Influenza adaptive learning module 2
Arrange these steps to create an example of how a virus like influenza might evolve into a strain that threatens humans.
1. virus originates in an animal host, like a pig or a bird 2. animal viruses exchange genetic material 3. animal viruses mutates, producing a new strain 4. human influenza outbreak occurs
Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?
A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material.
Select the two scientists who independently proposed mechanisms for evolutionary change.
Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Darwin
Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a transitional fossil?
Because it has features of both birds and dinosaurs
Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology?
Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world.
The Spanish flu infected one-third of the world's population, killing between blank 1 and blank 2 million people.
Blank 1: 30 or thirty Blank 2: 50 or fifty
The information that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein is encoded in a molecule of blank 1 , which is first transcribed into blank 2 , a molecule that carries the instructions to the ribosome where the protein is made.
Blank 1: DNA Blank 2: RNA
In all organisms, except retroviruses, the flow of information is from blank 1 to blank 2 to blank 3.
Blank 1: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid Blank 2: RNA or ribonucleic acid Blank 3: protein, proteins, polypeptide, or polypeptides
The process of natural selection and the idea of descent with modification were proposed by blank after he notably studied beak size in finches on the Galapágos Islands. The idea that changes in a population over time could lead to the formation of a new species was proposed by blank after his study of biogeography in the South Pacific Islands.
Blank 1: Darwin or Charles Darwin Blank 2: Wallace, Alfred Wallace, or Alfred Russel Wallace
Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in which direction?
DNA to RNA to protein
Which of the following is the correct relationship between the molecules listed?
DNA → RNA → amino acids → protein
Which of these scientists is one of the two who independently proposed the mechanism for evolutionary change?
Darwin
Which is the correct comparison of the sources and ideas of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace?
Darwin studied biogeography and finches and proposed the theory of natural selection. Wallace studied biogeography and proposed the idea of speciation.
studies evolution as it relates to organisms and their ability to fill a niche in an ecosystem
Ecology
After viruses are harvested from the liquid portion of infected chicken eggs,
Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.
Which of these offers an explanation of the relationship between biology and evolution?
Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.
What are Hox genes?
Genes responsible for pattern formation of the body and appendages in early embryos.
studies evolution as it relates to changes in DNA over time
Genetics
The H1N1 flu outbreak in 2009, to which the human immune system was slow to respond, resulted from
Idk
Which of these is a component of the process of natural selection?
Individuals vary in their traits.
Antigenic drift
Is the result of the introduction of mutation, Results in a change to the surface spikes of the influenza virus, Can be attributed to RNA polymerase inefficiency, May make the annual vaccine less effective and cause local outbreaks
Because individuals vary in their traits, compete for resources, and vary in their fitness, the final component of natural selection results. What is this final step?
Populations become adapted to their environment.
Which of these molecules contain instructions for specific traits?
RNA DNA
In the quest to produce effective influenza vaccinations, what are the consequences of evolution in the virus?
Sometimes the vaccines are not effective because predictions about the path of the viral evolution don't hold up.
Alfred Russel Wallace
Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands., Proposed the concept of speciation
Charles Darwin
Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands., Proposed descent with modification, Proposed the process of natural selection
studies evolution as it relates to the relationships of organisms
Systematics
Which statement summarizes the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time?
The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences).
Which of the following is true of Hox genes?
They are similar in closely related organisms.
What is regulated by Hox genes?
Transitions or changes in body segment types during embryonic development
Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?
Two different forms of the same virus infect the same host cell and a new virus is created with parts of each form.
Antigenic shift
Typically involves animal hosts, Poses a relatively greater threat, A host cell manufactures particles from two forms of the virus, Delays immune response and may cause an outbreak
During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, which of these observations did Darwin note as evidence for natural selection?
Very similar species of large, flightless birds in South America and Africa
Can the RNA of influenza be examined over time?
Yes, because it has genetic information that can be gathered from each strain over time.
Which of the following is a pair of analogous structures?
a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing
What is a transitional fossil?
a fossil that provides a link between groups of organisms
Choose the best definition of antigenic.
a term used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system
Many fields of biology study evolution, because evolution is involved in __ levels of biology.
all
Hox genes are developmental genes found in
all animals.
Proteins are involved in __ cellular processes.
almost all
Structures that serve the same purpose but evolved independently are called _____ structures.
analogous
Strains of viruses that threaten humans often arise in blank hosts.
animal, pig, or bird
The term ______ is used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system.
antigenic
Local influenza outbreaks are most likely the result of which mechanism of influenza evolution?
antigenic drift
Which method of influenza evolution usually involves animal hosts?
antigenic shift
Why are there fewer differences (mutations) between closely related organisms?
because there has been little time for mutation to arise
The field of biology Blank 1 studies life.
biology
The study of life is called
biology.
homologous
cat foreleg and human forearm, dolphin flipper and wing of a bat
The evolution of a species is driven by genetic blank, which can be passed from one generation to the next.
changes
Evolution, by its scientific definition, refers to
changes in a species or population over time.
Which of the following would you expect to see between two species that have a close evolutionary relationship?
closely matching genetic information
Despite differences in their adult forms, similar embryonic structures suggest descent from a(n) blank ancestor.
common or shared
The study of homologous and analogous structures, also called blank anatomy, studies the similarity of both living and fossilized species' structures to infer evolutionary relationships.
comparative, compare, or comparison
The importance of transitional fossils is that they
demonstrate relationships between two groups of organisms.
Which of these is suggested by similarities among embryos (like human and chicken) despite differences in the adult forms of these animals?
descent from a common ancestor
An extreme phenotype is favored, shifting a distribution curve all the way right or all the way left in cases of ______ selection.
directional
Which type of selection favors one extreme variant for a trait within a population?
directional selection
Which type of natural selection favors two or more extreme phenotypes over any intermediate?
disruptive selection
Antigenic blank is a mechanism of influenza evolution that causes changes to the spikes on the viral surface.
drift
The influenza vaccine produced for the 2017-2018 flu season was only 30% effective because of an evolutionary mechanism called antigenic blank.
drift
From changes in cells over time to the interactions of ecosystems, ______ plays a role in all levels of biology.
evolution
The scientific definition of ______ refers to changes in a species or population over time.
evolution
Variation, and the ability to pass that variation from one generation to the next in the genetic material, is the basis needed for the process of _____ to occur.
evolution
Global influenza outbreaks are most likely the effect of
evolution of the virus via antigenic shift.
Transitional fossils can tell us about the ______ among groups of organisms.
evolutionary relationships
The forelimbs of modern vertebrates are homologous structures, meaning that they may have changed evolutionarily to perform different functions, but they
evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.
If a favorable mutation increases the ability of an individual to reproduce then natural selection would
favor this variation.
The process of natural selection
favors some mutations, when they increase fitness.
stabilizing selection
favors the average, or most common variant for a trait
disruptive selection
favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait
One of the components of the process of natural selection is based upon an individual's ability to compete for resources in order to survive and reproduce. This component addresses the
fitness of individuals.
Reproductive success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term
fitness.
Even though the soft parts of an organism usually decompose when it dies, its hard parts may become mineralized to form over time.
fossils or fossil
The mineralized traces of formerly living species are called blank.
fossils or fossil
Select all that apply. If you were to create a list to summarize the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time, which of these items would you include?
fossils, DNA molecules, homologous structures
Which field of biology studies how genetic materials change over time?
genetics
When an organism dies, its ______ may become mineralized, forming fossils.
hard parts
If two species have very similar genetic information, this means that they
have a close evolutionary relationship.
Structural similarities due to common descent are seen in
homologous structures.
Select all that apply. Homologous structures can be observed during the embryonic development of which organisms?
human tortoise chick (chicken)
The pace of influenza evolution is ______ because of an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which is not very efficient and may introduce mutations when the virus reproduces within a host.
increased
The evolution of a species is driven by
inheritable genetic changes.
The genetic material of living things, DNA, or of a virus, which may be DNA or RNA, contains
instructions for specific traits.
In order to compare similarities and differences in the genetic material of influenza over time,
its RNA can be examined and compared from strain to strain and/or year to year.
Mutations arise over time, so when two organisms are closely related (in time), there has been
little time for mutations to alter their genes.
Cytochrome c is a protein important in the
mitochondria of cells.
When comparing the cytochrome c protein between different species, the cytochrome c protein produced by a closely related species is
more similar than the cytochrome c protein produced by a distantly related species.
Which process produces changes in the genetic material?
mutation
In support of the idea that species change over time, Darwin proposed a four step process called
natural selection.
The process that drives evolution, and relies on variation in individuals, competition among individuals, differences in individual fitness, and adaptation to the environment, is called
natural selection.
When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from _______, successive evolutionary change becomes apparent.
oldest to youngest
Directional selection favors what sort of variation in a trait for a population?
one extreme
Which molecules within a cell are involved in nearly every cellular process?
proteins
Because of the efficiency of RNA polymerase, which produces mRNA from viral RNA, the flu virus is able to
quickly acquire mutations and evolve rapidly.
Which of these are consequences of antigenic drift as it applies to the influenza virus?
reduced effectiveness of influenza vaccine local influenza outbreaks
With regards to evolution, fitness is most closely related to successful
reproduction.
One of the steps in the process of natural selection involves the individual's struggle to exist, which is based upon competition for available blank like food and shelter.
resources or resource
Antigenic blank is a mechanism by which the flu virus may evolve in such a way that slows the ability of the immune system to react, threatening widespread outbreak.
shift
What would you expect to see when comparing the embryo of a chicken or tortoise to that of a human embryo?
similar embryonic structures
While aboard the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin observed which of these as evidence for natural selection?
similarity in overall appearance in finches, but variation in beak shape and size
Select all the possible consequences of antigenic shift in the influenza virus.
slow adaptation by the immune system, a new combination of H and N spikes on the surface of the virus, global outbreak
When extreme phenotypes are selected against, and the average, or most common variation is preserved, ______ selection has occurred.
stabilizing
Which type of selection favors the most common variant for a trait in a population?
stabilizing selection
Human birth weight, which favors an intermediate and not either extreme is an example of
stabilizing selection.
Select all that apply to complete this sentence. Fossils often form when the ______ of once-living organisms mineralize over time.
teeth bones shells
Select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.
the ability to pass traits from one generation to the next, variation for a trait within a population
Which best describes the consequences of evolution on producing effective influenza vaccines?
the process is more challenging because the virus evolves quickly.
The field of systematics includes classification of living things based on
their evolutionary relationships.
Antigenic drift is a process that occurs when
there are changes on the surface spikes of the influenza virus because of mutations.
directional selection
trait favors an extreme variant for a trait
Antigenic shift is a process that occurs when
two different forms of the influenza virus infect the same host cell, which reproduces elements of both virus to create a new form.
Disruptive selection might result in which of these?
two distinct phenotypes where there was once a normal distribution
During the process that turns an animal virus into a strain that may infect humans,
viruses that originate in animal hosts like pigs or birds combine to exchange genetic material and then continue to mutate in their animal hosts.
analogous
wing of a bat and wing of an insect, legs of a spider and legs of a dog
How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918?
~ 500 million
