Infant hip
The femoral vein and artery and the femoral canal are enclosed in a connective tissue sleeve called the femoral ________.
Sheath
This occurs when the femoral head moves posterior aspect of the acetabulum.
Subluxation
__________ dislocations occur in utero and are associated with neruomuscular disorders.
Teratogenic
Ossification of the femoral head begins between ___ and ___ months of age, occurs earlier in girls than boys, and is often complete by 1 year.
2 and 8
___________ causes of hip dislocation can be traumatic or nontraumatic.
Acquired
The rounded shape of the femur and the cup shape of the _________ form the "ball and socket" hip joint.
Acetabulum
A normal hip gives the appearance of a "ball on a spoon" in madacetabulum. The __________ is the ball, and the _______ forms the spoon, and the iliac line is the handle.
Acetabulum; femoral head
In the _______ maneuver, down and outward pressure is applied with the patient lying in a supine position with the hip adducted and flexed 90 degrees.
Barlow
Name the 2 maneuvers that help in diagnosing DDH
Barlow and Ortolani
The patient lies in the supine position with the hip flexed 90 degrees and adducted; downward and outward pressure is applied; if the hip is dislocated, the examiner will feel the femoral head move out of the acetabulum
Barlow maneuver
Extension
Bending backward
Flexion
Bending forward
The contents of the femoral triangle includes the femoral _______, ______, ________, and _________.
Canal, vein, artery, nerve
The transducer is maintained in the lateral position while the hip is moved into a 90 degree angle of flexion is the ________ view. During the assessment, the transducer is moved in an anteroposterior direction with respect to the body to allow visualization of the entire hip.
Coronal/flexion
The ___________ view is performed with the infant in the supine position from the lateral aspect of the hip joint with the plane of the transducer oriented coronally with respect to hip joint.
Coronal/neutral
_________ of the hip includes dysplasia, subluxated, dislocatable, and dislocated hips.
Developmental displacement
This abnormal condition of the hip results in congenital hip dsyplasia; includes dysplastic, subluxated, dislocatable, and dislocated hips.
Developmental displacement of the hip (DDH)
What describes the femoral head completely out of the acetabulum?
Dislocated hip
The femoral head sits within the acetabulum, which is ________ and has a deep concave configuration.
Echogenic
Deep fascia of the thigh
Fascia lata
The deep fascia of the thigh, the _______ forms a tough connective tissue surrounding the muscles.
Fascia lata
Description of a region at the front of the upper thigh, just below the inguinal ligament
Femoral triangle
The _________ is formed by the inguinal ligament, the adductor longus (medially) and the sartorius (laterally).
Femoral triangle
The bone of the upper thigh is the ________.
Femur
The hips is laterally and posteriorly displaced to the extent that the femoral head has no contact with the acetabulum and the normal "U" configuration cannot be obtained by ultrasound
Frank dislocation
On physical exam, the knee is lower in position on the affected side of the neonate with DDH when the patient is supine and the knees are flexed.
Galeazzi sign
Formed by the articulation of the head of the femur with the acetablum of the hip bone.
Hip joint
The articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the hip bone forms the ________.
Hip joint
Sonographically, the femoral head is _________ because it is cartilaginous and contains a focal echogenic ossification nucleus.
Hypoechoic
One of the strongest ligaments in the body is the _________; it is very important for standing and maintaining correct upright balance.
Iliofemoral artery
Two thirds of the head should be covered by the ________.
Labrum
Sonography of the neonatal hip is performed with a __________ transducers.
Linear array
When the trochanter moves forward, the femur rotates ________, and when the trochanter moves backward, the femur rotates _________.
Medially; laterally
The medial rotators are the anterior fibers of gluteus ___________ and __________.
Medius and minimus
The gluteus ________ msucle is the immediate cover for the upper part of the hip joint, whereas the obturator externus is found winding below it from front to back.
Minimus
The patient lies in the supine position. The examiners hand is placed around the hip to be examined with the fingers over the femoral head. The hip is flexed 90 degrees, and the thigh is abducted.
Ortolani maneuver
The contents of the femoral triangle are separated from the more deeply lying hip joint by muscles; the _______ is medial and _________ is lateral.
Pectineus; iliacus
Formation of the hip bones by the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Pelvic girdle
The ______ muscle is immediately posterior to the joint, and the obturator internus and the gemelli and quadratus femoris are lower down.
Piriformis
The lateral rotators are the small muscles at the back of the joint: ___________, ________, and ____________ femoris, with assistance of the gluteus _____________.
Piriformis, obturator internus, quadratus femoris; maximus
The femoral artery branches into the __________ artery, which is the main artery supply for the thigh muscles.
Profunda femoris
The primary flexors of the hip are the _________ major, ________, and the ________ femoris.
Psoas; iliacus; rectus
The hip bones are the fusion of three separate bones, the ________, _________, and __________, which together form the _________.
Pubis, ischium, ilium, pelvic girdle
The _______ joints unite the two hip bones with the sacral part of the vertebral column.
Sacroiliac
Gap in the fascia lata, which is found 4 cm inferior and lateral to the pubic tubercle
Saphenous opening
The largest nerve in the upper thigh is the ______ nerve.
Sciatic
Largest nerve in the upper thigh
Sciatic nerve
Abduction
To move away from the body
Adduction
To move toward the body
The transverse plane is rotated 90 degrees and moved posteriorly into a posterolateral position over the hip joint in the _________ view.
Trans/flexion
From the transverse of flexion view, the leg is brought down the into a neutral position to the ______ view.
Trans/neutral
Medial rotation
Turning inward
Lateral rotation
Turning outward