and socket" hip joint.

Acetabulum

A normal hip gives the appearance of a "ball on a spoon" in madacetabulum. The __________ is the ball, and the _______ forms the spoon, and the iliac line is the handle.

Acetabulum; femoral head

In the _______ maneuver, down and outward pressure is applied with the patient lying in a supine position with the hip adducted and flexed 90 degrees.

Barlow

Name the 2 maneuvers that help in diagnosing DDH

Barlow and Ortolani

The patient lies in the supine position with the hip flexed 90 degrees and adducted; downward and outward pressure is applied; if the hip is dislocated, the examiner will feel the femoral head move out of the acetabulum

Barlow maneuver

Extension

Bending backward

Flexion

Bending forward

The contents of the femoral triangle includes the femoral _______, ______, ________, and _________.

Canal, vein, artery, nerve

The transducer is maintained in the lateral position while the hip is moved into a 90 degree angle of flexion is the ________ view. During the assessment, the transducer is moved in an anteroposterior direction with respect to the body to allow visualization of the entire hip.

Coronal/flexion

The ___________ view is performed with the infant in the supine position from the lateral aspect of the hip joint with the plane of the transducer oriented coronally with respect to hip joint.

Coronal/neutral

_________ of the hip includes dysplasia, subluxated, dislocatable, and dislocated hips.

Developmental displacement

This abnormal condition of the hip results in congenital hip dsyplasia; includes dysplastic, subluxated, dislocatable, and dislocated hips.

Developmental displacement of the hip (DDH)

What describes the femoral head completely out of the acetabulum?

Dislocated hip

The femoral head sits within the acetabulum, which is ________ and has a deep concave configuration.

Echogenic

Deep fascia of the thigh

Fascia lata

The deep fascia of the thigh, the _______ forms a tough connective tissue surrounding the muscles.

Fascia lata

Description of a region at the front of the upper thigh, just below the inguinal ligament

Femoral triangle

The _________ is formed by the inguinal ligament, the adductor longus (medially) and the sartorius (laterally).

Femoral triangle

The bone of the upper thigh is the ________.

Femur

The hips is laterally and posteriorly displaced to the extent that the femoral head has no contact with the acetabulum and the normal "U" configuration cannot be obtained by ultrasound

Frank dislocation

On physical exam, the knee is lower in position on the affected side of the neonate with DDH when the patient is supine and the knees are flexed.

Galeazzi sign

Formed by the articulation of the head of the femur with the acetablum of the hip bone.

Hip joint

The articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the hip bone forms the ________.

Hip joint

Sonographically, the femoral head is _________ because it is cartilaginous and contains a focal echogenic ossification nucleus.

Hypoechoic

One of the strongest ligaments in the body is the _________; it is very important for standing and maintaining correct upright balance.

Iliofemoral artery

Two thirds of the head should be covered by the ________.

Labrum

Sonography of the neonatal hip is performed with a __________ transducers.

Linear array

When the trochanter moves forward, the femur rotates ________, and when the trochanter moves backward, the femur rotates _________.

Medially; laterally

The medial rotators are the anterior fibers of gluteus ___________ and __________.

Medius and minimus

The gluteus ________ msucle is the immediate cover for the upper part of the hip joint, whereas the obturator externus is found winding below it from front to back.

Minimus

The patient lies in the supine position. The examiners hand is placed around the hip to be examined with the fingers over the femoral head. The hip is flexed 90 degrees, and the thigh is abducted.

Ortolani maneuver

The contents of the femoral triangle are separated from the more deeply lying hip joint by muscles; the _______ is medial and _________ is lateral.

Pectineus; iliacus

Formation of the hip bones by the ilium, ischium, and pubis

Pelvic girdle

The ______ muscle is immediately posterior to the joint, and the obturator internus and the gemelli and quadratus femoris are lower down.

Piriformis

The lateral rotators are the small muscles at the back of the joint: ___________, ________, and ____________ femoris, with assistance of the gluteus _____________.

Piriformis, obturator internus, quadratus femoris; maximus

The femoral artery branches into the __________ artery, which is the main artery supply for the thigh muscles.

Profunda femoris

The primary flexors of the hip are the _________ major, ________, and the ________ femoris.

Psoas; iliacus; rectus

The hip bones are the fusion of three separate bones, the ________, _________, and __________, which together form the _________.

Pubis, ischium, ilium, pelvic girdle

The _______ joints unite the two hip bones with the sacral part of the vertebral column.

Sacroiliac

Gap in the fascia lata, which is found 4 cm inferior and lateral to the pubic tubercle

Saphenous opening

The largest nerve in the upper thigh is the ______ nerve.

Sciatic

Largest nerve in the upper thigh

Sciatic nerve

Abduction

To move away from the body

Adduction

To move toward the body

The transverse plane is rotated 90 degrees and moved posteriorly into a posterolateral position over the hip joint in the _________ view.

Trans/flexion

From the transverse of flexion view, the leg is brought down the into a neutral position to the ______ view.

Trans/neutral

Medial rotation

Turning inward

Lateral rotation

Turning outward