Infectious diseases

The CDC's guidelines for the classification of HIV infection into categories A, B, and C are based on what two criteria?

-CD4 T-cell count -history of AIDS-defining illnesses

Which of the following are characteristic of category C HIV infection?

-Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Kaposi's sarcoma

all characteristics of viruses

-acellular -parasites of cells

two routes by which influenza virus is commonly contracted

-inhaling virus-laden droplets -contact with contaminated objects

Retrovirus

-it has RNA -a retrovirus uses reverse transcription

two cell types infected by HIV

-macrophages -helper T cells

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of a person with a category B HIV infection?

-persistent fatigue, cough, and/or diarrhea -persistent or recurrent fever

Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?

-swine flu (H1N1) -avian influenza (H5N1) -Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

diseases and organisms that have been associated with a high degree of antibiotic resistance

-tuberculosis -gonorrhea -enterococci -Staphylococcus aureus

Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2016?

1 million

Arrange these phases of infection with HIV-1B in chronological order, with the earliest step at the top.

1. Acute phase 2. Chronic phase 3. AIDS

As of 2016, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide?

37 million

AIDS stands for.....

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

It is generally accepted that HIV originated in the continent of

Africa

An HIV-infected person who has a CD4 T-cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 and has developed at least one of the AIDS-defining opportunistic infections is classified in which CDC category of HIV infection?

C

All the ways by which bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be minimized.

Only prescribe antibiotics for confirmed bacterial infections AND Take antibiotics as prescribed until all medication is gone.

A person with acute phase (category A) HIV infection typically is asymptomatic.

TRUE

Which type of organism is a single-celled prokaryote?

bacterium

Which of these features is unique to the retroviruses?

convert viral RNA into DNA

XDR TB stands for extensively ___ -resistant tuberculosis

drug

a higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time

epidemic

During the first few weeks of an HIV-1B infection, the virus typically

generates a high viral load

During a category A HIV infection, the number of helper T cells is ____ the minimum number needed for the immune system to function normally.

greater than

The immunodeficiency associated with HIV infection is mainly due to a decline in the number of

helper T cells

What type of disease does Ebola cause?

hemorrhagic fever

Which body system fails as a result of the Ebola virus?

immune system

inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA

integrase

A pathogen is a microbe that

is a disease causing agent

The number of HIV particles in a person's blood is called the viral ____

load, burden, titer, or loads

MDR TB is ______ common than XDR TV. Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia have the highest rates of ____ TB.

more; MDR

The vector of malaria is

mosquito

During the first three weeks of an HIV infection, the HIV antibody test is typically

negative

Approximately what proportion of the world's human population has been exposed to TB?

one-third

An infection that develops because an individual has a weakened immune system is called

opportunistic

an epidemic that is confined to a local area an epidemic that is confined to a local area

outbreak

An epidemic that is confined to a local area is called a(n) _______, whereas a global epidemic is called a(n) ________.

outbreak; pandemic

a global epidemic a global epidemic

pandemic

The general term for a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that causes disease is a(n)

pathogen

All bacteria are ______ that ______ a nucleus.

prokaryotes; lack

breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins

protease

Prions are infectious particles made of

protein only

A disease that comes back after a significant decline in incidence is considered to be

reemerging

A bacterium that is unaffected by an antibiotic drug is said to be a ____ bacterium

resistant, antibiotic resistant, or drug resistant

How is HIV classified?

retrovirus

The enzyme inside the HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is _____ transcriptase.

reverse

converts viral RNA into viral DNA

reverse transcriptase

The major factor that determines which types of cells can be infected by HIV is

the specific surface receptors present

Currently the number one cause of death in AIDS patients worldwide is

tuberculosis

Which disease was once called "consumption"?

tuberculosis

A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a(n)

vector

Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?

virus