Information Technology Project Management Mid Term

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When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success.

False

_____ processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase.

Initiating

The _____ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment.

Required rate of return

NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects

True

An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan.

false

The nature of hardware development projects is more diverse than software-oriented projects.

false

In the WBS, the name of the entire project is the top box, called Level ____. a. 0 c. 2 b. 1 d. 3

In the WBS, the main groupings for the work are listed in Level ____. a. 0 c. 2 b. 1 d. 3

Which of the following best describes a kill point in the project life cycle?

A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated

Balanced Scorecard

A strategic planning and management system that helps organizations align business activities to strategy, improve communications, and monitor performance against strategic goals

scope

All the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them

Which of the following best describes outsourcing?

An organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source

Estimates should become more accurate as time progresses. a. True b. False

True

Earned value management is a tool primarily used in human resource management.

False

Six Sigma methodologies

DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) is used to improve an existing business process, and DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify) is used to create new product or process designs

initiating processes

Defining and authorizing a project or project phase

27. _____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.

Defining scope

_____ are an output of the executing process of project integration management.

Delivarables

A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.

Deliverable

_____________ is known for his work on quality control in Japan, and he developed the 14 points for management in his text "out of the crisisis"?

Deming

As the project manager for software development project, you are helping to develop the project schedule. You decide that writing code for system should not start until user sign off the analysis work. What is this.

Dependency

You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the 1st first draft. What is this?

Dependency

Strategic Planning

Determining long-term objec-tives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services

Which of the following is a pre-initiation task?

Developing a business case for a project

_____ is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members.

Dynamic System Development Method

It is necessary that IT project managers have prior technical experience in creating and managing IT products.

FALSE

_____ factors include relevant government or industry standards, the organization's infrastructure, and marketplace conditions.

Enterprise environmental

Which of the following refers to a set of principles that guides decision making based on personal values of what is considered right and wrong?

Ethics

The ROI is always positive

FALSE

The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms

FALSE

The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project.

FALSE

It is easy to create a good WBS.

False

To be a successful manager, the only skills and IT project manager needs are excellent technical skills

False, IT PMs must be willing to develop more than their technical skills to be productive team members and successful project managers. Everyone, no matter how technical they are, should develop business and soft skills.

Which of the following types of tools is usually recommended for small projects and single users?

Low-end

Which of the following are organizational process assets?

Management Systems

Which is an example of an organizational process asset?

Management systems

In a _____ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers.

Matrix

_____ refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession

Member identify

____ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas when creating a WBS.

Mind mapping

_____ is a technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.

Mind mapping

____________ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.

Systems

In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.

TRUE

A _____ is usually not necessary to the Scrum method.

Team Contract

requirements management plan

The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.

Scope Creep

The tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger

Which of the following is true of projects?

They have a unique purpose.

Which of the following best defines the role of leaders?

They inspire people to reach goals.

Which of the following is true of low-end tools of the project management software?

They provide basic project management features.

Collecting requirements

_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.

The project schedule information section of the project management plan includes ____.

an elaborate timetable

41. In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS.

bottom-up

64. In the _____ approach to creating a WBS, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.

bottom-up

The _______________ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end.

closing

Which of the following is a planning process associated with project scope mangement?

collecting requirements

_______________ are an example of external stakeholders for an organization.

competitors

A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the _____________ phase of the project life cycle, and an overview of the work involved is created.

concept

________________ refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior.

control

What actions result in improvements in project performance?

corrective

In which of the following areas of management is payback analysis most likely to be used?

cost

The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project

false

The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project.

false

The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time

false

The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time.

false

The symbolic perspective of an organization:

focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization

The symbolic perspective of an organization:

focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization

In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines. Rizatti Corp can be said to have a ______________ organizational structure.

functional

In a(n) ______________ organizational structure, project managers have little or no authority.

functional

69. Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment.

The ____________ model of a systems development life cycle provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.

incremental build life cycle

During _______________ process for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition.

initiating

The project integration management knowledge area maps to the ________________ process group through the activities of developing project charters.

initiating

The project stakeholder management knowledge area maps to the __________ process group by identifying stakeholders

initiating

project management process group

initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing

68. The main tool for performing scope validation is _____ and group decision making techniques.

inspection

The main tool for performing scope validation is _____ and group decision making techniques.

inspection

The main tool for performing scope verification is ____________________.

inspection

______________ involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle

integrated change control

The project management plan is the output of the planning process of project __________________

integration management

A _______________ is a meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans.

kick-off meeting

Which of the following tools can best help in efficient communication mangement?

kick-off meetings, which are an important tool in project communication management. Other tools in project communication management are communication management plans, conflict management, communication media selection, and progress reports.

62. A work package is a task at the _____ level of the WBS.

lowest

Which of the following are organizational process assets?

management systems

____________ is an organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source.

outsourcing

____________ life cycle models of systems development assume that the scope of the project can be articulated clearly and the schedule and cost can be predicted accurately.

predictive

Which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks

preventive actions

In the _____________ model, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously.

prototyping life cycle

Project _____ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.

quality

Project ____________ mangement ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.

quality

Which of the following is a disadvantage of virtual teams as compared to traditional teams?

reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information

The _______________ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment

required rate of return

Galaxy, a construction company, buys a particular brand of tiles manufactured by Tiles and Floors, an eco friendly tile manufacturing company. However, Tiles and Floors has declared bankruptcy and closed down. At present, Galaxy is facing a crisis because there are no other manufacturers in the market that supplies eco-friendly tiles. Which of the following constraints is Galaxy currently facing?

resources

A risk register is the output of __________________

risk identification planning

Which section of the project plan lists the planned dates for completing key deliverables?

schedule

Of the following constraints, it is most difficult to describe, agree upon, and meet the ____ goal of many projects. a. scope c. cost b. time d. technical

scope

Project ______________ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.

scope

59. The _____ includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.

scope baseline

The _____ includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.

scope baseline

Good ____ is very important to project success because it helps improve the accuracy of time, cost, and resource estimates, it defines a baseline for performance measurement and project control, and it aides in communicating clear work responsibilities. a. scope planning c. scope definition b. scope management d. scope verification

scope definition

The main outputs of ____________________ are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.

scope definition

The main outputs of _____are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.

scope definition

36. The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.

scope statement

The ____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project. a. project charter c. WBS b. scope statement d. Gantt chart

scope statement

The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.

scope statement

Which document should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project?

scope statement

Sprint planning is part of the basic _____________

scrum framework

Many people confuse tasks on a WBS with ____. a. goals c. responsibilities b. objectives d. specifications

specifications

A ______________ is a Scrum artifact and consists of the highest-priority items from the product backlog to be completed in a sprint.

sprint backlog

73. Modern quality management requires customer satisfaction, prefers prevention to inspection, and recognizes management responsibility for quality.

75. ISO 9000 provides minimum requirements needed for an organization to meet its quality certification standards.

In organizational culture, people focus refers to _____.

the degree to which management 's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.

top-down

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.

top-down

A(n) ____________________ project scope statement is an important document for developing and confirming a common understanding of the project scope.

up-to-date - up to date -

prototyping life cycle

used to develop software prototypes to clarify user requirements for operational software. Requires heavy user involvement, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specs simultaneously.

The main outputs of ____ are accepted deliverables and change requests. a. planning scope c. defining scope b. controlling scope d. verifying scope

verifying scope

The __________ model of a systems development life cycle assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.

waterfall life cycle

A(n) _____ is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria.

weighted scoring model

A(n) ______________ is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria

weighted scoring model

Waterfall life cycle:

well-defined, linear stages of systems development and support. assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined

33. A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.

work breakdown structure

A(n) ____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project. a. project charter c. project scope statement b. business case d. work breakdown structure

work breakdown structure

A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.

work breakdown structure

Which document contains a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project?

work breakdown structure

A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of _____ for the project.

zero

A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of ____________ for the project

zero

An organization culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager's job more difficult.

false

An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection.

false

Initiating and closing tasks are usually the longest and require the most amount of resources and time

false

Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens.

false

It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases.

false

Leadership style has no impact on the success of virtual teams.

false

Many projects fail because of unclear requirements and expectations, so starting with a payback analysis makes a lot of sense

false

Many projects fail because of unclear requirements and expectations, so starting with a payback analysis makes a lot of sense.

false

Project managers should lead projects in isolation

false

Project work is most successful in an organiztional culture where activities are organized around individuals.

false

Systems analysis addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.

false

T/F: A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area

false

T/F: A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver

false

T/F: Agile methods comprise of 45 subprocesses which are organized into eight process groups

false

T/F: An organization's project management plan expresses the vision, mission, goals, objectives, and strategies of the organization

false

T/F: Decisions and actions taken in one knowledge area at a certain time rarely affect other knowledge areas

false

T/F: Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software

false

T/F: Initiating and closing tasks are usually the longest and require the most amount of resources and time

false

T/F: Initiating processes are not required to end a project

false

T/F: Key outcomes of the executing process group are formal acceptance of the work and creation of closing documents

false

T/F: Project initiation involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed

false

T/F: Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions

false

T/F: The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process

false

T/F: The WBS is organized solely around project phases

false

T/F: The burndown chart is a Scrum created artifact that provides a list of features prioritized by business value

false

T/F: The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project

false

T/F: The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects

false

T/F: The kick-off meeting is always held before the business case and project charter are completed

false

T/F: The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a project charter

false

T/F: The pre-initiation phase of a project using the Scrum method does not involve project charters, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meetings

false

T/F: The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning

false

T/F: The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors

false

T/F: The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start

false

T/F: The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps

false

T/F:A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work

false

The ROI is always positive.

false

The enterprise project management software, which aids project and portfolio management, is a low-end tools.

false

The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms

false

The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase.

false

The project organizational structure is the most efficient choice for most IT projects.

false

The team members of a virtual team are all of the same nationality

false

When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success.

false

Effective program managers recognize that managing a project is much more complex than managing a program.

false, Effective program managers recognize that managing a program is much more complex than managing a single project

Most people believe that the underlying causes of many companies' problems can be traced to its organizational structure

false, not structure, but culture

A project manager's primary role is to provide the funding for a project

false, that is the sponsor's role

Project initiation involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.

false. Executing the project involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed. it also includes work required to introduce any new hardware, software, and procedures into normal operations.

Good project managers assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors

false. Good PMs do not assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors. They take the time to understand their sponsors' expectations and then track project performance based on important criteria

There are ____ main processes involved in project scope management. a. three c. five b. four d. six

five

Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure ______________ organizational structure

functional

Three general classifications of organizational structures are __________, project, and matrix

functional

____________ refers to the degree to which work activities are organized around teams, rather than individuals.

group emphasis

The main purpose of project plans is to ______________

guide project execution. Developing a project management plan is a planning process falling under the Project Integration Management knowledge area.

63. Some organizations prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. These are known as _____.

guidelines

If ____________________ for developing a WBS exist, it is very important to follow them.

guidelines

Some organizations prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. These are known as _____.

guidelines

Team building exercises and motivation techniques are tools used in _____________ management.

human resource

The _______________ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.

human resources

In the __________ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders.

implementation

Which of the following is true of the agile approach to software development?

in the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration

______________ involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of the project

interface management

The _____ is the discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project.

internal rate of return (IRR)

The ____________ is the discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project

internal rate of return (IRR)

Which of the following is true of virtual teams?

itis important to select team members carefully

A work package is a task at the _____ level of the WBS.

lowest

In a _________________ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project mangers.

matrix

______________ refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession.

member identity

A _____________ describes how things should be done

methodology

40. The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks.

mind mapping

After discovering WBS items and structure using the ____ technique, you could then translate the information into chart or tabular form. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping

mind mapping

The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks.

mind mapping

Which technique is used for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks?

mind mapping

_____________ is a technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas

mind mapping

________________ project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information

monitoring

A common _______________ process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.

monitoring and controlling

The ideal outcome of the _______________ process group is to complete a project successfully by delivering the agreed-upon project scope within time, cost, and quality constraints.

monitoring and controlling

The outputs of the _______________ process include changes request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.

monitoring and controlling

The outputs of which process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates?

monitoring and controlling

______________ includes measuring progress toward project objectives and taking corrective action to match progress with the plan.

monitoring and controlling

The project time management knowledge area maps to the ______________ process group through the activity of schedule control.

monitoring and controlling. The project management knowledge area maps to the monitoring and controlling process group through the activity of schedule control

The project scope management knowledge area maps to the _________ process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control.

monitoring and controlling. The project scope management knowledge area maps to the monitoring and controlling process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control.

___________ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

net present value

____________ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.

open-systems focus

____________ refer to chances to improve the organization

opportunities

__________ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.

organizational culture

___________ include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can be used to influence a project's success.

organizational process assets

The _______________ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.

people focus

29. Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.

planning

Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.

planning

Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with which process in project scope management?

planning

The most difficult and unappreciated process in project management is often ________________

planning

The project cost management knowledge area maps to the __________ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination.

planning

In project integration management, project ____________ and ___________ are intertwined and inseparable activities.

planning, execution

The _____________ perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.

political frame

____________ refer to undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals

problems

A _______________ is a series of actions directed toward a particular result.

process

A ______________ is the person responsible for the business value of the project and for deciding what work to do and in what order when using a Scrum method.

product owner

incremental build life cycle:

progressive development of operational software, each release adds more capabilities

In a ________________ organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs.

project

Project mangers have the most authority in a pure __________ organizational structure.

project

Key inputs for preparing the project scope statement include the ____________________, requirements documentation, and organizational process assets such as policies and procedures related to scope statements as well as project files and lessons learned from previous, similar projects.

project charter

The _______________ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.

project charter

Which document recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management?

project charter

Which of the following project management knowledge areas primarily involve generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information?

project communications management

The ______________ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes.

project controls

The first two traditional project phases (concept and development) focus on planning, and are often referred to as ___________

project feasibility

Enterprise environmental factors are an output of the executing process of __________________

project human resource management

Organizational process assets update is the output of the closing process of _________________

project integration management

Which of the following project management knowledge areas is an overarching function that affects and is affected by the different knowledge areas?

project integration management

________________ involves coordinating all of the other project management knowledge areas throughout a project's life cycle

project integration management

What document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control?

project management plan

_____________ progress from initiation activities to planning activities, executing activities, monitoring and controlling activities, and closing activites.

project management process groups

Developing a ______________ is a planning process that occurs in the Project Integration Management knowledge area.

project mangement plan

Which information is included in a business case?

project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals

Which section of the project management plan includes external interfaces, internal structure, as well as roles and responsibilities?

project organization

In the ___________ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.

project planning

Which process includes defining project scope, benefits, and constraints?

project planning

The ___________ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are in charge of them

project responsibilities

Factors such as user involvement, clear business objectives, a minimized or clearly defined scope, and firm basic requirements, are elements of ____________________.

project scope management

56. The main outputs of scope definition are the _____ and project document updates.

project scope statement

An up-to-date ____ is an important document for developing and confirming a common understanding of the project scope. a. scope management plan c. WBS b. project scope statement d. decomposition

project scope statement

The main outputs of scope definition are the _____ and project document updates.

project scope statement

The main outputs of scope definition are the ____________________ and project document updates.

project scope statement

The role of a _____ is to provide direction and funding for a project.

project sponser

The role of a __________ is to provide direction and funding for a project.

project sponsor

What term is used for the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment?

required rate of return

30. The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.

requirements management plan

The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.

requirements management plan

Which output documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed?

requirements management plan

32. A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.

requirements traceability matrix

A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.

requirements traceability matrix

What is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed referred to as?

requirements traceability matrix

55. A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.

requirements traceability matrix (RTM)

A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.

requirements traceability matrix (RTM)

In the ________________ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.

resource allocation

Which process involves selecting information technology projects and assigning resources?

resource allocation

The approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary form the ____________________.

scope baseline

The goal of ____ is to influence the factors that cause scope changes, assure changes are processed according to procedures developed as part of integrated change control, and manage changes when they occur. a. scope verification c. scope planning b. scope control d. scope definition

scope control

52. The main outputs of _____are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.

scope definition

The ____________ life cycle model is suitable for projects in which changes can be incorporated with reasonable cost increases or acceptable time delays.

spiral

A ______________ is a set period of time, normally 2 to 4 weeks, during which specific work must be completed and made ready for review when using Scrum methods.

sprint

The improvement of the product and process in the Scrum method is discussed at the ________________.

sprint reflection meeting

A ____________________ is a document that includes stakeholders' roles, names, organizations, and contact information.

stakeholder register

__________ are people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents to the project.

stakeholders

A difference between strategic and tactical goals is that:

strategic goals are long-term in nature whereas tactical goals are short-term.

_________________ involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses, studying opportunities and threats, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.

strategic planning

The ______________ frame of the organization is the one that is usually depicted in an organizational chart

structural

The ___________ perspective of an organization focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.

structural frame

60. Tasks in a WBS that are decomposed into smaller tasks are called _____ tasks.

summary

When using project management software, estimates of work time should be entered only at the work package level; the rest of the WBS items are just groupings or _____ tasks.

summary

The project scope statement should reference ____________________, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.

supporting documents

Grey's Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey's have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to wear dark business suits, in order to convey the company's dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients' through the salespeople's clothing is part of the _____ frame of the organization.

symbolic

The ____________ frame of an organization relates to the company's culture

symbolic

______________ refers to problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.

systems analysis

______________ addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and making a change to a system.

systems management

A(n) _____________ is an overall model for thinking about things as sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.

systems philosophy

Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within the greater organizational context. _____ describes this holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.

systems thinking

1. Directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.

100. Project risk management does not stop with the initial risk analysis.

12. An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.

16. Many projects fail because of unclear requirements and expectations, so starting with a project charter makes a lot of sense.

17. Project management plans document project planning assumptions and decisions regarding choices.

20. All projects can benefit from using some type of project management information system to coordinate and communicate project information.

22. Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.

25. The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.

27. The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.

3. The number of interfaces can increase exponentially as the number of people involved in a project increases.

31. You can only enter duration estimates for work packages.

33. If you want some time-based flow for the work, you can create a WBS using the project management process groups of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing as Level 2 in the WBS.

35. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

36. Lack of user input leads to problems with managing scope creep and controlling change.

38. Schedule performance can be estimated by subtracting the original time estimate from how long it really took to complete the project.

39. Different cultures may have different perceptions of work ethic.

4. Strategic planning involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.

43. Project schedules grow out of the basic documents that initiate a project.

46. After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is sequencing them or determining their dependencies.

47. Even though the delivery of new hardware may not be in the scope of a project, you should add an external dependency to it if required project activities depend on that delivery.

49. The arrows in a network diagram represent the activity sequencing or relationships between tasks.

51. It is important that the people who help determine what resources are necessary include people who have experience and expertise in similar projects and with the organization performing the project.

52. Fast tracking can end up lengthening the project schedule.

54. One of PERT's main disadvantages is that it involves more work than CPM.

55. Many projects, especially in information technology, have very unrealistic schedule expectations.

57. Most people simply accept poor quality from many information technology products.

58. The majority of people in the United States use the Internet.

6. Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.

61. Quality planning implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions that bring about the desired outcome.

62. Understanding which variables affect outcome is a very important part of quality planning.

64. It is important to clarify what functions and features the system must perform, and what functions and features are optional.

71. Testing needs to be done during almost every phase of the systems development life cycle.

76. Many quality experts believe the main cause of quality problems is the lack of leadership.

77. Expectations can vary based on an organization's culture or geographic region.

78. Risk management is a frequently overlooked aspect of project management.

8. As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.

80. Before you can improve project risk management, you must understand what risk is.

82. The cost for risk management should not exceed the potential benefits.

85. You can break down the technology risk category into hardware, software, and network technology.

87. The Delphi technique is a systematic, interactive forecasting procedure based on independent and anonymous input regarding future events.

88. SWOT analysis can be used during risk identification by having project teams focus on the broad perspectives of potential risks for particular projects.

9. Many problems and directives must be resolved quickly.

90. A probability/impact matrix or chart lists the relative probability of a risk occurring on one side of a matrix or axis on a chart and the relative impact of the risk occurring on the other.

93. The Microsoft Solution Framework (MSF) includes a risk management model that includes developing and monitoring a top-ten master list of risks.

98. The Monte Carlo analysis can predict the probability of finishing by a certain date or the probability that the cost will be equal to or less than a certain value.

99. Selecting the most experienced project manager is recommended for reducing schedule risks.

61. PMI uses the term "_____" to describe each level of work in the WBS.

task

A hierarchy is used to show the levels of _____ in the WBS.

task

PMI uses the term "___________________" to describe each level of work in the WBS.

task

A _______________ is usually not necessary to the Scrum method.

team contract, because Scrum implies that team members work as a self-directed group, coached by the ScrumMaster, a team contract should not be necessary.

The ___________ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information

technical processes

Which section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information? Group of answer choices

technical processes

The 3 spheres of systems management are business, organization, and _____________

technology

Steve, an engineer in a construction company, is at present working on a home construction project. The home is being built for the Robinson family, the owners of the home. Steve is working with his project team and support staff to ensure the project is completed on time. In such a scenario, the project sponsor is __________.

the Robinson family

In organizational culture, means-end orientation refers to _____.

the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results

In organizational culture, means-end orientation refers to _______________

the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results

In organizational culture, people focus refers to ______________.

the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization.

In organizational culture, control refers to _____.

the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior

In organizational culture, control refers to _______________.

the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior.

Payback occurs when:

the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs

Payback occurs when:

the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs.

The business case includes information on _____.

the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals

The business case includes information on ___________

the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals

In the development phase of the project life cycle:

the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more thorough WBS.

In the development phase of the project life cycle:

the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more throrough WBS

What is scope creep?

the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger

What is scope creep? a. the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger b. subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces c. the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS. d. a task at the lowest level of the WBS

the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger

44. Scope creep refers to:

the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

Scope creep refers to:

the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

42. Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using

the top-down or bottom-up approach

Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using

the top-down or bottom-up approach

25. Scope refers to:

the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.

Scope refers to: /

the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.

What is the first step in the planning process?

tie the information technology strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan

Fast tracking is an example of a tool used in ____________ management

time

Triple Constraints of Project Management

time, cost, scope

The first step in the planning process is _____.

to tie the information technology strategic plan to the organizations overall strategic plan.

The first step in the planning process is _____________

to tie the information technology strategy to the organization's overall strategic plan

38. The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.

top-down

39. The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.

top-down

Which approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail?

top-down

Which approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items?

top-down

Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using which approach?

top-down or bottom-up approach

A summary of the planned approach for managing the project should describe stakeholder needs and expectations, important assumptions, and constraints.

true

According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means

true

An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year

true

An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.

true

An organization that uses a project organizational structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract.

true

An organization usually commits more money as a project continues, therefore a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals.

true

As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.

true

Identifying the project sponsor is a pre-initiation task

true

In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.

true

Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project

true

Many project management activities occur as part of the planning process group

true

Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups

true

Most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations

true

Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project.

true

Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project. Group of answer choices

true

Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with a project

true

Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects.

true

Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization

true

Project managers must take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders.

true

Project mangers and their teams must keep in mind the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization instead of focusing on the immediate concerns of the project.

true

Standards and guidelines to follow when performing project management must be devised by top management

true

T/F: A sprint review is a meeting in which the team demonstrates to the product owner what it has completed during the sprint

true

T/F: A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS

true

T/F: Details of kick-off meetings and the stakeholder details are usually recorded in a Word document

true

T/F: Identifying the project sponsor is a pre-initiation task

true

T/F: In the Scrum method, team members work as a self-directed group coached by the ScrumMaste

true

T/F: Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope

true

T/F: Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project

true

T/F: Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement

true

T/F: Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs

true

T/F: Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format

true

T/F: Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups

true

T/F: Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project

true

T/F: Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects

true

T/F: Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them

true

T/F: The DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) methodology of the Six Sigma projects, is used to improve an existing business process

true

T/F: The WBS provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance

true

T/F: The executing process group generally requires the most resources

true

T/F: The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project

true

T/F: The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced

true

T/F: The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project

true

T/F: The two main items for monitoring and controlling in the Scrum framework are the daily Scrum and the sprint retrospectives

true

T/F:The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS

true

The Adaptive Software Development (ASD) life cycle model assumes that software development follows an adaptive approach because the requirements cannot be clearly expressed early in the life cycle.

true

The executing process group generally required the most resources

true

The same organization can have different subcultures

true

Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management

true

_______________ refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other.

unit integration

53. Creating the _____ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.

work breakdown structure (WBS)

A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.

work breakdown structure (WBS)

Creating the _____ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.

work breakdown structure (WBS)

Which statement best describes scope?

work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them

35. A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.

work package

A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.

work package

A(n) ____________________ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.

work package

Which task is at the lowest level of the WBS?

work package

A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of what value for the project?

zero

Which testing involves an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system? a. integration b. unit c. user acceptance d. system

c. user acceptance

Systems approach, Systems philosophy, Systems, Systems Analysis, Systems Management

came out in 1950s, holistic and analytical approach to solving complex problems. Systems Philosophy: overall model for thinking about systems. Systems: set of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose. Systems Analysis: problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs. Once this is completed, the systems analyst then examines alternative solutions for improving the current situation, identifies an optimum, or at least satisfactory solution or action plan and examines that plan against the entire system. Systems Management: addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.

Benefits minus costs is known as the ____________

cash flow

What term is used for benefits minus costs?

cash flow

Some projects have a senior manager called a(n) ______________ who acts as a key proponent for a project.

champion

A(n) _____ is a formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes to a project.

change control board (CCB)

A(n) ________________ is a formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes to a project

change control board (CCB)

A(n) _____________ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes.

change control system

Which term is used for a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes?

change control system

A _____________ is a tool used in quality management

checklist, Quality mangement uses quality metrics, checklists, quality control charts, Pareto diagrams, and fishbone diagrams among others.

In the ____________ phase of the project life cycle, the work is completed, and customers should accept the entire project.

close-out

Administrative activites, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project, are often involved in _______________ processes.

closing

_____________ involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete.

configuration management

A positive NPV means the return from a project exceeds the _____, the return available by investing the capital elsewhere.

cost of capital

A positive NPV means the return from a project exceeds the _____________, the return available by investing the capital elsewhere

cost of capital

Which of the following activities is a part of the planning process of the Scrum?

creating sprint backlog

Which document is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule? a. resource breakdown structure b. milestones list c. organizational process assets update d. project charter

d. project charter

What type of management includes the processes required to ensure that a project team completes a project within an approved budget? a. project scope management b. project quality management c. project time management d. project cost management

d. project cost management

How are profits best defined? a. expenses plus net income b. costs plus revenues c. revenues plus expenses d. revenues minus expenditures

d. revenues minus expenditures

Which document contains a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project? a. project charter b. business case c. project scope statement d. work breakdown structure

d. work breakdown structure

34. The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.

decomposition

58. Subdividing the project deliverables into smaller pieces is known as _____.

decomposition

Subdividing the project deliverables into smaller pieces is known as _____.

decomposition

The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. Selected Answer:

decomposition

What is the main technique used in creating a WBS, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces?

decomposition

24. The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.

deliverable

A(n) _____________ refers to a product or service, such as a report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.

deliverable

A(n) ________________ refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.

deliverable

The term ____ describes a product produced as part of a project. a. end-product c. deliverable b. scope d. outcome

deliverable

The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.

deliverable

Which term describes a product produced as part of a project?

deliverable

_____________ are an output of the executing process of project integration management

deliverables

The first step in determining the NPV is to _____.

determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces

What is the first step in determining the NPV?

determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces

A critical path:

determines the earliest completion date of a project.

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

developers work with an evolving prototype. also requires heavy user involvement and helps produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality. Devs use CASE (computer aided software engineering), JRP (joint requirements planning) and JAD (joint application design) to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation

One of the main outputs of the initiation process is _____.

developing the project charter

One of the main outputs of the initiation process is __________

developing the project charter

______________ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

directives

_____________ factors include relevant government or industry standards, the organization's infrastructure, and marketplace conditions.

enterprise environmental

Examples of _______________ processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements.

executing

The ____ tasks vary the most from project to project. a. closing c. planning b. monitoring and controlling d. executing

executing

___________________ the project includes work required to introduce any new hardware, software, and procedures into normal operations

executing

The majority of time on a project is usually spent on _____, as is most of the project's budget.

execution

The majority of time on a project is usually spent on ________, as is most of the project's budget

execution

The most time and money should be spent on

execution

What is the majority of time on a project is usually spent on?

execution

10. The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time.

11. You can use the NPV function in Microsoft Access to calculate the NPV quickly.

13. The ROI is always positive.

14. The first step in creating a weighted scoring model is to assign a weight to each criterion.

15. A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project.

18. The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms.

19. A commonsense approach to improving the coordination between project plan development and execution is to follow this simple rule: Those who will do the work should not plan the work.

2. Project integration management does not include interface management.

21. The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors will not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.

23. Project scope statements should include, at a minimum, a product scope description and detailed information on all project deliverables.

24. The scope of a project should be clear and specific from the start.

26. The project scope statement provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes.

28. A WBS is often depicted as a task-oriented pie chart.

29. A project team always organizes the WBS around project products.

30. A work package should always represent less than 80 hours of work.

32. It is easy to create a good WBS.

34. The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.

37. Managers often cite cost issues during the end phase of a project as one of their biggest challenges and the main cause of conflict.

40. The outputs to schedule development include activity duration estimates and project document updates.

41. The main outputs of estimating activity resources include the activity list and attributes, project scope statement, milestone list, and organizational process assets.

42. Most managers are unfamiliar with any forms of scheduling.

44. It only takes one activity to complete a milestone.

45. Activity information is not a required input to the other time management processes.

48. Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity discretionary dependencies.

5. An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan.

50. Every item on the WBS needs to be on the network diagram.

53. By using the PERT weighted average for each activity duration estimate, the total project duration estimate does not account for the risk or uncertainty in the individual activity estimates.

56. Project management software does not have the capacity to automatically generate network diagrams and calculate the critical path(s) for the project.

59. When an information system does not function correctly, it is generally a slight inconvenience.

60. Quality is a lower priority than project scope, time, and cost.

63. Organizational policies related to quality, the particular project's scope statement and product descriptions, and related standards and regulations are all important input to the quality assurance process.

65. Most information technology products can reach 100 percent reliability.

66. Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits.

67. Control charts are one tool used in the analyze phase of the DMAIC process.

68. All of the Six Sigma principles are brand new.

7. Selecting projects is considered an exact science.

70. The term sigma means median.

72. Integration testing replaces the other forms of testing with a single comprehensive test.

74. In TQC, product quality is less important than production rates, and workers are not allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.

79. Good project risk management never goes unnoticed.

81. Negative risk management is like investing in opportunities.

83. The last step in project risk management is deciding how to address this knowledge area for a particular project by performing risk management planning.

84. Few organizations develop their own risk questionnaires.

86. The psychology literature shows that individuals, working alone, produce fewer ideas than the same individuals produce through brainstorming in small, face-to-face groups.

89. Risk events refer to specific, certain events that may occur to the detriment or enhancement of the project.

91. Negative and positive risks should always be included in the same probability/impact matrix or chart.

92. A simple approach to using probability/impact information is to calculate risk factors.

94. A risk management review accomplishes one objective: it keeps management and the customer aware of the major influences that could prevent or enhance the project's success.

95. The main output of qualitative risk analysis is a decision tree.

96. Quantitative risk analysis and qualitative risk analysis must be done together.

97. The lower the EMV, the better.

A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan

false

A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan.

false

mind mapping

a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas

An important tool for project scope management is _________.

a work breakdown structure

Which five-phase improvement process do projects that use Six Sigma principles for quality control normally follow? a. DMAIC b. weighted scoring model c. configuration management d. use case modeling

a. DMAIC

Which process involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system? a. Prototyping b. Variance c. Decomposition d. Use case modeling

a. Prototyping

What term is used for any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements? a. defect b. yield c. deliverable d. variance

a. defect

Which phase of the DMAIC process includes tools such as a project charter, a description of customer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data? a. define b. measure c. analyze d. improve

a. define

75. List and briefly describe five approaches for creating work breakdown structures.

*Using Guidelines If guidelines for developing a WBS exist, it is very important to follow them. Some organizations—the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) for example—prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. Many organizations provide guidelines and templates for developing WBSs, as well as examples of WBSs from past projects. At the request of many of its members, the Project Management Institute recently developed a WBS Practice Standard to provide guidance for developing and applying the WBS to project management. Project managers and their teams should review appropriate information to develop their unique project WBSs more efficiently. *The Analogy Approach In the analogy approach, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point. Some organizations keep a repository of WBSs and other project documentation on file to assist people working on projects. Viewing examples of other similar projects' WBSs allows you to understand different ways to create a WBS. *The Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches Most project managers consider the top-down approach of WBS construction to be conventional. To use the top-down approach, start with the largest items of the project and break them into their subordinate items. This process involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail. After finishing the process, all resources should be assigned at the work package level. The top-down approach is best suited to project managers who have vast technical insight and a big-picture perspective. In the bottom-up approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible. They then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS. The bottom-up approach can be very time-consuming, but it can also be a very effective way to create a WBS. Project managers often use the bottom-up approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team. *Mind Mapping Mind mapping is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas. Instead of writing tasks down in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks, mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format. This more visual, less structured approach to defining and then grouping tasks can unlock creativity among individuals and increase participation and morale among teams. After discovering WBS items and structure using the mind-mapping technique, you could then translate the information into chart or tabular form. Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using the top-down or bottom-up approach.

business case

- Introduction/background - Business objective - Current situation and problem/opportunity statement - Critical assumptions and constraints - Analysis of options and recommendation - Preliminary project requirements - Budget estimate and financial analysis - Schedule estimate - Potential risks - Exhibits

pre-initiation tasks

-determine the scope, time and cost constraints for the project -identify the project sponsor -select the project manager -develop a business case for the project -meet with the project manager to review the process and expectations for managing the project -determine if the project should be divided into two or more smaller projects

77. What are some of the suggestions for improving the requirements process?

1. Develop and follow a requirements management process that includes procedures for initial requirements determination. 2. Employ techniques such as prototyping, use case modeling, and Joint Application Design to understand user requirements thoroughly. Prototyping involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system. These working replicas may be throwaways or an incremental component of the deliverable system. Prototyping is an effective tool for gaining an understanding of requirements, determining the feasibility of requirements, and resolving user interface uncertainties. Use case modeling is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. It is an effective tool for understanding requirements for information systems. Joint Application Design (JAD) uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems. These techniques also help users become more active in defining system requirements. 3. Put all requirements in writing and keep them current and readily available. Several tools are available to automate this function. For example, a type of software called a requirements management tool aids in capturing and maintaining requirements information, provides immediate access to the information, and assists in establishing necessary relationships between requirements and information created by other tools. 4. Create a requirements management database for documenting and controlling requirements. Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools or other technologies can assist in maintaining a repository for project data. A CASE tool's database can also be used to document and control requirements. 5. Provide adequate testing to verify that the project's products perform as expected. Conduct testing throughout the project life cycle. 6. Use a process for reviewing requested requirements changes from a systems perspective. 7. Emphasize completion dates. 8. Allocate resources specifically for handling change requests.

73. List and briefly describe the six main processes involved in project scope management.

1. Planning scope management involves determining how the project's scope and requirements will be managed. The project team works with appropriate stakeholders to create a scope management plan and requirements management plan. 2. Collecting requirements involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them. The project team creates stakeholder requirements documentation, a requirements management plan, and a requirements traceability matrix as outputs of the requirements collection process. 3. Defining scope involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. The main outputs of scope definition are the project scope statement and updates to project documents. 4. Creating the WBS involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. The main outputs include a work breakdown structure, a WBS dictionary, a scope baseline, and updates to project documents. 5. Verifying scope involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables. Key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables during this process. If the deliverables are not acceptable, the customer or sponsor usually requests changes. The main outputs of this process, therefore, are accepted deliverables, change requests, work performance information, and updates to project documents. 6. Controlling scope involves controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project—a challenge on many information technology projects. Scope changes often influence the team's ability to meet project time and cost goals, so project managers must carefully weigh the costs and benefits of scope changes. The main outputs of this process are work performance information, change requests, and updates to the project management plan, project documents, and organizational process assets.

In a weighted scoring model, the sum of the weights of all the criteria must total _____ percent

100

In a weighted scoring model, the sum of the weights of all the criteria must total ________________ percent

100

In a weighted scoring model, what percent must the sum of the weights of all the criteria total?

100

Which process involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection? a. statistical sampling b. conformance c. system testing d. fitness for use

a. statistical sampling

A _____ is usually not necessary to the Scrum method. a. team contract b. velocity estimate c. Gantt chart d. product backlog

A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed. a. requirements traceability matrix b. Gantt chart c. state transition table d. entity-attribute-value model

Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management. a. planning b. monitoring and controlling c. closing d. executing

During _____ processes for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition. a. initiating b. planning c. opening d. controlling

Organizational process assets update is the output of the closing process of _____. a. project integration management b. project quality management c. project procurement management d. project time management

Scope creep refers to: a. the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger. b. subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. c. the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS. d. a task at the lowest level of the WBS.

The improvement of the product and process in the Scrum method is discussed at the _____. a. sprint reflection meeting b. sprint review meeting c. kick-off meeting d. daily Scrum meeting

The project integration management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of developing project charters. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling

The project management plan is the output of the planning process of project _____. a. integration management b. quality management c. scope management d. procurement management

The project stakeholder management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group by identifying stakeholders. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling

Which of the following is a planning process associated with project scope management? a. Collecting requirements b. Performing qualitative risk analysis c. Planning schedule management d. Estimating costs

_____ are an output of the executing process of project integration management. a. Deliverables b. Issue logs c. Resource calendars d. Enterprise environmental factor updates

_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them. a. Collecting requirements b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope

_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders. a. Scope validation b. Scope planning c. Scope control d. Scope baseline

_____ processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase. a. Initiating b. Planning c. Executing d. Monitoring and controlling

_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system. a. Prototyping b. Variance c. Decomposition d. Use case modeling

A _____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control. a. project management plan c. scope statement b. statement of work d. business case

A A project management plan is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control

_____ should result in improvements in project performance. a. Corrective actions c. Preventive actions b. Defect repairs d. Product acceptance plans

A Corrective actions should result in improvements in project performance

_____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project. a. Developing the project charter b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement c. Developing the project management plan d. Performing integrated change control

A Developing the project charter involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project —the charter.

In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints. a. project planning b. business area analysis c. resource allocation d. information technology strategy planning

A In the project planning stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.

Which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI? a. It is always a percentage. c. It is the result of adding the project costs to the profits. b. It is always a positive number. d. The lower it is, the better.

A The ROI is always a percentage. It can be positive or negative.

The first step in determining the NPV is to _____. a. determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces b. determine the discount rate c. calculate the net present value d. determine the cash flow

A The first step in determining the NPV is to calculate the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it creates.

The first step in the planning process is _____. a. to tie the information technology strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan c. to start defining potential IT projects in terms of their scope, benefits, and constraints b. to perform a business area analysis d. to choose which projects to do and assigning resources to work on them

A The first step in the planning process, starting at the top of the hierarchy, is to tie the IT strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan.

The majority of time on a project is usually spent on _____, as is most of the project's budget. a. execution c. closing b. planning d. monitoring and controlling

A The majority of time on a project is usually spent on execution, as is most of the project's budget.

A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of _____ for the project. a. zero c. a hundred percent b. one d. fifty percent

A You can determine a project's internal rate of return (IRR) by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of zero for the project.

What tool can use to determine whether process is in control or out of control?

A Control Chart

requirement

A condition or capability that must be met by the project or that must be present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification

Scrum team or development team

A cross-functional team of five to nine people who organize themselves and the work to produce the desired results for each sprint

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

A deliverable oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

A deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope

work breakdown structure (WBS)

A deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope

Project Charter

A document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management

Project Scope Statement

A document that includes at least a description of the project, including its overall objectives and justification, detailed descriptions of all project deliverables, and the characteristics and requirements of products and services produced as part of the project

WBS Dictionary

A document that includes detailed information about each WBS item

Project Management Plan

A document used to coordinate all project planning documents and guide project execution and control

Change Control Board (CCB)

A formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes on a project

return on investment (ROI)

A method for determining the financial value of a project; the ROI is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs

net present value (NPV) analysis

A method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time

discount factor

A multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year

requirements management plan

A plan that describes how project requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed

use case modeling

A process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them

Configuration Management

A process that ensures that the descriptions of a project's products are correct and complete

Deliverable

A product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project

Daily Scrum

A short meeting for the development team to share progress and challenges and plan work for the day.

requirements traceability matrix (RTM)

A table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed

Work Package

A task at the lowest level of the WBS

weighted scoring model

A technique that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on numerous criteria

43. Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?

A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

Which is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?

A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?

A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

74. What is a work breakdown structure? What are the inputs and tools used for creating one?

A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project. Because most projects involve many people and many different deliverables, it is important to organize and divide the work into logical parts based on how the work will be performed. The WBS is a foundation document in project management because it provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes. Since the WBS defines the total scope of the project, some project management experts believe that work should not be done on a project if it is not included in the WBS. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a good WBS. The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS. The main tool or technique is decomposition, that is, subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. The outputs of the process of creating the WBS are the WBS itself, the WBS dictionary, a scope baseline, and project document updates.

Work package

A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.

work package

A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.

Work breakdown structure

A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.

work breakdown structure

A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.

Requirements traceability matrix

A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.

requirements traceability matrix

A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.

If done well, the _____________ can produce several releases of useful software.

agile method

The term ____________ describes new approaches that focus on close collaboration between programming teams and business experts.

agile software development

Agile Methods

An approach to managing projects that includes a workflow comprised of short iterations and incremental delivery of software

Which of the following best describes outsourcing?

an organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source

artifact can be

An artifact can be called a deliverable in other project management approaches.

SWOT analysis

Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats; used to aid in strategic planning

37. In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.

analogy

In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.

analogy

Which approach for constructing a WBS uses a similar project's WBS as a starting point?

analogy

In the ____, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point. a. top-down approach c. mind-mapping approach b. bottom-up approach d. analogy approach

analogy approach

Which of the following questions reflect the strategic goals of project portfolio management

Are we investing in the right areas?

Developing a _____ is a planning process that occurs in the Project Integration Management knowledge area. a. schedule management plan b. project management plan c. WBS d. quality management

Examples of _____ processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements. a. monitoring and controlling b. executing c. planning d. initiating

Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____. a. variance b. benchmarking c. prototyping d. decomposition

In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping

The _____ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end. a. executing b. closing c. planning d. monitoring

The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project. a. project charter b. scope statement c. WBS d. Gantt chart

The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed. a. requirements traceability matrix b. requirements management plan c. WBS d. project scope statement

The project cost management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling

Which of the following is a pre-initiation task? a. Drawing up a work breakdown structure b. Developing a business case for a project c. Drafting the project charter d. Identifying stakeholders

Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS? a. Any WBS item should be the responsibility of all the people working on it. b. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS. c. Each WBS item should be created assuming that the requirements are inflexible. d. The work content of a WBS item is independent of the WBS items below it.

_____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. a. Creating scope b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope

_____ processes include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs. a. Initiating b. Planning c. Executing d. Monitoring and controlling

_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance. a. Decomposition b. Variance c. Scope validation d. Scope creep

_____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems. a. Prototyping b. JAD c. RAD d. Use case modeling

Benefits minus costs is known as the _____. a. cost of capital c. discount factor b. cash flow d. opportunity cost of capital

B Cash flow is the benefits minus costs or income minus expenses.

_____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time. a. Cost of capital c. Cash flow b. Net present value d. Payback

B Net present value (NPV) analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

Payback occurs when: a. the net cumulative benefits minus costs equal one. c. the net costs are lower than the cumulative benefits. b. the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs. d. the cumulative benefits are double the cumulative costs.

B Payback occurs when the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs, or when the net cumulative benefits minus costs equal zero.

Which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks? a. Performance reports c. Defect repairs b. Preventive actions d. Corrective actions

B Preventive actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks. The problem has not yet occurred. Measures are taken so that problems do not occur.

The _____ stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology. a. project planning b. business area analysis c. resource allocation d. information technology strategy planning

B The business area analysis outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which processes could most benefit from IT.

The _____ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes. a. management objectives c. risk management b. project controls d. technical processes

B The project controls section describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes. Will there be monthly status reviews and quarterly progress reviews? Will there be specific forms or charts to monitor progress?

______________ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization

Benchmarking

A _____ is an important Scrum artifact used to graphically display progress on each sprint during the monitoring and controlling process.

Burndown Chart

Business Area Analysis

A _____ is an important Scrum artifact used to graphically display progress on each sprint during the monitoring and controlling process. a. WBS b. sprint backlog c. burndown chart d. product backlog

A common _____ process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track. a. executing b. closing c. monitoring and controlling d. planning

Enterprise environmental factors are an output of the executing process of _____. a. project integration management b. project quality management c. project human resource management d. project procurement management

One of the main outputs of the initiation process is _____. a. creating the work breakdown structure b. selecting the project manager c. developing the project charter d. identifying the project sponsor

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping

The _____ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance. a. scope statement b. cost management plan c. work breakdown structure d. project charter

The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. a. conglomeration b. accumulation c. decomposition d. catalyzation

The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project. a. variance b. scope c. deliverable d. work package

Which of the following is true about the agile method? a. It is often used when a project team can express the scope early in the product life cycle. b. It is used when a project team wants to provide a potentially shippable product earlier rather than later. c. It uses several iterations or deliveries of software instead of waiting until the end of the project to provide a product. d. It is used when project teams want to use the predicative approach to a project.

_____ is a planning process that is within the Project Scope Management knowledge area. a. Schedule development b. Developing a project management plan c. Creation of a WBS d. Quality planning

_____ is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members. a. Agile Unified Process b. Dynamic Systems Development Method c. Rational Unified Process d. Six Sigma

_____ involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete. a. NPV analysis c. Configuration management b. Project management information systems d. Project time management

C Configuration management ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete. It involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation.

_____ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document. a. Developing the project charter b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement c. Developing the project management plan d. Developing the organizational process assets updates

C Developing the project management plan involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document—the project management plan.

In a weighted scoring model, the sum of the weights of all the criteria must total _____ percent. a. 10 c. 100 b. 50 d. 150

C In a weighted scoring model, a weight is assigned to each criterion based on its importance to the project. Determining weights requires consultation and final agreement. You can assign weights based on percentages; the weights of the criteria must total 100 percent.

In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects. a. project planning b. business area analysis c. resource allocation d. information technology strategy planning

C In the resource allocation stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.

In Scrum, a(n) _____________ is a useful object created by people.

artifact

The business case includes information on _____. a. the business need for the project c. the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals b. relevant government or industry standards d. policies, procedures, guidelines, and systems that influence a project's success

C Many projects require a business case to justify their investment. Information in the business case, such as the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals, is included in the project charter.

The project schedule information section of the project management plan includes ____. a. a detailed budget c. an elaborate timetable b. a list of key deliverables d. a directory of staff involved in the project

C The project schedule information section should include a detailed schedule that provides more detailed information about the project schedule. It should reference the schedule management plan and discuss dependencies among project activities that could affect the project schedule.

The _____ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are in charge of them. a. organizational charts b. other organizational or process-related information c. project responsibilities d. management objectives

C This section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify the people responsible for them. A responsibility assignment matrix is often used to display this information.

Which os the following is a difference between projects and operations?

C. projects are temporary endeavors whereas an organization's operations are ongoing in nature.

A Gantt chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a ____ format.

Calendar

Benefits minus costs is known as the ___

Cash Flow

opportunities

Chances to improve an organization

A(n) _____ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes.

Change Control System

A _____ is a tool used in quality management.

Checklist

Administrative activities, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project, are often involved in _____ processes.

Closing

The _____ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end.

Closing

Which of the following is a planning process associated with project scope management?

Collecting Requirements

26. _____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.

Collecting requirements

Which action involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them?

Collecting requirements

____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them. a. Collecting requirements c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope

Collecting requirements

_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.

Collecting requirements

4 key issues project managers must address when working on global projects

Communications: time zones, languages, cultures, holidays Trust: recognize other's differences and the value they add to the project Common work practices: align work processes so everyone agrees and feels comfortable Tools: skype, google docs, social media

_____ are an example of external stakeholders for an organization.

Competitors

A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the _____ phase of the project life cycle, and an overview of the work involved is created.

Concept

Configuration Management

What process involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete?

Configuration management

____ involves controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project, which is a challenge on many information technology projects. a. Planning scope c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope

Controlling scope

Executing processes

Coordinating people and other resources to carry out the project plans and create the products, services, or results of the project or project phase

An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of _____.

Corrective Action

_____ should result in improvements in project performance.

Corrective Actions

In which of the following areas of management is payback analysis most likely to be used?

Cost

bottom-up approach

Creating a WBS by having team members identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then grouping them into higher-level categories

top-down approach

Creating a WBS by starting with the largest items of the project and breaking them into subordinate items

analogy approach

Creating a WBS by using a similar project's WBS as a starting point

Which of the following activities is a part of the planning process of the Scrum?

Creating a sprint backlog

Planning

Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.

planning

Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.

_____ is a planning process that is within the Project Scope Management knowledge area.

Creation of WBS

_______________ is a planning process that is within the Project Scope Management knowledge area.

Creation of a WBS.

A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS. a. variance b. objective c. deliverable d. work package

A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project. a. project charter b. business case c. project scope statement d. work breakdown structure

In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point. a. top-down b. bottom-up c. mind-mapping d. analogy

Scope refers to: a. each level of work that is outlined in a work breakdown structure. b. the end product created as part of a project that is delivered to the client. c. tasks that are decomposed into smaller tasks in a work breakdown structure. d. the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.

The project scope management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling

The project time management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activity of schedule control. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling

Which of the following activities is a part of the planning process of the Scrum? a. Determining how many sprints will compose each release b. Demonstrating the product during a sprint review meeting c. Completing tasks each day during sprints d. Creating sprint backlog

Which of the following project parameters would be compatible with the use of the agile approach? a. Projects with inexperienced and dispersed teams b. Projects that have a fairly rigid completion date c. Projects with clear-up front requirements d. Projects that have more flexible scheduling

_____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables. a. Creating scope b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope

_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. a. Prototyping b. JAD c. RAD d. Use case modeling

D A change control system is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be changed. It also describes the people authorized to make changes, the paperwork required for these changes, and any automated or manual tracking systems the project will use.

A _____ is a document that recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management. a. stakeholder register c. directive b. risk register d. project charter

D A project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management.

An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of _____. a. cost forecasting c. defect repairs b. a preventive action d. a corrective action

D Corrective actions should result in improvements in project performance.

_____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence. a. Opportunities c. Problems b. Charters d. Directives

D Directives are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

The outputs of the _____ process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling

D The outputs of the monitoring and controlling process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.

The _____ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment. a. capitalization rate c. discount rate b. internal rate of return d. required rate of return

D The required rate of return is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment

The _____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information. a. management objectives c. risk management b. project controls d. technical processes

D The technical processes section describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information.

Which action involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved?

Defining scope

____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. a. Planning scope c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope

Defining scope

Which of the following is a pre-initiation task?

Developing a business case for a project.

Prototyping

Developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of it to help define user requirements

Which process involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project?

Developing the project charter

_____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project

Developing the project charter

_____ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document.

Developing the project management plan

What are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence referred to as?

Directives

_____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

Directives

Examples of _____ processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements

Executing

12. The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors.

FALSE

13. The WBS is organized solely around project phases.

FALSE

14. A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver.

FALSE

15. A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work.

FALSE

16. Given the project management software that is available, it is relatively easy to create a good WBS.

FALSE

17. The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps.

FALSE

18. The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.

FALSE

2. Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software.

FALSE

21. The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects.

FALSE

5. The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.

FALSE

7. Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions.

FALSE

8. The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start.

FALSE

A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan.

FALSE

A SWOT analysis, being a linear process, cannot be performed using the nonlinear mind mapping technique.

FALSE

A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project.

FALSE

An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection.

FALSE

An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan.

FALSE

Corrective actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks, while preventive actions should result in improvements in project performance.

FALSE

Interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project.

FALSE

Opportunities and directives are essentially the same thing

FALSE

Project integration management must occur just within the context of a particular project

FALSE

Projects that address broad organizational needs are likely to fail.

FALSE

The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time.

FALSE

A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan.

False

A SWOT analysis, being a linear process, cannot be performed using the nonlinear mind mapping technique.

False

A WBS is often depicted as a task-oriented pie chart.

False

A difference between operations and projects is that operations end when their objectives have been reached, whereas projects do not.

False

A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area.

False

A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project

False

A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project.

False

A project manager's primary role is to provide the funding for a project.

False

A project team always organizes the WBS around project products.

False

A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work.

False

A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver.

False

A work package should always represent less than 80 hours of work.

False

According to a 2013 CHAOS study, user involvement is the most important factor that contributes to the success of IT projects.

False

Agile methods comprise of 45 subprocesses which are organized into eight process groups

False

Agile methods comprise of 45 subprocesses which are organized into eight process groups.

False

An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection

False

An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan

False

An organization's project management plan expresses the vision, mission, goals, objectives, and strategies of the organization.

False

An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager's job more difficult

False

Budgetary estimates are made even before a project is officially started. a. True b. False

False

Corrective actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks, while preventive actions should result in improvements in project performance.

False

Decisions and actions taken in one knowledge area at a certain time rarely affect other knowledge areas

False

Decisions and actions taken in one knowledge area at a certain time rarely affect other knowledge areas.

False

Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software.

False

Effective program managers recognize that managing a project is much more complex than managing a program.

False

Given the project management software that is available, it is relatively easy to create a good WBS.

False

Good project managers assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors

False

If the cost performance index (CPI) is less than 100 percent, the project is under budget. a. True b. False

False

In order to be realistic, a project manager should always set discrete goals instead of a range of objectives.

False

Individual projects always address strategic goals whereas portfolio management addresses tactical goals.

False

Initiating and closing tasks are usually the longest and require the most amount of resources and time

False

Initiating processes are not required to end a project

False

Initiating processes are not required to end a project.

False

Interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project.

False

Interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project.

False

Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens.

False

It is mandatory for project managers working on large information technology projects to be experts in the field of information technology.

False

It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases.

False

It is necessary that IT project managers have prior technical experience in creating and managing IT products

False

Key outcomes of the executing process group are formal acceptance of the work and creating of closing documents

False

Key outcomes of the executing process group are formal acceptance of the work and creation of closing documents.

False

Leadership style has no impact on the success of virtual teams.

False

Managing the triple constraint primarily involves making trade-offs between resources and quality.

False

Milestones are easy to achieve and are always achieved through one main activity. a. True b. False

False

Most people believe that the underlying causes of many companies' problems can be traced to its organizational structure.

False

Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits. a. True b. False

False

Opponents of a project do not belong to the category of stakeholders.

False

Opportunities and directives are essentially the same thing.

False

Project initiation involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.

False

Project integration management must occur just within the context of a particular project.

False

Project managers should lead projects in isolation in order to truly serve the needs of the organization.

False

Project procurement management primarily involves identifying stakeholder needs while managing their engagement throughout the life of the project.

False

Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions.

False

Project scope statements should include, at a minimum, a product scope description and detailed information on all project deliverables.

False

Project work is most successful in an organizational culture where activities are organized around individuals.

False

Projects that address broad organizational needs are likely to fail.

False

Questions about how a team will track schedule performance is related to a project's scope

False

Responsibility assignment matrices and project organizational charts are examples of tools used in procurement management.

False

Systems analysis addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.

False

Testing as a stage is important only at the end of an information technology product development. a. True b. False

False

The ROI is always positive.

False

The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process.

False

The best way to sustain a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project.

False

The best way to sustain a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project.

False

The burn down chart is a Scrum created artifact that provides a list of features prioritized by business value

False

The enterprise project management software, which aids project and portfolio management, is a low-end tool.

False

The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.

False

The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects.

False

The format of the WBS dictionary should be the same from project to project.

False

The importance of stakeholders' needs and expectations is limited to the beginning of a project.

False

The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms.

False

The kick-off meeting is always held before the business care and project charter are completed.

False

The kick-off meeting is always held before the business case and project charter are completed.

False

The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase.

False

The nature of hardware development projects is more diverse than software-oriented projects.

False

The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project

False

The only responsibility of a project manager is to meet the specific scope, time, and cost goals of a project.

False

The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time

False

The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a project charter.

False

The pre-initiation phase of a project using the Scrum method does not involve project charters, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meetings.

False

The primary role of project stakeholder management is to ensure that the project will satisfy the stated needs for which it was undertaken.

False

The project scope statement provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes.

False

The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.

False

The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors will not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.

False

The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors.

False

The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start.

False

The scope of a project should be clear and specific from the start.

False

The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps.

False

The team members of a virtual team are all of the same nationality.

False

Managing the triple constraint primariy involves making trade-offs between resources and quality

False, Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals for a project. PM must decide which is most important.

Project procurement management primarily involves identifying stakeholder needs while managing their engagement throughout the life of the project.

False, PM knowledge areas describe the key competencies that PMs must develop. Project procurement management involves acquiring or procuring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.

The only responsibility of a project manager is to meet the specific scope, time, and cost goals of a project.

False, PM must strive to meet scope, time, cost, and quality, but also facilitate the entire process to meet the needs and expectations of people involved in project activities or affected by them.

It is mandatory for project managers working on large information technolody projects to be experts in the field of information technology

False, PMs for large IT projects do not have to be experts in the field of IT, but they must have working knowledge of various technologies and understand how the project would enhance the business.

Earned value management is a tool primarily used in human resource management

False, Project budgets, net present value, return on investment, payback analysis, and earned value management are tools used in cost management.

The importance of stakeholders' needs and expectations is limited to the beginning of a project.

False, Stakeholder's needs and expectations are important in the beginning and throughout th elife of a project. Successful project managers develop good relationships with project stakeholders to understand and meet their needs and expectations.

Questions about how a team will track schedule performance is related to a project's scope

False, project scope deals with "What work will be done as part of the project", "What unique product, service, or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project", or "How will the scope be verified"

A difference between operations and projects is that operations end when their objectives have been reached, whereas projects do not.

False, projects end when their objectives have been reached or the project has been terminated

In order to be realistic, a project manager should always set discrete goals instead of a range of objectives.

False, projects involve uncertainty and limited resources, thus they are rarely finished according to their original scope, time, and cost goals. Instead of discrete target goals, it is often more realistic to set a range of goals.

Opponents of a project do not belong to the category of stakeholders.

False, stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of a project.

The burndown chart is a Scrum created artifact that provides a list of features prioritized by business value.

False. A burndown chart shows the cumulative work remaining in a sprint on a day by day basis

A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area.

False. A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Time Mangement knowledge area.

The pre-initiation phase of a project using the Scrum method does not involve project charters, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meetings

False. A project charter, stakeholder register, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meeting would be created as part of initiation in a project using the Scrum method.

The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process

False. According to RUP expert Bill Cottrell, "RUP embodies industry-standard management and technical methods and techniques to provide a software engineering process paricularly suited to creating and maintaining component-based software systems solutions." Cottrell explained that you can tailor RUP to include the PMBOK process groups because several customers asked for that capability.

Responsibility assignment matrices and project organizational charts are examples of tools used in procurement management.

False. Motivation techniques, empathic listening, responsibility assignment matrices, project organizational charts, and team building exercises are tools used in human resource management.

The primary role of project stakeholder management is to ensure that the project will satisfy the stated needs for which it was undertaken.

False. PM knowledge areas describe the key competencies that PM must develop. Project stakeholder management includes identifying and analyzing stakeholder needs while managing and controlling their engagement throughout the life of the project.

Individual projects always address strategic goals whereas portfolio management addresses tactical goals.

False. Tactical goals are generally more specific and short term than strategic goals, which emphasize long-term goals for an organization. Individual projects often address tactical goals, whereas portfolio management addresses strategic goals.

The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a project charter.

False. The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a stakeholder register.

To be a successful manager, the only skills an IT project manager needs to possess is excellent technical skills.

False`

Scope validation

Formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables

organizational process assets

Formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can influence a project's success

Closing processes

Formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it efficiently

Functional

Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure _____ organizational structure.

Functional

3 Major Types of organizational structure:

Functional Structure: most people think of, manager, vice presidents specialize in IT, HR, CEO. Very separate areas. Project Structure: hierarchical, program managers report to CEO. Staff has a variety of skills to complete projects within program. Consulting firms are project based. Matrix Structure: middle between functional and project structure. Staff report to both functional manager and project manager.

Which of the following tools are most likely to be used in project time management?

Gantt Chart

Which of the following tools are most likely to be used in project management?

Gantt charts

Benchmarking

Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization

Benchmarking

Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.

benchmarking

Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.

Enterprise project management softwares are also known as _____ tools of project management software.

High-end

Team building exercises and motivation techniques are tools used in _____ management.

Human Resources

The _____ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.

Human Resources

Joe is a project manager in an IT company and has over the years, gained substantial knowledge in his area of work. However, while managing his team, he often loses his temper. In addition, he fails to be an active listener when his team members approach him with work related challenges. In which of the following areas does Joe need to develop his skills in?

Human relations skills

____________________ issues often occur during project execution, especially conflicts.

Human resource

A major element of good practice concerns ____________, which addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management.

IT governance

interface management

Identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project

integrated change control

Identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle

In the _____ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders.

Implementation

artifact

In Scrum, an artifact is a useful object created by people

Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure?

In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.

Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure?

In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project managers controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.

bottom-up

analogy

In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.

Which of the following is true of the agile approach to software development?

In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration.

Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?

In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.

Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?

In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.

The _____ model of a systems development life cycle provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.

Incremental Build Life Cycle

During _____ processes for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition.

Initiating

The project integration management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through he activities of developing project charters.

Initiating

The project stakeholder management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group by identifying stakeholders.

Initiating

__________________ processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase

Initiating

_____ involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle.

Integrated change control

_____ involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of the project.

Interface management

The project management plan is the output of the planning process of project

Intigration Management

Which of the following statements is true of project management?

It does not guarantee successes for all projects

What statement is true regarding a return on investment or ROI?

It is always a percentage

Which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI?

It is always a percentage.

Which of the following is true of virtual teams?

It is important to select team members carefully.

Which of the following is true about the agile method?

It uses several iterations or deliveries of software instead of waiting until the end of the project to provide a product.

49. _____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems.

JAD

Which process uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems?

JAD

____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems. a. Prototyping c. RAD b. JAD d. Use case modeling

JAD COMPLETION

Which of the following tools can best help in efficient communication management?

Kick-off Meetings

explicit knowledge

Knowledge that can be easily explained using words, pictures, or numbers and is easy to communicate, store, and distribute, such as information in textbooks, project documents, and plans

Which of the following is a difference between low-end and midrange tools of the project management software?

Midrange tools are designed to handle larger projects than low-end tools.

65. _____ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas when creating a WBS.

Mind mapping

____________________ can be used for developing WBSs using the top-down or bottom-up approach.

Mind mapping

____________________ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.

Mind mapping

_____ project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information.

Monitoring

A common _____ process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.

Monitoring and Controlling

The outputs of the _____ process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.

Monitoring and Controlling

The project scope management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control.

Monitoring and Controlling

The project time management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activity of schedule control.

Monitoring and Controlling

______________ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time

NPV, net present value

_____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

Net Present Value

What type of analysis involves calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time? Group of answer choices

Net present value

_____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

Net present value Net present value (NPV) _____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

directives

New requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence

directives for a productive SWOT analysis

New requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence

_____ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environement

Open-Systems Focus

_____ refer to chances to improve the organization.

Opportunities

_____ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization

Organizational culture

_____ include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can be used to influence a project's success.

Organizational process assets

Which of the following provides certification as a Project Management Professional?

PMI

________________ is a project management methodology that defines 45 separate subprocesses and organizes these into eight process groups.

PRINCE2 aka PRojects IN Controlled Environments

The _____ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.

People Focus

The project cost management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination.

Planning

_____ processes include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs.

Planning

_____________ processes include devising and mainttaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs

Planning

Which of the following processes involves determining the policies, procedures, and documentation that will be used for planning, executing, and controlling the project schedule?

Planning schedule management

The _____ perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.

Politcal Frame

Which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks?

Preventive Actions

Which process is undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks?

Preventive actions

A _____ is a tool used in risk management.

Probability Matrice

_____ refer to undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals.

Problems

Project Integration Management

Processes that coordinate all project management knowledge areas throughout a project's life, including developing the project charter, developing the preliminary project scope statement, developing the project management plan, directing and managing the project, monitoring and controlling the project, providing integrated change control, and closing the project

In a _____organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs.

Project

Project managers have the most authority in a pure _____ organizational structure.

Project

A _____ is a document that recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management.

Project Charter

Which of the following project management knowledge areas primarily involve generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information?

Project Communications Management

The _____ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes.

Project Controls

The first two traditional project phases (concept and development) focus on planning, and are often referred as___

Project Feasibility

Enterprise environmental factors are an output of the executing process of

Project Human Resource Management

Organizational process assets update is the output of the closing process of _____.

Project Integration Management

A _____ is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization.

Project Management Office

A _____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control.

Project Management Plan

Developing a _____ is a planning process that occurs in the Project Integration Management knowledge area.

Project Management Plan

In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.

Project Planning

_________ involves allocating the project costs estimate to individual material resources or work items over time

Project cost budgeting

Martha works as a project manager at a bank. Due to certain changes in external factors, Martha needs to make a few alterations in the tactical goals of her project. In such a scenario, which of the following will best help Martha cope with the change?

Project environment knowledge

Which of the following project management knowledge areas is an overarching function that affects and is affected by the different knowledge areas?

Project integration Management

_____ involves coordinating all of the other project management knowledge areas throughout a project's life cycle.

Project integration management

Which of the following is a difference between project management and portfolio management?

Project management addresses specific, short-term goals whereas portfolio management focuses on long-term goals.

The _____ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are in charge of them.

Project responsibilities

50. _____ includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project.

Project scope management

_____ includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project.

Project scope management

Which of the following is a difference between projects and operations?

Projects are temporary endeavors whereas an organization's operations are ongoing in nature.

Which of the following project parameters would be compatible with the use of the agile approach

Projects that have more flexible scheduling

Which of the following project parameters would be compatible with the use of the agile approach?

Projects that have more flexible scheduling

47. _____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.

Prototyping

71. _____ involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.

Prototyping

Which process involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system?

Prototyping

_____ involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.

Prototyping

_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.

Prototyping

In the _____ model, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously.

Prototyping Life Cycle

The _____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation.

RAD Life Cycle

The ____________ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, join requirements planning, joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation.

RAD life cycle

_______________ is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs.

ROI, return on investment

Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework

RUP is an iterative software development process created by IBM that focuses on team productivity and enables all team members to deliver software best practices to the organization

_________________ is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members

Rational Unified Process

Which of the following is a disadvantage of virtual teams as compared to traditional teams?

Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information

Lessons-learned report

Reflective statements written by project managers and their team members to document important information they have learned from working on a project

Monitoring and controlling processes

Regularly measuring and monitoring progress to ensure that the project team meets the project objectives

54. _____ refer to "conditions or capabilities that must be met by the project or present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification."

Requirements

_____ refer to "conditions or capabilities that must be met by the project or present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification."

Requirements

In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.

Resource Allocation

Galaxy, a construction company, buys a particular brand of tiles manufactured by Tiles and Floors, an eco-friendly tile manufacturing company. However, Tiles and Floors has declared bankruptcy and closed down. At present, Galaxy is facing a crisis because there are no other manufacturers in the market that supplies eco-friendly tiles. Which of the following constraints is Galaxy currently facing?

Resources

Why is top management commitment crucial for project managers?

Resources, fastest way to kill a project is to lose resources. Approval, cooperation from other parts of the organization.

_____ is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs.

Return on investment (ROI)

Robinson Familty

A(n) ____________ is a framework for describing the phases involved indeveloping information systems.

SDLC

A(n) _____ involves analyzing a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and is used to aid in strategic planning.

SWOT analysis

A(n) ____________ involves analyzing a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and is used to aid in strategic planning

SWOT analysis

51. _____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.

Scope

Project _____ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.

Scope

_____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.

Scope

_____________ refer(s) to all the work involved in creating the products of a project and the processes used to create them.

Scope

69. _____ involves controlling changes to the project scope while keeping project goals and business strategy in mind.

Scope control

_____ involves controlling changes to the project scope while keeping project goals and business strategy in mind.

Scope control

____________________ involves controlling changes to the project scope.

Scope control

67. _____ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

Scope creep

_____ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

Scope creep

____________________ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

Scope creep

the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

Scope creep refers to:

The work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.

Scope refers to:

the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.

Scope refers to:

45. _____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.

Scope validation

What process involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders?

Scope validation

_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.

Scope validation

____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders. a. Scope verification c. Scope control b. Scope planning d. Scope definition

Scope verification

76. Describe the process of scope verification.

Scope verification involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders. This acceptance is often achieved by a customer inspection and then sign-off on key deliverables. To receive formal acceptance of the project scope, the project team must develop clear documentation of the project's products and procedures to evaluate if they were completed correctly and satisfactorily. To minimize scope changes, it is crucial to do a good job of verifying project scope. The scope management plan, scope baseline, requirements documentation, requirements traceability matrix, validated deliverables, and work performance data are the main inputs for scope validation. The main tools for performing scope validation are inspection and group decision-making techniques. The customer, sponsor, or user inspects the work after it is delivered and decides if it meets requirements. The main outputs of scope validation are accepted deliverables, change requests, work performance information, and project documents updates.

A _____________ is a cross-functional team of 5 to 9 people who organize themselves and the work to produce the desired results for each sprint.

Scrum team

A _________________ is the person who ensures that the team is productive, facilitates the daily Scrum, enables close cooperation across all roles and functions, and removes barriers that prevent the team from being effective.

ScrumMaster

user stories

Short descriptions written by customers of what they need a system to do for them

tacit knowledge

Sometimes called informal knowledge, this type of knowledge is difficult to express and is highly personal, such as beliefs, insight, and experience

The improvement of the product and process in the Scrum method is discussed at the __

Sprint Reflection Meeting

_____ involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses, studying opportunities and threats, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.

Strategic planning

The _____ perspective of an organization focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.

Structural Frame

4 Frames of organizations

Structural Frame: how the organization is structured (usually depicted in an organizational chart.) and focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management, focus on coordination and control Human Resources Frame: harmony between needs of the organization and the people, resolution between them. Political Frame: competition among groups for power and leadership and scarce resources. Project managers need to pay special attention to who has power over resources and who is for/opposes a project. Symbolic Frame: focus on meaning, not important what actually happened but the meaning behind it. Has to do with company culture.

Decomposition

Subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces

Symbolic

_____ refers to a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.

System Analysis

System Thinking

SDLC

Systems Development Life Cycle: framework for describing the phases involved in developing information systems. (waterfall, spiral, incremental build, prototyping, and Rapid Application Development RAD) These are examples of a predictive life cycle, meaning scope is clearly defined and the schedule and cost can be accurately predicted.

1. Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.

TRUE

10. The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.

TRUE

11. The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.

TRUE

19. Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.

TRUE

20. Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.

TRUE

22. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

TRUE

23. Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects.

TRUE

3. Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project.

TRUE

4. The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project.

TRUE

6. Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.

TRUE

9. Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement.

TRUE

An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.

TRUE

As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.

TRUE

Change requests are always made in writing.

TRUE

Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.

TRUE

NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects

TRUE

Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project.

TRUE

Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project.

TRUE

Projects that arise as a result of problems and directives must be resolved quickly to avoid hurting an organization's business.

TRUE

Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter

TRUE

The _____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information.

Technical Processes

top-down

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.

top-down

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.

Scope statement

The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.

scope statement

The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.

mind mapping

Requirements management plan

The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.

Payback Period

The amount of time needed to recoup the total dollars invested in a project, in terms of net cash inflows

Baseline

The approved project management plan plus approved changes

Scope Baseline

The approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary

Variance

The difference between planned and actual performance

internal rate of return (IRR)

The discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project

Sprint backlog artifact scrum

The highest-priority items from the product backlog to be completed within a sprint

kick-off meeting is often held after

The kick-off meeting is often held after the business case and project charter are completed, but it could be held sooner, as needed.

Initiating Outputs

The main outputs are a project charter and a stakeholder register, also kick-off meeting

Decomposition

The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.

decomposition

The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.

Required Rate of Return (RRR)

The minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment

Product Owner

The person responsible for the business value of the project and for deciding what work to do and in what order

Project Scope Management

The processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project

Project management process groups

The progression of project activities from initiation to planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing

opportunity cost of capital

The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the capitalization rate or discount rate

Discount Rate

The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the capitalization rate or opportunity cost of capital

Capitalization Rate

The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the discount rate or opportunity cost of capital

cost of capital

The return available by investing capital elsewhere

.deliverable

The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.

Deliverable

The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.

Which of the following is true of program managers?

They provide leadership and direction for project managers heading the projects within a program.

Fast tracking is an example of a tool used in _____ management.

Time

What is the main goal of Project cost management?

To complete a project within an approved budget

A dependency pertains to the sequencing of project activities or tasks. a. True b. False

True

A project's stakeholders consist of its customers, users, and suppliers.

True

A sprint review is a meeting in which the team demonstrates to the product owner what it has completed during the sprint

True

A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

True

A work package represents the level of work that the project manager monitors and controls.

True

According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means.

True

An activity is an element of work that has an expected duration, cost, and resource requirements. a. True b. False

True

An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.

True

An organization that uses a project organizational structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract.

True

As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.

True

Change requests and verified deliverables are the outputs of the controlling quality process. a. True b. False

True

Change requests are always made in writing.

True

Customer requirements are an important aspect of the quality planning process. a. True b. False

True

Details of kick-off meetings and the stakeholder details are usually recorded in a Word document

True

Every project should have a well-defined objective.

True

IT project managers must be able to present and discuss project information both in financial and technical terms. a. True b. False

True

Identifying the project sponsor is a pre-initiation task.

True

If you want some time-based flow for the work, you can create a WBS using the project management process groups of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing as Level 2 in the WBS.

True

In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs. a. True b. False

True

In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.

True

In the Scrum Method, team members work as a self-directed group coached by the ScrumMaster

True

In the Scrum method, team members work as a self-directed group coached by the ScrumMaster

True

Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.

True

Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.

True

Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project.

True

It is important for the activity list and activity attributes to be in agreement with the work breakdown structure. a. True b. False

True

Knowing the amount of float allows project managers to know whether a project schedule is flexible. a. True b. False

True

Lack of user input leads to problems with managing scope creep and controlling change.

True

Managing quality includes all of the quality assurance activities plus product design and process improvements. a. True b. False

True

Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement.

True

Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.

True

Many organizations provide guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.

True

Maturity models, statistical methods, and test plans are examples of tools used in quality management.

True

Maturity models, statistical methods, and test plans are examples of tools used in quality managemnt.

True

Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.

True

Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups

True

Most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations.

True

One of the main reasons why project management is challenging is because of the factor of uncertainty.

True

Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project

True

Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project.

True

Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables. a. True b. False

True

Program managers are change agents.

True

Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with a project.

True

Project managers and their teams must keep in mind the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization instead of focusing on the immediate concerns of the project.

True

Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects. a. True b. False

True

Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects.

True

Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization.

True

Project managers must take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders.

True

Project managers work with the project sponsors to define success for particular projects

True

Project managers work with the project sponsors to define success for particular projects.

True

Project schedules grow out of basic documents such as the project charter. a. True b. False

True

Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project.

True

Projects should be developed in increments.

True

Projects that arise as a result of problems and directives must be resolved quickly to avoid hurting an organization's business.

True

Resources in a project should be used effectively because they are limited.

True

Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects.

True

Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.

True

Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter.

True

Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter. Group of answer choices

True

Spreadsheets are a common tool for cost estimating, cost budgeting, and cost control. a. True b. False

True

Stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are tools used in integration management.

True

Standards and guidelines to follow when performing project management must be devised by top management

True

The Adaptive Software Development (ASD) life cycle model assumes that software development follows an adaptive approach because the requirements cannot be clearly expressed early in the life cycle

True

The DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) methodology of the Six Sigma projects, is used to improve an existing business process.

True

The DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) methodology of the Six Sigma projects, is used to improve an existing business process.

True

The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance. a. True b. False

True

The WBS provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.

True

The WBS provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.

True

The critical path on a project can change as the project progresses. a. True b. False

True

The executing process group generally requires the most resources.

True

The introduction of new software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive and easy to create.

True

The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project

True

The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project.

True

The main purpose of the WBS is to define all of the work required to complete a project.

True

The project management plan, project documents, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.

True

The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.

True

The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.

True

The same organization can have different subcultures.

True

The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project.

True

The tasks in a WBS do not have to be developed as a sequential list of steps.

True

The two main items for monitoring and controlling in the Scrum framework are the daily Scrum and the sprint retrospectives

True

The two main items for monitoring and controlling in the Scrum framework are the daily Scrum and the sprint retrospectives.

True

To define activities, the project team should start with reviewing the schedule management plan, scope baseline, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational processes. a. True b. False

True

Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries.

True

Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries. Today's project management involves much more, and people in every industry and every country manage projects.

True

Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles. a. True b. False

True

Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management.

True

You can only enter duration estimates for work packages.

True

A project's stakeholders includes its customers, user, and suppliers.

True, Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponenets of a project

Every project should have a well defined objective

True, a project has a unique purpose, and should have a well defined objective

One of the main reasons why project management is challenging is because of the factor of uncertainty.

True, a project involves uncertainty, and every project is unique, so it is sometimes difficult to define objectives clearly, which is why PM is so challenging.

Resources in a project should be used effectively because they are limited.

True, a project requires resources, often from various sources. Resources, however, are limited and must be used effectively to meet project and other corporate goals.

Projects should be developed in increments

True, progressive elaboration. Initially defined broadly, then over time specific details become more clear, therefore should be developed in increments

Details of kick-off meetings and the stakeholder details are usually recorded in a Word document.

True.

The introduction of new software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive and easy to create.

True.

Stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are tools used in integration management.

True. Project selection methods, project management methodologies, stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are some of the tools used in integrations management.

Problems

Undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals

_____ refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other.

Unit Integration

What is the preferred order for performing testing on IT projects?

Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, user acceptance testing

48. _____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.

Use case modeling

72. _____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.

Use case modeling

Which process involves identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them?

Use case modeling

____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. a. Prototyping c. RAD b. JAD d. Use case modeling

Use case modeling

_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.

Use case modeling

_____________ are short descriptions written by customers of what they need a Scrum system to do for them.

User stories

Joint Application Design (JAD)

Using highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders, the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on to jointly define and design information systems

28. _____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables.

Validating scope

Which action involves normalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables?

Validating scope

46. _____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.

Variance

70. _____ is the difference between planned and actual performance.

Variance

Which term refers to the difference between planned and actual performance?

Variance

_____ is the difference between planned and actual performance.

Variance

_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.

Variance

____________________ is the difference between planned and actual performance.

Variance

____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables during this process. a. Planning scope c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope

Verifying scope

57. A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.

WBS

A _______ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.

WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)

Project Management software helps you develop a _________. Which centers as a basis for creatingWhich centers as a basis for creating Gantt charts, assigning resources, and allocating costs.

WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)

Creating the ____________________ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.

WBS - work breakdown structure - work breakdown structure (WBS)

Some project management experts believe that work should not be done on a project if it is not included in the ____________________.

WBS - work breakdown structure - work breakdown structure (WBS)

66. A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.

WBS dictionary

A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.

WBS dictionary

A(n) ____________________ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.

WBS dictionary

The _______________ is a very important tool in project management because it provides the basis for deciding how to do the work.

WBS work breakdown structure

The _____ model of a systems development life cycle assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.

Waterfall Life Cycle

A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?

An important tool for project scope management is _____.

Work Breakdown Structure

The _____ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.

Work Breakdown Structure

Which term refers to the difference between planned and actual performance? a. Decomposition b. Variance c. Scope validation d. Scope creep

b. Variance

The critical path is the _____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the _____ amount of slack or float. a. longest; longest b. longest; shortest c. shortest; longest d. shortest; shortest

b. longest; shortest

Which term is used for a standard of measurement in quality management? a. milestone b. metric c. merge d. matrix

b. metric

Which addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use? a. reliability b. performance c. maintainability d. functionality

b. performance

Which process is an action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations? a. process adjustment b. rework c. acceptance decision d. validation

b. rework

A(n) _____ is a methodology that converts value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics.

balanced scorecard

A(n) ________________ is a methodology that converts value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operations efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metics.

balanced scorecard

Spiral life cycle:

based on experience with various refinements of the waterfall model as applied to large government software projects. software developed using an iterative or spiral approach

A(n) _____ is the approved project management plan plus approved changes.

baseline

A(n) ______________ is the approved project management plan plus approved changes.

baseline

31. Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.

benchmarking

Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.

benchmarking

Which process involves generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization?

benchmarking

During which approach do team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS?

bottom-up

In the _____ approach to creating a WBS, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.

bottom-up

An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of _____.

a Corrective Action

An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of __________

a corrective action

Change Control System

a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be changed

bottom-up

In the ____________________ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.

bottom-up

Project managers often use the ____ approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping

bottom-up

The ____ approach involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping

bottom-up

The ____ approach is best suited to project managers who have vast technical insight and a big-picture perspective. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping

bottom-up

Which section of the project management plan provides the planned cost of deliverables?

budget

A ________________ is an important Scrum artifact used to graphically display progress on each sprint during the monitoring and controlling process.

burndown chart

The ____________ stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology

business area analysis

Which stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology?

business area analysis

A category of software that can help align projects with business strategy is called _____ tools.

business service management (BSM)

Project procurement management mainly involves:

buying goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.

Project procurement management mainly involves:

buying goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization

Scope validation

_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.

Validating scope

Defining scope

Use case modeling

_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.

Variance

_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.

Prototyping

_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.

JAD

Corrective actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks, while preventive actions should result in improvements in project performance.

false

Interface management involves identifying and managing the point of interaction between various elements of a project

false

It is necessary that IT project managers have prior technical experience in creating and managing IT products.

false

Opportunities and directives are essentially the same thing

false

Project integration management must occur just within the context of a particular project.

false

Projects that address broad organizational needs are likely to fail

false

The ROI is always positive

false

10 knowledge areas

integration, scope, schedule, cost, quality, resource, communications, risk, procurement, and stakeholder management

Which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI?

it is always a percentage

identifying Project stakeholders

people involved in project activities or affected by them, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppli-ers, and even opponents to the project

A _________________ is a document that recognized the existence fo a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management

project charter

How much time does project manager spend in each process group, and why?

project managers spent more time on every process group, except executing, than their counterparts as shown in Figure 3-1. Notice that the alpha project managers spent almost twice as much time on planning (21 percent versus 11 percent) as other project managers. Spending more time on planning should lead to less time spent on execution, which should reduce the time and money spent on projects. The best project managers know and practice this important concept—do a good job of planning.

A ______________ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control

project mangement plan

Change requests are always made in writing

true

In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it

true

Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.

true

NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects.

true

Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project

true

Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project.

true

Projects that arise as a result of problems and directives must be resolved quickly to avoid hurting an organization's business.

true

Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter

true

closing processes

Formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it efficiently

The stakeholder register is an output of

Knowledge area Project Stakeholder Management Initiating process Identify Stakeholder

Planning processes includes

Projects include several plans, such as the scope management plan, schedule management plan, cost management plan, and procurement management plan. These plans define each knowledge area as it relates to the project at a particular point in time.

ScrumMaster Role

The ScrumMaster is a facilitator for the team and product owner. Rather than manage the team, the ScrumMaster works to assist both the team and product owner in the following ways: • Remove the barriers between the development and the product owner so that the product owner directly drives development. • Teach the product owner how to maximize return on investment (ROI), and meet his/her objectives through Scrum. • Improve the lives of the development team by facilitating creativity and empowerment. • Improve the productivity of the development team in any way possible. • Improve the engineering practices and tools so that each increment of functionality is potentially shippable. • Keep information about the team's progress up to date and visible to all parties.

True/False - People who are knowledgeable about the work need to plan the work

True part of Project Planning

PRojects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2)term-30

a project management methodology developed in the U.K. that defines 45 separate sub-processes and organizes these into eight process groups

Stakeholder Analysis

a technique that project managers can use to help understand and increase the support of stakeholders throughout the project

Agile methods

an adaptive product life cycle used when deliverables have a high degree of change and a high frequency of delivery

The project schedule information section of the project management plan includes _____________

an elaborate timetable

______________ should result in improvements in project performance

corrective actions

Stakeholder Register

document that includes details related to the identified project stakeholders

A SWOT analysis, being a linear process, cannot be performed using the nonlinear mind mapping technique.

false

methodology

describes how things should be done, and different organizations often have different ways of doing things.

The first step in determining the NPV is to _____________

determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces.

_____________ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project.

developing the charter

_______________ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document.

developing the project management plan

A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project

false

An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection

false

An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan

false

____________ are new requirements imposed by mangement, government, or some external influence.

directives

Burndown chart artifact scrum

A chart that shows the cumulative work remaining in a sprint on a day-by-day basis

Product backlog artifact scrum

A list of features prioritized by business value

kick-off meeting

A meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans

Sprint reviews SCRUM

A meeting in which the team demonstrates to the product owner what it has completed during the sprint

Sprint retrospectives SCRUM

A meeting in which the team looks for ways to improve the product and the process based on a review of the actual performance of the development team.

Sprint planning session Scrum

A meeting with the team to select a set of work from the product backlog to deliver during a sprint. 4 hrs to full day

process

A series of actions or steps taken to achieve an end

sprint

A set period of time, normally two to four weeks, during which specific work must be completed and made ready for review when using Scrum methods

milestone

A significant event that normally has no duration on a project; serves as a marker to help in identifying necessary activities, setting schedule goals, and monitoring progress

Planning processes

Devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs

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