Influenza adaptive learning module 2

Arrange these steps to create an example of how a virus like influenza might evolve into a strain that threatens humans.

1. virus originates in an animal host, like a pig or a bird 2. animal viruses exchange genetic material 3. animal viruses mutates, producing a new strain 4. human influenza outbreak occurs

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?

A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material.

Select the two scientists who independently proposed mechanisms for evolutionary change.

Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Darwin

Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a transitional fossil?

Because it has features of both birds and dinosaurs

Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology?

Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world.

The Spanish flu infected one-third of the world's population, killing between blank 1 and blank 2 million people.

Blank 1: 30 or thirty Blank 2: 50 or fifty

The information that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein is encoded in a molecule of blank 1 , which is first transcribed into blank 2 , a molecule that carries the instructions to the ribosome where the protein is made.

Blank 1: DNA Blank 2: RNA

In all organisms, except retroviruses, the flow of information is from blank 1 to blank 2 to blank 3.

Blank 1: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid Blank 2: RNA or ribonucleic acid Blank 3: protein, proteins, polypeptide, or polypeptides

The process of natural selection and the idea of descent with modification were proposed by blank after he notably studied beak size in finches on the Galapágos Islands. The idea that changes in a population over time could lead to the formation of a new species was proposed by blank after his study of biogeography in the South Pacific Islands.

Blank 1: Darwin or Charles Darwin Blank 2: Wallace, Alfred Wallace, or Alfred Russel Wallace

Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in which direction?

DNA to RNA to protein

Which of the following is the correct relationship between the molecules listed?

DNA → RNA → amino acids → protein

Which of these scientists is one of the two who independently proposed the mechanism for evolutionary change?

Darwin

Which is the correct comparison of the sources and ideas of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace?

Darwin studied biogeography and finches and proposed the theory of natural selection. Wallace studied biogeography and proposed the idea of speciation.

studies evolution as it relates to organisms and their ability to fill a niche in an ecosystem

Ecology

After viruses are harvested from the liquid portion of infected chicken eggs,

Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

Which of these offers an explanation of the relationship between biology and evolution?

Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

What are Hox genes?

Genes responsible for pattern formation of the body and appendages in early embryos.

studies evolution as it relates to changes in DNA over time

Genetics

The H1N1 flu outbreak in 2009, to which the human immune system was slow to respond, resulted from

Idk

Which of these is a component of the process of natural selection?

Individuals vary in their traits.

Antigenic drift

Is the result of the introduction of mutation, Results in a change to the surface spikes of the influenza virus, Can be attributed to RNA polymerase inefficiency, May make the annual vaccine less effective and cause local outbreaks

Because individuals vary in their traits, compete for resources, and vary in their fitness, the final component of natural selection results. What is this final step?

Populations become adapted to their environment.

Which of these molecules contain instructions for specific traits?

RNA DNA

In the quest to produce effective influenza vaccinations, what are the consequences of evolution in the virus?

Sometimes the vaccines are not effective because predictions about the path of the viral evolution don't hold up.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands., Proposed the concept of speciation

Charles Darwin

Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands., Proposed descent with modification, Proposed the process of natural selection

studies evolution as it relates to the relationships of organisms

Systematics

Which statement summarizes the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time?

The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences).

Which of the following is true of Hox genes?

They are similar in closely related organisms.

What is regulated by Hox genes?

Transitions or changes in body segment types during embryonic development

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?

Two different forms of the same virus infect the same host cell and a new virus is created with parts of each form.

Antigenic shift

Typically involves animal hosts, Poses a relatively greater threat, A host cell manufactures particles from two forms of the virus, Delays immune response and may cause an outbreak

During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, which of these observations did Darwin note as evidence for natural selection?

Very similar species of large, flightless birds in South America and Africa

Can the RNA of influenza be examined over time?

Yes, because it has genetic information that can be gathered from each strain over time.

Which of the following is a pair of analogous structures?

a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing

What is a transitional fossil?

a fossil that provides a link between groups of organisms

Choose the best definition of antigenic.

a term used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system

Many fields of biology study evolution, because evolution is involved in __ levels of biology.

all

Hox genes are developmental genes found in

all animals.

Proteins are involved in __ cellular processes.

almost all

Structures that serve the same purpose but evolved independently are called _____ structures.

analogous

Strains of viruses that threaten humans often arise in blank hosts.

animal, pig, or bird

The term ______ is used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system.

antigenic

Local influenza outbreaks are most likely the result of which mechanism of influenza evolution?

antigenic drift

Which method of influenza evolution usually involves animal hosts?

antigenic shift

Why are there fewer differences (mutations) between closely related organisms?

because there has been little time for mutation to arise

The field of biology Blank 1 studies life.

biology

The study of life is called

biology.

homologous

cat foreleg and human forearm, dolphin flipper and wing of a bat

The evolution of a species is driven by genetic blank, which can be passed from one generation to the next.

changes

Evolution, by its scientific definition, refers to

changes in a species or population over time.

Which of the following would you expect to see between two species that have a close evolutionary relationship?

closely matching genetic information

Despite differences in their adult forms, similar embryonic structures suggest descent from a(n) blank ancestor.

common or shared

The study of homologous and analogous structures, also called blank anatomy, studies the similarity of both living and fossilized species' structures to infer evolutionary relationships.

comparative, compare, or comparison

The importance of transitional fossils is that they

demonstrate relationships between two groups of organisms.

Which of these is suggested by similarities among embryos (like human and chicken) despite differences in the adult forms of these animals?

descent from a common ancestor

An extreme phenotype is favored, shifting a distribution curve all the way right or all the way left in cases of ______ selection.

directional

Which type of selection favors one extreme variant for a trait within a population?

directional selection

Which type of natural selection favors two or more extreme phenotypes over any intermediate?

disruptive selection

Antigenic blank is a mechanism of influenza evolution that causes changes to the spikes on the viral surface.

drift

The influenza vaccine produced for the 2017-2018 flu season was only 30% effective because of an evolutionary mechanism called antigenic blank.

drift

From changes in cells over time to the interactions of ecosystems, ______ plays a role in all levels of biology.

evolution

The scientific definition of ______ refers to changes in a species or population over time.

evolution

Variation, and the ability to pass that variation from one generation to the next in the genetic material, is the basis needed for the process of _____ to occur.

evolution

Global influenza outbreaks are most likely the effect of

evolution of the virus via antigenic shift.

Transitional fossils can tell us about the ______ among groups of organisms.

evolutionary relationships

The forelimbs of modern vertebrates are homologous structures, meaning that they may have changed evolutionarily to perform different functions, but they

evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

If a favorable mutation increases the ability of an individual to reproduce then natural selection would

favor this variation.

The process of natural selection

favors some mutations, when they increase fitness.

stabilizing selection

favors the average, or most common variant for a trait

disruptive selection

favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait

One of the components of the process of natural selection is based upon an individual's ability to compete for resources in order to survive and reproduce. This component addresses the

fitness of individuals.

Reproductive success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term

fitness.

Even though the soft parts of an organism usually decompose when it dies, its hard parts may become mineralized to form over time.

fossils or fossil

The mineralized traces of formerly living species are called blank.

fossils or fossil

Select all that apply. If you were to create a list to summarize the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time, which of these items would you include?

fossils, DNA molecules, homologous structures

Which field of biology studies how genetic materials change over time?

genetics

When an organism dies, its ______ may become mineralized, forming fossils.

hard parts

If two species have very similar genetic information, this means that they

have a close evolutionary relationship.

Structural similarities due to common descent are seen in

homologous structures.

Select all that apply. Homologous structures can be observed during the embryonic development of which organisms?

human tortoise chick (chicken)

The pace of influenza evolution is ______ because of an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which is not very efficient and may introduce mutations when the virus reproduces within a host.

increased

The evolution of a species is driven by

inheritable genetic changes.

The genetic material of living things, DNA, or of a virus, which may be DNA or RNA, contains

instructions for specific traits.

In order to compare similarities and differences in the genetic material of influenza over time,

its RNA can be examined and compared from strain to strain and/or year to year.

Mutations arise over time, so when two organisms are closely related (in time), there has been

little time for mutations to alter their genes.

Cytochrome c is a protein important in the

mitochondria of cells.

When comparing the cytochrome c protein between different species, the cytochrome c protein produced by a closely related species is

more similar than the cytochrome c protein produced by a distantly related species.

Which process produces changes in the genetic material?

mutation

In support of the idea that species change over time, Darwin proposed a four step process called

natural selection.

The process that drives evolution, and relies on variation in individuals, competition among individuals, differences in individual fitness, and adaptation to the environment, is called

natural selection.

When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from _______, successive evolutionary change becomes apparent.

oldest to youngest

Directional selection favors what sort of variation in a trait for a population?

one extreme

Which molecules within a cell are involved in nearly every cellular process?

proteins

Because of the efficiency of RNA polymerase, which produces mRNA from viral RNA, the flu virus is able to

quickly acquire mutations and evolve rapidly.

Which of these are consequences of antigenic drift as it applies to the influenza virus?

reduced effectiveness of influenza vaccine local influenza outbreaks

With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful

reproduction.

One of the steps in the process of natural selection involves the individual's struggle to exist, which is based upon competition for available blank like food and shelter.

resources or resource

Antigenic blank is a mechanism by which the flu virus may evolve in such a way that slows the ability of the immune system to react, threatening widespread outbreak.

shift

What would you expect to see when comparing the embryo of a chicken or tortoise to that of a human embryo?

similar embryonic structures

While aboard the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin observed which of these as evidence for natural selection?

similarity in overall appearance in finches, but variation in beak shape and size

Select all the possible consequences of antigenic shift in the influenza virus.

slow adaptation by the immune system, a new combination of H and N spikes on the surface of the virus, global outbreak

When extreme phenotypes are selected against, and the average, or most common variation is preserved, ______ selection has occurred.

stabilizing

Which type of selection favors the most common variant for a trait in a population?

stabilizing selection

Human birth weight, which favors an intermediate and not either extreme is an example of

stabilizing selection.

Select all that apply to complete this sentence. Fossils often form when the ______ of once-living organisms mineralize over time.

teeth bones shells

Select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

the ability to pass traits from one generation to the next, variation for a trait within a population

Which best describes the consequences of evolution on producing effective influenza vaccines?

the process is more challenging because the virus evolves quickly.

The field of systematics includes classification of living things based on

their evolutionary relationships.

Antigenic drift is a process that occurs when

there are changes on the surface spikes of the influenza virus because of mutations.

directional selection

trait favors an extreme variant for a trait

Antigenic shift is a process that occurs when

two different forms of the influenza virus infect the same host cell, which reproduces elements of both virus to create a new form.

Disruptive selection might result in which of these?

two distinct phenotypes where there was once a normal distribution

During the process that turns an animal virus into a strain that may infect humans,

viruses that originate in animal hosts like pigs or birds combine to exchange genetic material and then continue to mutate in their animal hosts.

analogous

wing of a bat and wing of an insect, legs of a spider and legs of a dog

How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918?

~ 500 million