Infectious diseases
The CDC's guidelines for the classification of HIV infection into categories A, B, and C are based on what two criteria?
-CD4 T-cell count -history of AIDS-defining illnesses
Which of the following are characteristic of category C HIV infection?
-Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Kaposi's sarcoma
all characteristics of viruses
-acellular -parasites of cells
two routes by which influenza virus is commonly contracted
-inhaling virus-laden droplets -contact with contaminated objects
Retrovirus
-it has RNA -a retrovirus uses reverse transcription
two cell types infected by HIV
-macrophages -helper T cells
Which of the following are signs or symptoms of a person with a category B HIV infection?
-persistent fatigue, cough, and/or diarrhea -persistent or recurrent fever
Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?
-swine flu (H1N1) -avian influenza (H5N1) -Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
diseases and organisms that have been associated with a high degree of antibiotic resistance
-tuberculosis -gonorrhea -enterococci -Staphylococcus aureus
Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2016?
1 million
Arrange these phases of infection with HIV-1B in chronological order, with the earliest step at the top.
1. Acute phase 2. Chronic phase 3. AIDS
As of 2016, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide?
37 million
AIDS stands for.....
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
It is generally accepted that HIV originated in the continent of
Africa
An HIV-infected person who has a CD4 T-cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 and has developed at least one of the AIDS-defining opportunistic infections is classified in which CDC category of HIV infection?
C
All the ways by which bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be minimized.
Only prescribe antibiotics for confirmed bacterial infections AND Take antibiotics as prescribed until all medication is gone.
A person with acute phase (category A) HIV infection typically is asymptomatic.
TRUE
Which type of organism is a single-celled prokaryote?
bacterium
Which of these features is unique to the retroviruses?
convert viral RNA into DNA
XDR TB stands for extensively ___ -resistant tuberculosis
drug
a higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time
epidemic
During the first few weeks of an HIV-1B infection, the virus typically
generates a high viral load
During a category A HIV infection, the number of helper T cells is ____ the minimum number needed for the immune system to function normally.
greater than
The immunodeficiency associated with HIV infection is mainly due to a decline in the number of
helper T cells
What type of disease does Ebola cause?
hemorrhagic fever
Which body system fails as a result of the Ebola virus?
immune system
inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA
integrase
A pathogen is a microbe that
is a disease causing agent
The number of HIV particles in a person's blood is called the viral ____
load, burden, titer, or loads
MDR TB is ______ common than XDR TV. Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia have the highest rates of ____ TB.
more; MDR
The vector of malaria is
mosquito
During the first three weeks of an HIV infection, the HIV antibody test is typically
negative
Approximately what proportion of the world's human population has been exposed to TB?
one-third
An infection that develops because an individual has a weakened immune system is called
opportunistic
an epidemic that is confined to a local area an epidemic that is confined to a local area
outbreak
An epidemic that is confined to a local area is called a(n) _______, whereas a global epidemic is called a(n) ________.
outbreak; pandemic
a global epidemic a global epidemic
pandemic
The general term for a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that causes disease is a(n)
pathogen
All bacteria are ______ that ______ a nucleus.
prokaryotes; lack
breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins
protease
Prions are infectious particles made of
protein only
A disease that comes back after a significant decline in incidence is considered to be
reemerging
A bacterium that is unaffected by an antibiotic drug is said to be a ____ bacterium
resistant, antibiotic resistant, or drug resistant
How is HIV classified?
retrovirus
The enzyme inside the HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is _____ transcriptase.
reverse
converts viral RNA into viral DNA
reverse transcriptase
The major factor that determines which types of cells can be infected by HIV is
the specific surface receptors present
Currently the number one cause of death in AIDS patients worldwide is
tuberculosis
Which disease was once called "consumption"?
tuberculosis
A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a(n)
vector
Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?
virus
