Chapter 14-19 Lecture HW assignments

Which statement is inconsistent with invertebrate animals? A. Invertebrates lack a nervous system. B. The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. C. Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. D. Most animal phyla are invertebrates. E. All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors.

A. Invertebrates lack a nervous system.

Analogous structures are evidence of common ancestry. A. True B. False

B. False

Which of the three domains contain(s) prokaryotic organisms?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which of these has radial symmetry? A. human B. planarian C. jellyfish D. roundworm E. nudibranch

C. jellyfish

Which structure is a characteristic found only in angiosperms? A. vascular tissue B. seed C. leaf D. flower E. megaphyll

D. flower

Animals are A. multicellular. B. heterotrophic. C. motile. D. eukaryotic. E. All of the above answers describe the characteristics of animals.

E. All of the above answers describe the characteristics of animals.

Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by

angiosperms

Egg-laying mammals are known as

monotremes

A reproductive barrier that prevents interbreeding because the two species mate during different times of the year is called

temporal isolation

________ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves.

Xylem

The closest living relatives of land plants are

charophytes

Which means of genetic recombination in bacteria is facilitated by use of a pilus?

conjugation

In ferns, the dominant generation is the

diploid sporophyte

The pollen, or sperm, from a red maple tree is unable to fertilize the eggs from a sugar maple tree. This is an example of what type of isolating mechanism?

gamete isolation

Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the

genus

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n)

gymnosperm

Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods?

insects

Amphibians are the descendants of

lobe-finned fishes

Pollen grains are

male gametophytes

Viroids and prions are alike in that both are infectious...

molecules

The mantle, foot, and visceral mass are all parts of a(n)

mollusc

The body of a typical fungus is termed a(n)

mycelium

Two species are said to be closely related if they

possess a common ancestor

The name Echinodermata literally means

spiny skin

What state about bacteria is incorrect? A. All bacteria are pathogenic to humans. B. Bacteria are prokaryotes. C. Most bacteria are chemoheterotrophs. D. Bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission. E. A bacterial cell has one chromosome.

A. All bacteria are pathogenic to humans.

Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? A. hair B. four-chambered heart C. extraembryonic membranes D. endothermic E. cephalization

A. hair

Which is an example of a parazoa? A. sponges B. cnidarians C. flatworms D. annelids E. echinoderms

A. sponges

What is the defining feature of the lophotrochozoans? A. tentacle-like feeding structure B. filter feeding C. multicellularity D. bilateral symmetry E. exoskeleton

A. tentacle-like feeding structure

In the replacement model of evolution, where did modern humans first evolve?

Africa

A fraction of a green frog population survives a hurricane to reproduce and generate a new population. This event is an example of A. natural selection. B. genetic drift. C. founder effect. D. industrial melanism. E. gene flow.

B. genetic drift.

Which of the following is an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution? A. The islands were too far from mainland South America for most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize. B. The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America. C. The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America. D. The organisms on the islands varied from island to island. E. All of the above answers are important characteristics.

E. All of the above answers are important characteristics

Which statement about sponges is correct? A. Sponges have two germ layers, which give rise to well-organized tissues. B. Sponges can only reproduce asexually by fragmentation or budding. C. Most sponges have bilateral symmetry. D. Sponges belong to the group of invertebrates known as cnidarians. E. Sponges are filter feeders.

E. Sponges are filter feeders.

Which is not a typical adult amphibian characteristic? A. eyelids B. jaws C. jointed limbs D. lungs E. four-chambered heart

E. four-chambered heart

A viroid is a naked, infectious _____ molecule.

RNA

What is the function of the fungal fruiting body?

produce spores

Which of these statements about the evolutionary tree of animals is incorrect? A. All animals have true tissues. B. All animals are multicellular. C. Humans are more closely related to sea stars than to insects. D. Radial symmetry preceded bilateral symmetry in animal evolution. E. Some animals have no germ layers, while others have two or three germ layers.

A. All animals have true tissues.

The figure shown here represents stabilizing selection. What happens when an individual is produced that possesses a trait far away from the mean value? A. That extreme individual likely will not survive and reproduce. B. That extreme individual will be more likely to survive and reproduce. C. That extreme individual will have neither an advantage nor a disadvantage over other individuals. D. All phenotypes have equal likelihood of surviving and reproducing. E. The average phenotype is less likely to survive and reproduce.

A. That extreme individual likely will not survive and reproduce.

Why are developmental biologists especially interested in studying echinoderm embryos? A. Echinoderms are primitive chordates. B. Echinoderms are the closest living relatives of chordates. C. Echinoderms are the only animals with three embryonic germ layers. D. Echinoderms, unlike most invertebrates, retain their notochords as adults. E. Echinoderms, like chordates, are protostomes.

B. Echinoderms are the closest living relatives of chordates.

Which of these would be best able to reproduce during a period with little to no rainfall? A. lycophytes B. gymnosperms C. bryophytes D. ferns E. No plants can reproduce except during rainy weather.

B. gymnosperms

Although Lamarck hypothesized that adaptations to the environment did occur, he also believed that A. mass extinctions did not occur. B. offspring inherited characteristics that were acquired by their parents during their lifetime. C. similar organisms do not share common ancestors. D. humans descended from apes. E. natural selection was the source of all diversity.

B. offspring inherited characteristics that were acquired by their parents during their lifetime

Which of the following would be considered analogous structures? A. the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse B. the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow C. the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale D. the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human E. the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile

B. the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow

If the average tail size of a reptile continually got smaller through generations, this would be an example of A. disruptive selection. B. stabilizing selection. C. directional selection. D. genetic drift. E. bottleneck effect.

C. directional selection

Which of the following concepts would have been supported by Charles Lyell? A. that the Earth was only a few thousand years old B. that the Earth and its organisms were divinely created C. that the Earth and its organisms slowly changed through time D. local catastrophes caused the extinction of many species E. that species were "fixed"

C. that the Earth and its organisms slowly changed through time

While walking in the woods, you come across some low-growing plants clustered at the base of a tree. You collect one as a specimen for biology class. Upon examination in the lab, you find that the leaf-, stem-, and root-like structures contain no vascular tissue. The plant is A. a lycophyte. B. an angiosperm. C. a gymnosperm. D. a bryophyte. E. not a plant but a charophyte.

D. a bryophyte.

Which of these has a diploid stage in their life cycle? A. mosses only B. mosses and ferns, but not gymnosperms or angiosperms C. gymnosperms and angiosperms, but not mosses or ferns D. mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms E. angiosperms only

D. mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

If people with freckles preferentially mated with other people with freckles, this would be an example of A. microevolution B. natural selection C. genetic drift D. nonrandom mating E. gene flow

D. nonrandom mating

Which of these is a cephalopod? A. nudibranch B. snail C. oyster D. squid E. mussel

D. squid

Which of the following would have been a selective agent or pressure that could lead to the reduction in hindlimbs through time? A. The animal's body size was too heavy to support the weight on land and hindlimbs were no longer useful. B. More emphasis was placed on flexing the backbone than on paddling with hindlimbs for swimming. C. Appendages cause resistance, or drag, when moving through water. D. With the increased size of the tail and its use in swimming, the hindlimbs were not as necessary. E. All of the above answers describe selective agents or pressures that could have led to the reduction in hind limbs over time.

E. All of the above answers describe selective agents or pressures that could have led to the reduction in hind limbs over time.

What influence did the writings of Thomas Malthus have on Darwin's ideas of natural selection? A. Malthus described the reproduction of elephants. B. Malthus explained how variation was maintained within populations. C. Malthus illustrated that some individuals possessed favorable traits while others did not. D. Malthus wrote a detailed history of artificial selection examples. E. Malthus proposed that the human population grows faster than the food supply, meaning that death and famine are inevitable.

E. Malthus proposed that the human population grows faster than the food supply, meaning that death and famine are inevitable

Which are the most numerous and diverse vertebrates? A. reptiles B. lancelets C. cartilaginous fishes D. mammals E. bony fishes

E. bony fishes

Animals are thought to be most closely related to

choanoflagellates

Conifers such as pine trees are classified as

gymnosperms

The gametophyte is the dominant generation in

mosses

The _____ of a virus is enclosed by a _____ capsid.

nucleic acid; protein

By definition, a fruit is derived from the

ovary

Most fungi in the environment function as

saprotrophs

Naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid are

viroids

The theory of evolution is supported by multiple sources of evidence described by many different people, and by a variety of fields of study. A. True B. False

A. True

Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other genera. A. True B. False

A. True

The wing of a penguin and the wing of an eagle are A. homologous structures. B. analogous structures. C. identical structures. D. vestigial structures. E. not comparable in any way.

A. homologous structures

A female peacock chooses a mate based on his showy plumage and courtship dance. This is an example of A. random mating. B. assortative mating. C. sexual selection. D. gene flow. E. natural selection.

C. sexual selection

Which statement about the plant alternation-of-generations life cycle is incorrect? A. Spores are produced by meiosis. B. The zygote is diploid. C. The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce the sporophyte plant. D. Gametes are only produced by meiosis. E. Both gametes and spores are haploid.

D. Gametes are only produced by meiosis.

Which of the following is a step specific to the process of artificial selection? A. Members of a population possess heritable variations. B. The population produces more offspring than the environment can support. C. Individuals who have favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those individuals lacking such traits. D. People select which individuals breed and which ones do not. E. Over multiple generations of reproducing, a larger proportion of the population will have those favorable traits and thus adaptation has occurred.

D. People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.

Which feature is present in cnidarians but lacking in sponges? A. cellular level of organization B. filter feeding C. multicellularity D. radial symmetry E. Cnidarians are classified as animals, while sponges are not animals.

D. radial symmetry

In protostome development, A. the blastopore becomes the anus. B. the coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the gut. C. there is no coelom. D. the mouth forms from the second embryonic opening, not from the blastopore. E. the blastopore becomes the mouth.

E. the blastopore becomes the mouth.

Protists can be A. unicellular only. B. unicellular or colonial, but not multicellular. C. colonial only. D. colonial or multicellular, but not unicellular. E. unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.

E. unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.

Cyanobacteria are important producers, more specifically called

photoautotrophs

Which of these worms are segmented? A. annelids B. planarians C. roundworms D. flukes E. All worms are segmented.

A. annelids

Elaborate courtship behavior in animals, such as with the blue-footed boobies of the Galápagos Islands, is an example of which of the following reproductive barriers? A. behavioral isolation B. mechanical isolation C. temporal isolation D. postzygotic isolation E. hybrid sterility

A. behavioral isolation

Which of these is a bivalve? A. clam B. octopus C. snail D. squid E. conch

A. clam

What are the key features of chordates? A. notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail B. notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, water vascular system, and a tail C. ventral nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail D. notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, nerve ring, and a tail E. notochord, ventral nerve cord, water vascular system, and a tail

A. notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail

Which of the following are acellular? A. prions B. protozoans C. archaea D. algae E. bacteria

A. prions

Which group of organisms is it believed that animals evolved from? A. protozoan B. fungi C. bacteria D. archaea E. sponges

A. protozoan

Which feature is used to identify the ecdysozoans? A. shedding their exoskeleton B. presence of an endoskeleton C. parasitic lifestyle D. asexual reproduction E. adapted to aquatic habitats

A. shedding their exoskeleton

Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas? A. vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells B. cell walls, so they cannot stand upright C. a protected zygote, so they must grow in damp areas to supply the zygote with moisture D. chlorophyll b, so they can only use filtered light for photosynthesis E. starch production, so they only produce small amounts of glucose since any beyond what they use immediately cannot be stored

A. vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells

In the infamous anthrax attacks of 2001, several letters were received at the offices of two U.S. senators and various news media outlets. The letters contained dry granular or powdery material. Seventeen people who came into contact with the material from the letters suffered anthrax infections; five more died of anthrax. How could dried-out material cause anthrax? A. Anthrax bacteria are acellular infectious particles. When they came into contact with living hosts, they entered the hosts' cells, took over their metabolic machinery, and caused them to produce more bacteria. B. Anthrax bacteria can form endospores under harsh environmental conditions. The material in the letters contained endospores of anthrax bacteria, which germinated and grew in the more favorable environment of the victims' bodies. C. Anthrax bacteria can form endospores in order to reproduce. A few active bacteria in the letters started to produce enormous numbers of endospores upon contact with the anthrax victims. D. Anthrax endospores are highly motile by flagella. When the endospores came into contact with human hosts, they swarmed into the bodies of their victims. E. None of the choices are correct.

B. Anthrax bacteria can form endospores under harsh environmental conditions. The material in the letters contained endospores of anthrax bacteria, which germinated and grew in the more favorable environment of the victims' bodies.

A finch population with heritable variation in beak size arrives on an island where only large seeds are available as a food source. Describe the process of natural selection that would follow. A. Finches with smaller beaks would grow larger beaks so that they could eat the large seeds. All birds will reproduce and the frequency of large beaks within the population will increase. B. Finches with larger beaks will more easily eat the large seeds and are thus more likely to survive and produce offspring with similarly large beaks. The frequency of large beaks within the population will increase. C. All of the finches with small and medium beaks will soon die; all of the finches with large beaks will survive. The frequency of large beaks within the population will increase. D. Finches with smaller beaks would grow larger beaks so that they could eat the large seeds. Only these birds that grew larger beaks will reproduce and the frequency of large beaks within the population will increase. E. Finches with larger beaks will more easily eat the large seeds and not need to reproduce.

B. Finches with larger beaks will more easily eat the large seeds and are thus more likely to survive and produce offspring with similarly large beaks. The frequency of large beaks within the population will increase.

How is the mycelium a valuable adaptation for a fungus? A. It provides a strong anchor for the fungus. B. It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture C. It discourages animals from feeding on the fungus. D. It provides a vast surface area for the generation of spores. E. It provides physical support for the fragile sporophyte generation.

B. It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture

In the process of natural selection, individuals that are most fit are the ones that A. survive the longest. B. reproduce the most. C. migrate every year. D. have the most genetic mutations. E. are the most physically fit.

B. reproduce the most.

In the context of natural selection, fitness refers to A. the variation in traits within the population. B. reproductive success. C. mutations that benefit an organism's survival. D. the physical health of an individual. E. the physical health of a population.

B. reproductive success

The presence of vestigial organs supports evidence of evolution because A. the vestigial organ is unique to one species. B. the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor C. both the vestigial organ and the functional organ perform the same function. D. the vestigial organ could not have been passed down from an ancestor. E. the vestigial organs represent variation in a species.

B. the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor

Tortoises in the Galápagos possessed neck lengths unique to each island. Neck lengths appear to be an adaptation to which selective agent? A. ease in finding pools of drinking water B. type of vegetation available to eat C. reproductive barriers used to produce offspring D. defense against predators E. male competition for females

B. type of vegetation available to eat

Which of these was the first to have well-developed vascular tissue? A. charophytes B. bryophytes C. lycophytes D. ferns E. gymnosperms

C. lycophytes

Which feature is lacking in sponges? A. multicellularity B. cellular level of organization C. organized true tissues D. flagella E. filter feeder

C. organized true tissues

Molluscs are A. deuterostomes. B. acoelomates. C. protostomes. D. pseudocoelomates. E. segmented.

C. protostomes.

The main reason reptiles are so well-adapted to land environment is their method of A. respiration. B. vocalization. C. reproduction. D. predation. E. temperature regulation.

C. reproduction.

Natural selection results in A. increased genetic variation. B. a decreased population size. C. an increase in population size. D. offspring that are better adapted to their current environment. E. offspring that are better adapted to a future environment.

D. offspring that are better adapted to their current environment.

When hiking high in the mountains, you find fossil marine shells lying about. This provides evidence that A. someone brought the shells to the top of the mountain. B. shelled marine animals live on the top of mountains. C. very high ocean waves brought the shells to the top of the mountain. D. the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted. E. marine animals are not restricted to living in the ocean.

D. the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted

Which of the following are invertebrate chordates? A. tunicates only B. lancelets only C. jawless fishes only D. tunicates and lancelets but not jawless fishes E. tunicates, lancelets, and jawless fishes

D. tunicates and lancelets but not jawless fishes

Which of the following is a postzygotic isolating mechanism for two species found in the same geographical location? A. The two species occupy different habitats. B. The two species are active during different parts of the day. C. The two species mate during different times of the year. D. The two species have incompatible genitalia. E. The two species can mate, but the offspring are sterile.

E. The two species can mate, but the offspring are sterile

Which of the following have microscopically small gametophytes? A. mosses B. ferns C. angiosperms D. gymnosperms E. both angiosperms and gymnosperms

E. both angiosperms and gymnosperms

In the fern life cycle, which of these is haploid? A. frond only B. zygote only C. gametophyte only D. gametes only E. both gametophyte and gametes

E. both gametophyte and gametes

Which of the following lists the levels of taxonomic classification in order from the most inclusive to the least inclusive? A. genus - family - order - class - phylum B. phylum - order - class - family - species C. genus - order - family - class - phylum D. family - order - class - phylum - kingdom E. domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order

E. domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order

Which structures are found in both ferns and gymnosperms? A. seeds and flowers B. megaphylls and seeds C. microphylls and megaphylls D. flowers and vascular tissue E. megaphylls and vascular tissue

E. megaphylls and vascular tissue

Which of the following applies to algae but not protozoans? A. chemoheterotrophs B. have a means of locomotion C. are eukaryotes D. were previously classified as animals E. photosynthetic

E. photosynthetic