Information Technology Project Management Mid Term
When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success.
False
_____ processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase.
Initiating
The _____ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment.
Required rate of return
NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects
True
An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan.
false
The nature of hardware development projects is more diverse than software-oriented projects.
false
In the WBS, the name of the entire project is the top box, called Level ____. a. 0 c. 2 b. 1 d. 3
1
In the WBS, the main groupings for the work are listed in Level ____. a. 0 c. 2 b. 1 d. 3
2
Which of the following best describes a kill point in the project life cycle?
A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated
Balanced Scorecard
A strategic planning and management system that helps organizations align business activities to strategy, improve communications, and monitor performance against strategic goals
scope
All the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them
Which of the following best describes outsourcing?
An organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source
Estimates should become more accurate as time progresses. a. True b. False
True
Earned value management is a tool primarily used in human resource management.
False
Six Sigma methodologies
DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) is used to improve an existing business process, and DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify) is used to create new product or process designs
initiating processes
Defining and authorizing a project or project phase
27. _____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.
Defining scope
_____ are an output of the executing process of project integration management.
Delivarables
A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.
Deliverable
_____________ is known for his work on quality control in Japan, and he developed the 14 points for management in his text "out of the crisisis"?
Deming
As the project manager for software development project, you are helping to develop the project schedule. You decide that writing code for system should not start until user sign off the analysis work. What is this.
Dependency
You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the 1st first draft. What is this?
Dependency
Strategic Planning
Determining long-term objec-tives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services
Which of the following is a pre-initiation task?
Developing a business case for a project
_____ is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members.
Dynamic System Development Method
It is necessary that IT project managers have prior technical experience in creating and managing IT products.
FALSE
_____ factors include relevant government or industry standards, the organization's infrastructure, and marketplace conditions.
Enterprise environmental
Which of the following refers to a set of principles that guides decision making based on personal values of what is considered right and wrong?
Ethics
The ROI is always positive
FALSE
The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms
FALSE
The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project.
FALSE
It is easy to create a good WBS.
False
To be a successful manager, the only skills and IT project manager needs are excellent technical skills
False, IT PMs must be willing to develop more than their technical skills to be productive team members and successful project managers. Everyone, no matter how technical they are, should develop business and soft skills.
Which of the following types of tools is usually recommended for small projects and single users?
Low-end
Which of the following are organizational process assets?
Management Systems
Which is an example of an organizational process asset?
Management systems
In a _____ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers.
Matrix
_____ refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession
Member identify
____ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas when creating a WBS.
Mind mapping
_____ is a technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.
Mind mapping
____________ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.
Systems
In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.
TRUE
A _____ is usually not necessary to the Scrum method.
Team Contract
requirements management plan
The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.
Scope Creep
The tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger
Which of the following is true of projects?
They have a unique purpose.
Which of the following best defines the role of leaders?
They inspire people to reach goals.
Which of the following is true of low-end tools of the project management software?
They provide basic project management features.
Collecting requirements
_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.
The project schedule information section of the project management plan includes ____.
an elaborate timetable
41. In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS.
bottom-up
64. In the _____ approach to creating a WBS, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.
bottom-up
The _______________ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end.
closing
Which of the following is a planning process associated with project scope mangement?
collecting requirements
_______________ are an example of external stakeholders for an organization.
competitors
A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the _____________ phase of the project life cycle, and an overview of the work involved is created.
concept
________________ refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior.
control
What actions result in improvements in project performance?
corrective
In which of the following areas of management is payback analysis most likely to be used?
cost
The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project
false
The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project.
false
The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time
false
The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time.
false
The symbolic perspective of an organization:
focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization
The symbolic perspective of an organization:
focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization
In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines. Rizatti Corp can be said to have a ______________ organizational structure.
functional
In a(n) ______________ organizational structure, project managers have little or no authority.
functional
69. Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment.
t
The ____________ model of a systems development life cycle provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.
incremental build life cycle
During _______________ process for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition.
initiating
The project integration management knowledge area maps to the ________________ process group through the activities of developing project charters.
initiating
The project stakeholder management knowledge area maps to the __________ process group by identifying stakeholders
initiating
project management process group
initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing
68. The main tool for performing scope validation is _____ and group decision making techniques.
inspection
The main tool for performing scope validation is _____ and group decision making techniques.
inspection
The main tool for performing scope verification is ____________________.
inspection
______________ involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle
integrated change control
The project management plan is the output of the planning process of project __________________
integration management
A _______________ is a meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans.
kick-off meeting
Which of the following tools can best help in efficient communication mangement?
kick-off meetings, which are an important tool in project communication management. Other tools in project communication management are communication management plans, conflict management, communication media selection, and progress reports.
62. A work package is a task at the _____ level of the WBS.
lowest
Which of the following are organizational process assets?
management systems
____________ is an organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source.
outsourcing
____________ life cycle models of systems development assume that the scope of the project can be articulated clearly and the schedule and cost can be predicted accurately.
predictive
Which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks
preventive actions
In the _____________ model, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously.
prototyping life cycle
Project _____ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.
quality
Project ____________ mangement ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for which it was undertaken.
quality
Which of the following is a disadvantage of virtual teams as compared to traditional teams?
reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information
The _______________ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment
required rate of return
Galaxy, a construction company, buys a particular brand of tiles manufactured by Tiles and Floors, an eco friendly tile manufacturing company. However, Tiles and Floors has declared bankruptcy and closed down. At present, Galaxy is facing a crisis because there are no other manufacturers in the market that supplies eco-friendly tiles. Which of the following constraints is Galaxy currently facing?
resources
A risk register is the output of __________________
risk identification planning
Which section of the project plan lists the planned dates for completing key deliverables?
schedule
Of the following constraints, it is most difficult to describe, agree upon, and meet the ____ goal of many projects. a. scope c. cost b. time d. technical
scope
Project ______________ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.
scope
59. The _____ includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.
scope baseline
The _____ includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.
scope baseline
Good ____ is very important to project success because it helps improve the accuracy of time, cost, and resource estimates, it defines a baseline for performance measurement and project control, and it aides in communicating clear work responsibilities. a. scope planning c. scope definition b. scope management d. scope verification
scope definition
The main outputs of ____________________ are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.
scope definition
The main outputs of _____are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.
scope definition
36. The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.
scope statement
The ____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project. a. project charter c. WBS b. scope statement d. Gantt chart
scope statement
The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.
scope statement
Which document should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project?
scope statement
Sprint planning is part of the basic _____________
scrum framework
Many people confuse tasks on a WBS with ____. a. goals c. responsibilities b. objectives d. specifications
specifications
A ______________ is a Scrum artifact and consists of the highest-priority items from the product backlog to be completed in a sprint.
sprint backlog
73. Modern quality management requires customer satisfaction, prefers prevention to inspection, and recognizes management responsibility for quality.
t
75. ISO 9000 provides minimum requirements needed for an organization to meet its quality certification standards.
t
In organizational culture, people focus refers to _____.
the degree to which management 's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.
top-down
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.
top-down
A(n) ____________________ project scope statement is an important document for developing and confirming a common understanding of the project scope.
up-to-date - up to date -
prototyping life cycle
used to develop software prototypes to clarify user requirements for operational software. Requires heavy user involvement, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specs simultaneously.
The main outputs of ____ are accepted deliverables and change requests. a. planning scope c. defining scope b. controlling scope d. verifying scope
verifying scope
The __________ model of a systems development life cycle assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.
waterfall life cycle
A(n) _____ is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria.
weighted scoring model
A(n) ______________ is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria
weighted scoring model
Waterfall life cycle:
well-defined, linear stages of systems development and support. assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined
33. A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
work breakdown structure
A(n) ____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project. a. project charter c. project scope statement b. business case d. work breakdown structure
work breakdown structure
A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
work breakdown structure
Which document contains a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project?
work breakdown structure
A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of _____ for the project.
zero
A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of ____________ for the project
zero
An organization culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager's job more difficult.
false
An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection.
false
Initiating and closing tasks are usually the longest and require the most amount of resources and time
false
Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens.
false
It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases.
false
Leadership style has no impact on the success of virtual teams.
false
Many projects fail because of unclear requirements and expectations, so starting with a payback analysis makes a lot of sense
false
Many projects fail because of unclear requirements and expectations, so starting with a payback analysis makes a lot of sense.
false
Project managers should lead projects in isolation
false
Project work is most successful in an organiztional culture where activities are organized around individuals.
false
Systems analysis addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.
false
T/F: A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area
false
T/F: A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver
false
T/F: Agile methods comprise of 45 subprocesses which are organized into eight process groups
false
T/F: An organization's project management plan expresses the vision, mission, goals, objectives, and strategies of the organization
false
T/F: Decisions and actions taken in one knowledge area at a certain time rarely affect other knowledge areas
false
T/F: Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software
false
T/F: Initiating and closing tasks are usually the longest and require the most amount of resources and time
false
T/F: Initiating processes are not required to end a project
false
T/F: Key outcomes of the executing process group are formal acceptance of the work and creation of closing documents
false
T/F: Project initiation involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed
false
T/F: Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions
false
T/F: The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process
false
T/F: The WBS is organized solely around project phases
false
T/F: The burndown chart is a Scrum created artifact that provides a list of features prioritized by business value
false
T/F: The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project
false
T/F: The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects
false
T/F: The kick-off meeting is always held before the business case and project charter are completed
false
T/F: The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a project charter
false
T/F: The pre-initiation phase of a project using the Scrum method does not involve project charters, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meetings
false
T/F: The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning
false
T/F: The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors
false
T/F: The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start
false
T/F: The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps
false
T/F:A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work
false
The ROI is always positive.
false
The enterprise project management software, which aids project and portfolio management, is a low-end tools.
false
The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms
false
The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase.
false
The project organizational structure is the most efficient choice for most IT projects.
false
The team members of a virtual team are all of the same nationality
false
When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success.
false
Effective program managers recognize that managing a project is much more complex than managing a program.
false, Effective program managers recognize that managing a program is much more complex than managing a single project
Most people believe that the underlying causes of many companies' problems can be traced to its organizational structure
false, not structure, but culture
A project manager's primary role is to provide the funding for a project
false, that is the sponsor's role
Project initiation involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.
false. Executing the project involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed. it also includes work required to introduce any new hardware, software, and procedures into normal operations.
Good project managers assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors
false. Good PMs do not assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors. They take the time to understand their sponsors' expectations and then track project performance based on important criteria
There are ____ main processes involved in project scope management. a. three c. five b. four d. six
five
Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure ______________ organizational structure
functional
Three general classifications of organizational structures are __________, project, and matrix
functional
____________ refers to the degree to which work activities are organized around teams, rather than individuals.
group emphasis
The main purpose of project plans is to ______________
guide project execution. Developing a project management plan is a planning process falling under the Project Integration Management knowledge area.
63. Some organizations prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. These are known as _____.
guidelines
If ____________________ for developing a WBS exist, it is very important to follow them.
guidelines
Some organizations prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. These are known as _____.
guidelines
Team building exercises and motivation techniques are tools used in _____________ management.
human resource
The _______________ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.
human resources
In the __________ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders.
implementation
Which of the following is true of the agile approach to software development?
in the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration
______________ involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of the project
interface management
The _____ is the discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project.
internal rate of return (IRR)
The ____________ is the discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project
internal rate of return (IRR)
Which of the following is true of virtual teams?
itis important to select team members carefully
A work package is a task at the _____ level of the WBS.
lowest
In a _________________ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project mangers.
matrix
______________ refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession.
member identity
A _____________ describes how things should be done
methodology
40. The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks.
mind mapping
After discovering WBS items and structure using the ____ technique, you could then translate the information into chart or tabular form. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping
mind mapping
The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks.
mind mapping
Which technique is used for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks?
mind mapping
_____________ is a technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas
mind mapping
________________ project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information
monitoring
A common _______________ process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.
monitoring and controlling
The ideal outcome of the _______________ process group is to complete a project successfully by delivering the agreed-upon project scope within time, cost, and quality constraints.
monitoring and controlling
The outputs of the _______________ process include changes request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.
monitoring and controlling
The outputs of which process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates?
monitoring and controlling
______________ includes measuring progress toward project objectives and taking corrective action to match progress with the plan.
monitoring and controlling
The project time management knowledge area maps to the ______________ process group through the activity of schedule control.
monitoring and controlling. The project management knowledge area maps to the monitoring and controlling process group through the activity of schedule control
The project scope management knowledge area maps to the _________ process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control.
monitoring and controlling. The project scope management knowledge area maps to the monitoring and controlling process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control.
___________ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
net present value
____________ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment.
open-systems focus
____________ refer to chances to improve the organization
opportunities
__________ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization.
organizational culture
___________ include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can be used to influence a project's success.
organizational process assets
The _______________ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.
people focus
29. Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.
planning
Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.
planning
Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with which process in project scope management?
planning
The most difficult and unappreciated process in project management is often ________________
planning
The project cost management knowledge area maps to the __________ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination.
planning
In project integration management, project ____________ and ___________ are intertwined and inseparable activities.
planning, execution
The _____________ perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.
political frame
____________ refer to undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals
problems
A _______________ is a series of actions directed toward a particular result.
process
A ______________ is the person responsible for the business value of the project and for deciding what work to do and in what order when using a Scrum method.
product owner
incremental build life cycle:
progressive development of operational software, each release adds more capabilities
In a ________________ organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs.
project
Project mangers have the most authority in a pure __________ organizational structure.
project
Key inputs for preparing the project scope statement include the ____________________, requirements documentation, and organizational process assets such as policies and procedures related to scope statements as well as project files and lessons learned from previous, similar projects.
project charter
The _______________ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.
project charter
Which document recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management?
project charter
Which of the following project management knowledge areas primarily involve generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information?
project communications management
The ______________ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes.
project controls
The first two traditional project phases (concept and development) focus on planning, and are often referred to as ___________
project feasibility
Enterprise environmental factors are an output of the executing process of __________________
project human resource management
Organizational process assets update is the output of the closing process of _________________
project integration management
Which of the following project management knowledge areas is an overarching function that affects and is affected by the different knowledge areas?
project integration management
________________ involves coordinating all of the other project management knowledge areas throughout a project's life cycle
project integration management
What document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control?
project management plan
_____________ progress from initiation activities to planning activities, executing activities, monitoring and controlling activities, and closing activites.
project management process groups
Developing a ______________ is a planning process that occurs in the Project Integration Management knowledge area.
project mangement plan
Which information is included in a business case?
project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals
Which section of the project management plan includes external interfaces, internal structure, as well as roles and responsibilities?
project organization
In the ___________ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.
project planning
Which process includes defining project scope, benefits, and constraints?
project planning
The ___________ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are in charge of them
project responsibilities
Factors such as user involvement, clear business objectives, a minimized or clearly defined scope, and firm basic requirements, are elements of ____________________.
project scope management
56. The main outputs of scope definition are the _____ and project document updates.
project scope statement
An up-to-date ____ is an important document for developing and confirming a common understanding of the project scope. a. scope management plan c. WBS b. project scope statement d. decomposition
project scope statement
The main outputs of scope definition are the _____ and project document updates.
project scope statement
The main outputs of scope definition are the ____________________ and project document updates.
project scope statement
The role of a _____ is to provide direction and funding for a project.
project sponser
The role of a __________ is to provide direction and funding for a project.
project sponsor
What term is used for the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment?
required rate of return
30. The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.
requirements management plan
The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.
requirements management plan
Which output documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed?
requirements management plan
32. A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix
A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix
What is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed referred to as?
requirements traceability matrix
55. A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix (RTM)
A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix (RTM)
In the ________________ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.
resource allocation
Which process involves selecting information technology projects and assigning resources?
resource allocation
The approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary form the ____________________.
scope baseline
The goal of ____ is to influence the factors that cause scope changes, assure changes are processed according to procedures developed as part of integrated change control, and manage changes when they occur. a. scope verification c. scope planning b. scope control d. scope definition
scope control
52. The main outputs of _____are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.
scope definition
The ____________ life cycle model is suitable for projects in which changes can be incorporated with reasonable cost increases or acceptable time delays.
spiral
A ______________ is a set period of time, normally 2 to 4 weeks, during which specific work must be completed and made ready for review when using Scrum methods.
sprint
The improvement of the product and process in the Scrum method is discussed at the ________________.
sprint reflection meeting
A ____________________ is a document that includes stakeholders' roles, names, organizations, and contact information.
stakeholder register
__________ are people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents to the project.
stakeholders
A difference between strategic and tactical goals is that:
strategic goals are long-term in nature whereas tactical goals are short-term.
_________________ involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses, studying opportunities and threats, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.
strategic planning
The ______________ frame of the organization is the one that is usually depicted in an organizational chart
structural
The ___________ perspective of an organization focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
structural frame
60. Tasks in a WBS that are decomposed into smaller tasks are called _____ tasks.
summary
When using project management software, estimates of work time should be entered only at the work package level; the rest of the WBS items are just groupings or _____ tasks.
summary
The project scope statement should reference ____________________, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.
supporting documents
Grey's Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey's have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to wear dark business suits, in order to convey the company's dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients' through the salespeople's clothing is part of the _____ frame of the organization.
symbolic
The ____________ frame of an organization relates to the company's culture
symbolic
______________ refers to problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.
systems analysis
______________ addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and making a change to a system.
systems management
A(n) _____________ is an overall model for thinking about things as sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.
systems philosophy
Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within the greater organizational context. _____ describes this holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.
systems thinking
1. Directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.
t
100. Project risk management does not stop with the initial risk analysis.
t
12. An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.
t
16. Many projects fail because of unclear requirements and expectations, so starting with a project charter makes a lot of sense.
t
17. Project management plans document project planning assumptions and decisions regarding choices.
t
20. All projects can benefit from using some type of project management information system to coordinate and communicate project information.
t
22. Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.
t
25. The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.
t
27. The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.
t
3. The number of interfaces can increase exponentially as the number of people involved in a project increases.
t
31. You can only enter duration estimates for work packages.
t
33. If you want some time-based flow for the work, you can create a WBS using the project management process groups of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing as Level 2 in the WBS.
t
35. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
t
36. Lack of user input leads to problems with managing scope creep and controlling change.
t
38. Schedule performance can be estimated by subtracting the original time estimate from how long it really took to complete the project.
t
39. Different cultures may have different perceptions of work ethic.
t
4. Strategic planning involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.
t
43. Project schedules grow out of the basic documents that initiate a project.
t
46. After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is sequencing them or determining their dependencies.
t
47. Even though the delivery of new hardware may not be in the scope of a project, you should add an external dependency to it if required project activities depend on that delivery.
t
49. The arrows in a network diagram represent the activity sequencing or relationships between tasks.
t
51. It is important that the people who help determine what resources are necessary include people who have experience and expertise in similar projects and with the organization performing the project.
t
52. Fast tracking can end up lengthening the project schedule.
t
54. One of PERT's main disadvantages is that it involves more work than CPM.
t
55. Many projects, especially in information technology, have very unrealistic schedule expectations.
t
57. Most people simply accept poor quality from many information technology products.
t
58. The majority of people in the United States use the Internet.
t
6. Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.
t
61. Quality planning implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions that bring about the desired outcome.
t
62. Understanding which variables affect outcome is a very important part of quality planning.
t
64. It is important to clarify what functions and features the system must perform, and what functions and features are optional.
t
71. Testing needs to be done during almost every phase of the systems development life cycle.
t
76. Many quality experts believe the main cause of quality problems is the lack of leadership.
t
77. Expectations can vary based on an organization's culture or geographic region.
t
78. Risk management is a frequently overlooked aspect of project management.
t
8. As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.
t
80. Before you can improve project risk management, you must understand what risk is.
t
82. The cost for risk management should not exceed the potential benefits.
t
85. You can break down the technology risk category into hardware, software, and network technology.
t
87. The Delphi technique is a systematic, interactive forecasting procedure based on independent and anonymous input regarding future events.
t
88. SWOT analysis can be used during risk identification by having project teams focus on the broad perspectives of potential risks for particular projects.
t
9. Many problems and directives must be resolved quickly.
t
90. A probability/impact matrix or chart lists the relative probability of a risk occurring on one side of a matrix or axis on a chart and the relative impact of the risk occurring on the other.
t
93. The Microsoft Solution Framework (MSF) includes a risk management model that includes developing and monitoring a top-ten master list of risks.
t
98. The Monte Carlo analysis can predict the probability of finishing by a certain date or the probability that the cost will be equal to or less than a certain value.
t
99. Selecting the most experienced project manager is recommended for reducing schedule risks.
t
61. PMI uses the term "_____" to describe each level of work in the WBS.
task
A hierarchy is used to show the levels of _____ in the WBS.
task
PMI uses the term "___________________" to describe each level of work in the WBS.
task
A _______________ is usually not necessary to the Scrum method.
team contract, because Scrum implies that team members work as a self-directed group, coached by the ScrumMaster, a team contract should not be necessary.
The ___________ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information
technical processes
Which section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information? Group of answer choices
technical processes
The 3 spheres of systems management are business, organization, and _____________
technology
Steve, an engineer in a construction company, is at present working on a home construction project. The home is being built for the Robinson family, the owners of the home. Steve is working with his project team and support staff to ensure the project is completed on time. In such a scenario, the project sponsor is __________.
the Robinson family
In organizational culture, means-end orientation refers to _____.
the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
In organizational culture, means-end orientation refers to _______________
the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results
In organizational culture, people focus refers to ______________.
the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization.
In organizational culture, control refers to _____.
the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior
In organizational culture, control refers to _______________.
the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior.
Payback occurs when:
the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs
Payback occurs when:
the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs.
The business case includes information on _____.
the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals
The business case includes information on ___________
the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals
In the development phase of the project life cycle:
the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more thorough WBS.
In the development phase of the project life cycle:
the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more throrough WBS
What is scope creep?
the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger
What is scope creep? a. the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger b. subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces c. the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS. d. a task at the lowest level of the WBS
the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger
44. Scope creep refers to:
the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
Scope creep refers to:
the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
42. Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using
the top-down or bottom-up approach
Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using
the top-down or bottom-up approach
25. Scope refers to:
the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.
Scope refers to: /
the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.
What is the first step in the planning process?
tie the information technology strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan
Fast tracking is an example of a tool used in ____________ management
time
Triple Constraints of Project Management
time, cost, scope
The first step in the planning process is _____.
to tie the information technology strategic plan to the organizations overall strategic plan.
The first step in the planning process is _____________
to tie the information technology strategy to the organization's overall strategic plan
38. The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.
top-down
39. The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.
top-down
Which approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail?
top-down
Which approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items?
top-down
Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using which approach?
top-down or bottom-up approach
A summary of the planned approach for managing the project should describe stakeholder needs and expectations, important assumptions, and constraints.
true
According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means
true
An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year
true
An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.
true
An organization that uses a project organizational structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract.
true
An organization usually commits more money as a project continues, therefore a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals.
true
As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.
true
Identifying the project sponsor is a pre-initiation task
true
In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.
true
Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project
true
Many project management activities occur as part of the planning process group
true
Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups
true
Most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations
true
Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project.
true
Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project. Group of answer choices
true
Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with a project
true
Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects.
true
Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization
true
Project managers must take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders.
true
Project mangers and their teams must keep in mind the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization instead of focusing on the immediate concerns of the project.
true
Standards and guidelines to follow when performing project management must be devised by top management
true
T/F: A sprint review is a meeting in which the team demonstrates to the product owner what it has completed during the sprint
true
T/F: A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS
true
T/F: Details of kick-off meetings and the stakeholder details are usually recorded in a Word document
true
T/F: Identifying the project sponsor is a pre-initiation task
true
T/F: In the Scrum method, team members work as a self-directed group coached by the ScrumMaste
true
T/F: Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope
true
T/F: Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project
true
T/F: Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement
true
T/F: Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs
true
T/F: Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format
true
T/F: Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups
true
T/F: Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project
true
T/F: Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects
true
T/F: Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them
true
T/F: The DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) methodology of the Six Sigma projects, is used to improve an existing business process
true
T/F: The WBS provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance
true
T/F: The executing process group generally requires the most resources
true
T/F: The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project
true
T/F: The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced
true
T/F: The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project
true
T/F: The two main items for monitoring and controlling in the Scrum framework are the daily Scrum and the sprint retrospectives
true
T/F:The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS
true
The Adaptive Software Development (ASD) life cycle model assumes that software development follows an adaptive approach because the requirements cannot be clearly expressed early in the life cycle.
true
The executing process group generally required the most resources
true
The same organization can have different subcultures
true
Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management
true
_______________ refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other.
unit integration
53. Creating the _____ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.
work breakdown structure (WBS)
A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.
work breakdown structure (WBS)
Creating the _____ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.
work breakdown structure (WBS)
Which statement best describes scope?
work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them
35. A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
work package
A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
work package
A(n) ____________________ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
work package
Which task is at the lowest level of the WBS?
work package
A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of what value for the project?
zero
Which testing involves an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system? a. integration b. unit c. user acceptance d. system
c. user acceptance
Systems approach, Systems philosophy, Systems, Systems Analysis, Systems Management
came out in 1950s, holistic and analytical approach to solving complex problems. Systems Philosophy: overall model for thinking about systems. Systems: set of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose. Systems Analysis: problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs. Once this is completed, the systems analyst then examines alternative solutions for improving the current situation, identifies an optimum, or at least satisfactory solution or action plan and examines that plan against the entire system. Systems Management: addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.
Benefits minus costs is known as the ____________
cash flow
What term is used for benefits minus costs?
cash flow
Some projects have a senior manager called a(n) ______________ who acts as a key proponent for a project.
champion
A(n) _____ is a formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes to a project.
change control board (CCB)
A(n) ________________ is a formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes to a project
change control board (CCB)
A(n) _____________ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes.
change control system
Which term is used for a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes?
change control system
A _____________ is a tool used in quality management
checklist, Quality mangement uses quality metrics, checklists, quality control charts, Pareto diagrams, and fishbone diagrams among others.
In the ____________ phase of the project life cycle, the work is completed, and customers should accept the entire project.
close-out
Administrative activites, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project, are often involved in _______________ processes.
closing
_____________ involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete.
configuration management
A positive NPV means the return from a project exceeds the _____, the return available by investing the capital elsewhere.
cost of capital
A positive NPV means the return from a project exceeds the _____________, the return available by investing the capital elsewhere
cost of capital
Which of the following activities is a part of the planning process of the Scrum?
creating sprint backlog
Which document is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule? a. resource breakdown structure b. milestones list c. organizational process assets update d. project charter
d. project charter
What type of management includes the processes required to ensure that a project team completes a project within an approved budget? a. project scope management b. project quality management c. project time management d. project cost management
d. project cost management
How are profits best defined? a. expenses plus net income b. costs plus revenues c. revenues plus expenses d. revenues minus expenditures
d. revenues minus expenditures
Which document contains a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project? a. project charter b. business case c. project scope statement d. work breakdown structure
d. work breakdown structure
34. The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.
decomposition
58. Subdividing the project deliverables into smaller pieces is known as _____.
decomposition
Subdividing the project deliverables into smaller pieces is known as _____.
decomposition
The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. Selected Answer:
decomposition
What is the main technique used in creating a WBS, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces?
decomposition
24. The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.
deliverable
A(n) _____________ refers to a product or service, such as a report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.
deliverable
A(n) ________________ refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.
deliverable
The term ____ describes a product produced as part of a project. a. end-product c. deliverable b. scope d. outcome
deliverable
The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.
deliverable
Which term describes a product produced as part of a project?
deliverable
_____________ are an output of the executing process of project integration management
deliverables
The first step in determining the NPV is to _____.
determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces
What is the first step in determining the NPV?
determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces
A critical path:
determines the earliest completion date of a project.
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
developers work with an evolving prototype. also requires heavy user involvement and helps produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality. Devs use CASE (computer aided software engineering), JRP (joint requirements planning) and JAD (joint application design) to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation
One of the main outputs of the initiation process is _____.
developing the project charter
One of the main outputs of the initiation process is __________
developing the project charter
______________ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.
directives
_____________ factors include relevant government or industry standards, the organization's infrastructure, and marketplace conditions.
enterprise environmental
Examples of _______________ processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements.
executing
The ____ tasks vary the most from project to project. a. closing c. planning b. monitoring and controlling d. executing
executing
___________________ the project includes work required to introduce any new hardware, software, and procedures into normal operations
executing
The majority of time on a project is usually spent on _____, as is most of the project's budget.
execution
The majority of time on a project is usually spent on ________, as is most of the project's budget
execution
The most time and money should be spent on
execution
What is the majority of time on a project is usually spent on?
execution
10. The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time.
f
11. You can use the NPV function in Microsoft Access to calculate the NPV quickly.
f
13. The ROI is always positive.
f
14. The first step in creating a weighted scoring model is to assign a weight to each criterion.
f
15. A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project.
f
18. The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms.
f
19. A commonsense approach to improving the coordination between project plan development and execution is to follow this simple rule: Those who will do the work should not plan the work.
f
2. Project integration management does not include interface management.
f
21. The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors will not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.
f
23. Project scope statements should include, at a minimum, a product scope description and detailed information on all project deliverables.
f
24. The scope of a project should be clear and specific from the start.
f
26. The project scope statement provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes.
f
28. A WBS is often depicted as a task-oriented pie chart.
f
29. A project team always organizes the WBS around project products.
f
30. A work package should always represent less than 80 hours of work.
f
32. It is easy to create a good WBS.
f
34. The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.
f
37. Managers often cite cost issues during the end phase of a project as one of their biggest challenges and the main cause of conflict.
f
40. The outputs to schedule development include activity duration estimates and project document updates.
f
41. The main outputs of estimating activity resources include the activity list and attributes, project scope statement, milestone list, and organizational process assets.
f
42. Most managers are unfamiliar with any forms of scheduling.
f
44. It only takes one activity to complete a milestone.
f
45. Activity information is not a required input to the other time management processes.
f
48. Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity discretionary dependencies.
f
5. An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan.
f
50. Every item on the WBS needs to be on the network diagram.
f
53. By using the PERT weighted average for each activity duration estimate, the total project duration estimate does not account for the risk or uncertainty in the individual activity estimates.
f
56. Project management software does not have the capacity to automatically generate network diagrams and calculate the critical path(s) for the project.
f
59. When an information system does not function correctly, it is generally a slight inconvenience.
f
60. Quality is a lower priority than project scope, time, and cost.
f
63. Organizational policies related to quality, the particular project's scope statement and product descriptions, and related standards and regulations are all important input to the quality assurance process.
f
65. Most information technology products can reach 100 percent reliability.
f
66. Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits.
f
67. Control charts are one tool used in the analyze phase of the DMAIC process.
f
68. All of the Six Sigma principles are brand new.
f
7. Selecting projects is considered an exact science.
f
70. The term sigma means median.
f
72. Integration testing replaces the other forms of testing with a single comprehensive test.
f
74. In TQC, product quality is less important than production rates, and workers are not allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.
f
79. Good project risk management never goes unnoticed.
f
81. Negative risk management is like investing in opportunities.
f
83. The last step in project risk management is deciding how to address this knowledge area for a particular project by performing risk management planning.
f
84. Few organizations develop their own risk questionnaires.
f
86. The psychology literature shows that individuals, working alone, produce fewer ideas than the same individuals produce through brainstorming in small, face-to-face groups.
f
89. Risk events refer to specific, certain events that may occur to the detriment or enhancement of the project.
f
91. Negative and positive risks should always be included in the same probability/impact matrix or chart.
f
92. A simple approach to using probability/impact information is to calculate risk factors.
f
94. A risk management review accomplishes one objective: it keeps management and the customer aware of the major influences that could prevent or enhance the project's success.
f
95. The main output of qualitative risk analysis is a decision tree.
f
96. Quantitative risk analysis and qualitative risk analysis must be done together.
f
97. The lower the EMV, the better.
f
A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan
false
A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan.
false
mind mapping
a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas
An important tool for project scope management is _________.
a work breakdown structure
Which five-phase improvement process do projects that use Six Sigma principles for quality control normally follow? a. DMAIC b. weighted scoring model c. configuration management d. use case modeling
a. DMAIC
Which process involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system? a. Prototyping b. Variance c. Decomposition d. Use case modeling
a. Prototyping
What term is used for any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements? a. defect b. yield c. deliverable d. variance
a. defect
Which phase of the DMAIC process includes tools such as a project charter, a description of customer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data? a. define b. measure c. analyze d. improve
a. define
75. List and briefly describe five approaches for creating work breakdown structures.
*Using Guidelines If guidelines for developing a WBS exist, it is very important to follow them. Some organizations—the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) for example—prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. Many organizations provide guidelines and templates for developing WBSs, as well as examples of WBSs from past projects. At the request of many of its members, the Project Management Institute recently developed a WBS Practice Standard to provide guidance for developing and applying the WBS to project management. Project managers and their teams should review appropriate information to develop their unique project WBSs more efficiently. *The Analogy Approach In the analogy approach, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point. Some organizations keep a repository of WBSs and other project documentation on file to assist people working on projects. Viewing examples of other similar projects' WBSs allows you to understand different ways to create a WBS. *The Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches Most project managers consider the top-down approach of WBS construction to be conventional. To use the top-down approach, start with the largest items of the project and break them into their subordinate items. This process involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail. After finishing the process, all resources should be assigned at the work package level. The top-down approach is best suited to project managers who have vast technical insight and a big-picture perspective. In the bottom-up approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible. They then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS. The bottom-up approach can be very time-consuming, but it can also be a very effective way to create a WBS. Project managers often use the bottom-up approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team. *Mind Mapping Mind mapping is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas. Instead of writing tasks down in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks, mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format. This more visual, less structured approach to defining and then grouping tasks can unlock creativity among individuals and increase participation and morale among teams. After discovering WBS items and structure using the mind-mapping technique, you could then translate the information into chart or tabular form. Mind mapping can be used for developing WBSs using the top-down or bottom-up approach.
business case
- Introduction/background - Business objective - Current situation and problem/opportunity statement - Critical assumptions and constraints - Analysis of options and recommendation - Preliminary project requirements - Budget estimate and financial analysis - Schedule estimate - Potential risks - Exhibits
pre-initiation tasks
-determine the scope, time and cost constraints for the project -identify the project sponsor -select the project manager -develop a business case for the project -meet with the project manager to review the process and expectations for managing the project -determine if the project should be divided into two or more smaller projects
77. What are some of the suggestions for improving the requirements process?
1. Develop and follow a requirements management process that includes procedures for initial requirements determination. 2. Employ techniques such as prototyping, use case modeling, and Joint Application Design to understand user requirements thoroughly. Prototyping involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system. These working replicas may be throwaways or an incremental component of the deliverable system. Prototyping is an effective tool for gaining an understanding of requirements, determining the feasibility of requirements, and resolving user interface uncertainties. Use case modeling is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. It is an effective tool for understanding requirements for information systems. Joint Application Design (JAD) uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems. These techniques also help users become more active in defining system requirements. 3. Put all requirements in writing and keep them current and readily available. Several tools are available to automate this function. For example, a type of software called a requirements management tool aids in capturing and maintaining requirements information, provides immediate access to the information, and assists in establishing necessary relationships between requirements and information created by other tools. 4. Create a requirements management database for documenting and controlling requirements. Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools or other technologies can assist in maintaining a repository for project data. A CASE tool's database can also be used to document and control requirements. 5. Provide adequate testing to verify that the project's products perform as expected. Conduct testing throughout the project life cycle. 6. Use a process for reviewing requested requirements changes from a systems perspective. 7. Emphasize completion dates. 8. Allocate resources specifically for handling change requests.
73. List and briefly describe the six main processes involved in project scope management.
1. Planning scope management involves determining how the project's scope and requirements will be managed. The project team works with appropriate stakeholders to create a scope management plan and requirements management plan. 2. Collecting requirements involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them. The project team creates stakeholder requirements documentation, a requirements management plan, and a requirements traceability matrix as outputs of the requirements collection process. 3. Defining scope involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. The main outputs of scope definition are the project scope statement and updates to project documents. 4. Creating the WBS involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. The main outputs include a work breakdown structure, a WBS dictionary, a scope baseline, and updates to project documents. 5. Verifying scope involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables. Key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables during this process. If the deliverables are not acceptable, the customer or sponsor usually requests changes. The main outputs of this process, therefore, are accepted deliverables, change requests, work performance information, and updates to project documents. 6. Controlling scope involves controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project—a challenge on many information technology projects. Scope changes often influence the team's ability to meet project time and cost goals, so project managers must carefully weigh the costs and benefits of scope changes. The main outputs of this process are work performance information, change requests, and updates to the project management plan, project documents, and organizational process assets.
In a weighted scoring model, the sum of the weights of all the criteria must total _____ percent
100
In a weighted scoring model, the sum of the weights of all the criteria must total ________________ percent
100
In a weighted scoring model, what percent must the sum of the weights of all the criteria total?
100
Which process involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection? a. statistical sampling b. conformance c. system testing d. fitness for use
a. statistical sampling
A _____ is usually not necessary to the Scrum method. a. team contract b. velocity estimate c. Gantt chart d. product backlog
A
A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed. a. requirements traceability matrix b. Gantt chart c. state transition table d. entity-attribute-value model
A
Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management. a. planning b. monitoring and controlling c. closing d. executing
A
During _____ processes for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition. a. initiating b. planning c. opening d. controlling
A
Organizational process assets update is the output of the closing process of _____. a. project integration management b. project quality management c. project procurement management d. project time management
A
Scope creep refers to: a. the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger. b. subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. c. the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS. d. a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
A
The improvement of the product and process in the Scrum method is discussed at the _____. a. sprint reflection meeting b. sprint review meeting c. kick-off meeting d. daily Scrum meeting
A
The project integration management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of developing project charters. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling
A
The project management plan is the output of the planning process of project _____. a. integration management b. quality management c. scope management d. procurement management
A
The project stakeholder management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group by identifying stakeholders. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling
A
Which of the following is a planning process associated with project scope management? a. Collecting requirements b. Performing qualitative risk analysis c. Planning schedule management d. Estimating costs
A
_____ are an output of the executing process of project integration management. a. Deliverables b. Issue logs c. Resource calendars d. Enterprise environmental factor updates
A
_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them. a. Collecting requirements b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope
A
_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders. a. Scope validation b. Scope planning c. Scope control d. Scope baseline
A
_____ processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase. a. Initiating b. Planning c. Executing d. Monitoring and controlling
A
_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system. a. Prototyping b. Variance c. Decomposition d. Use case modeling
A
A _____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control. a. project management plan c. scope statement b. statement of work d. business case
A A project management plan is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control
_____ should result in improvements in project performance. a. Corrective actions c. Preventive actions b. Defect repairs d. Product acceptance plans
A Corrective actions should result in improvements in project performance
_____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project. a. Developing the project charter b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement c. Developing the project management plan d. Performing integrated change control
A Developing the project charter involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project —the charter.
In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints. a. project planning b. business area analysis c. resource allocation d. information technology strategy planning
A In the project planning stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.
Which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI? a. It is always a percentage. c. It is the result of adding the project costs to the profits. b. It is always a positive number. d. The lower it is, the better.
A The ROI is always a percentage. It can be positive or negative.
The first step in determining the NPV is to _____. a. determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces b. determine the discount rate c. calculate the net present value d. determine the cash flow
A The first step in determining the NPV is to calculate the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it creates.
The first step in the planning process is _____. a. to tie the information technology strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan c. to start defining potential IT projects in terms of their scope, benefits, and constraints b. to perform a business area analysis d. to choose which projects to do and assigning resources to work on them
A The first step in the planning process, starting at the top of the hierarchy, is to tie the IT strategic plan to the organization's overall strategic plan.
The majority of time on a project is usually spent on _____, as is most of the project's budget. a. execution c. closing b. planning d. monitoring and controlling
A The majority of time on a project is usually spent on execution, as is most of the project's budget.
A project's internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of _____ for the project. a. zero c. a hundred percent b. one d. fifty percent
A You can determine a project's internal rate of return (IRR) by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of zero for the project.
What tool can use to determine whether process is in control or out of control?
A Control Chart
requirement
A condition or capability that must be met by the project or that must be present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification
Scrum team or development team
A cross-functional team of five to nine people who organize themselves and the work to produce the desired results for each sprint
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
A deliverable oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
A deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope
work breakdown structure (WBS)
A deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope
Project Charter
A document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management
Project Scope Statement
A document that includes at least a description of the project, including its overall objectives and justification, detailed descriptions of all project deliverables, and the characteristics and requirements of products and services produced as part of the project
WBS Dictionary
A document that includes detailed information about each WBS item
Project Management Plan
A document used to coordinate all project planning documents and guide project execution and control
Change Control Board (CCB)
A formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes on a project
return on investment (ROI)
A method for determining the financial value of a project; the ROI is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs
net present value (NPV) analysis
A method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time
discount factor
A multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year
requirements management plan
A plan that describes how project requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed
use case modeling
A process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them
Configuration Management
A process that ensures that the descriptions of a project's products are correct and complete
Deliverable
A product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project
Daily Scrum
A short meeting for the development team to share progress and challenges and plan work for the day.
requirements traceability matrix (RTM)
A table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed
Work Package
A task at the lowest level of the WBS
weighted scoring model
A technique that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on numerous criteria
43. Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?
A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
Which is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?
A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?
A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
74. What is a work breakdown structure? What are the inputs and tools used for creating one?
A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project. Because most projects involve many people and many different deliverables, it is important to organize and divide the work into logical parts based on how the work will be performed. The WBS is a foundation document in project management because it provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes. Since the WBS defines the total scope of the project, some project management experts believe that work should not be done on a project if it is not included in the WBS. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a good WBS. The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS. The main tool or technique is decomposition, that is, subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. The outputs of the process of creating the WBS are the WBS itself, the WBS dictionary, a scope baseline, and project document updates.
Work package
A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
work package
A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.
Work breakdown structure
A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
work breakdown structure
A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.
Requirements traceability matrix
A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix
A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
If done well, the _____________ can produce several releases of useful software.
agile method
The term ____________ describes new approaches that focus on close collaboration between programming teams and business experts.
agile software development
Agile Methods
An approach to managing projects that includes a workflow comprised of short iterations and incremental delivery of software
Which of the following best describes outsourcing?
an organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source
artifact can be
An artifact can be called a deliverable in other project management approaches.
SWOT analysis
Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats; used to aid in strategic planning
37. In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.
analogy
In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.
analogy
Which approach for constructing a WBS uses a similar project's WBS as a starting point?
analogy
In the ____, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point. a. top-down approach c. mind-mapping approach b. bottom-up approach d. analogy approach
analogy approach
Which of the following questions reflect the strategic goals of project portfolio management
Are we investing in the right areas?
Developing a _____ is a planning process that occurs in the Project Integration Management knowledge area. a. schedule management plan b. project management plan c. WBS d. quality management
B
Examples of _____ processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements. a. monitoring and controlling b. executing c. planning d. initiating
B
Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____. a. variance b. benchmarking c. prototyping d. decomposition
B
In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
B
The _____ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end. a. executing b. closing c. planning d. monitoring
B
The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project. a. project charter b. scope statement c. WBS d. Gantt chart
B
The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed. a. requirements traceability matrix b. requirements management plan c. WBS d. project scope statement
B
The project cost management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling
B
Which of the following is a pre-initiation task? a. Drawing up a work breakdown structure b. Developing a business case for a project c. Drafting the project charter d. Identifying stakeholders
B
Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS? a. Any WBS item should be the responsibility of all the people working on it. b. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS. c. Each WBS item should be created assuming that the requirements are inflexible. d. The work content of a WBS item is independent of the WBS items below it.
B
_____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. a. Creating scope b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope
B
_____ processes include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs. a. Initiating b. Planning c. Executing d. Monitoring and controlling
B
_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance. a. Decomposition b. Variance c. Scope validation d. Scope creep
B
_____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems. a. Prototyping b. JAD c. RAD d. Use case modeling
B
Benefits minus costs is known as the _____. a. cost of capital c. discount factor b. cash flow d. opportunity cost of capital
B Cash flow is the benefits minus costs or income minus expenses.
_____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time. a. Cost of capital c. Cash flow b. Net present value d. Payback
B Net present value (NPV) analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
Payback occurs when: a. the net cumulative benefits minus costs equal one. c. the net costs are lower than the cumulative benefits. b. the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs. d. the cumulative benefits are double the cumulative costs.
B Payback occurs when the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs, or when the net cumulative benefits minus costs equal zero.
Which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks? a. Performance reports c. Defect repairs b. Preventive actions d. Corrective actions
B Preventive actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks. The problem has not yet occurred. Measures are taken so that problems do not occur.
The _____ stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology. a. project planning b. business area analysis c. resource allocation d. information technology strategy planning
B The business area analysis outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which processes could most benefit from IT.
The _____ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes. a. management objectives c. risk management b. project controls d. technical processes
B The project controls section describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes. Will there be monthly status reviews and quarterly progress reviews? Will there be specific forms or charts to monitor progress?
______________ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization
Benchmarking
A _____ is an important Scrum artifact used to graphically display progress on each sprint during the monitoring and controlling process.
Burndown Chart
The _____ stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology.
Business Area Analysis
A _____ is an important Scrum artifact used to graphically display progress on each sprint during the monitoring and controlling process. a. WBS b. sprint backlog c. burndown chart d. product backlog
C
A common _____ process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track. a. executing b. closing c. monitoring and controlling d. planning
C
Enterprise environmental factors are an output of the executing process of _____. a. project integration management b. project quality management c. project human resource management d. project procurement management
C
One of the main outputs of the initiation process is _____. a. creating the work breakdown structure b. selecting the project manager c. developing the project charter d. identifying the project sponsor
C
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
C
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
C
The _____ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance. a. scope statement b. cost management plan c. work breakdown structure d. project charter
C
The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. a. conglomeration b. accumulation c. decomposition d. catalyzation
C
The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project. a. variance b. scope c. deliverable d. work package
C
Which of the following is true about the agile method? a. It is often used when a project team can express the scope early in the product life cycle. b. It is used when a project team wants to provide a potentially shippable product earlier rather than later. c. It uses several iterations or deliveries of software instead of waiting until the end of the project to provide a product. d. It is used when project teams want to use the predicative approach to a project.
C
_____ is a planning process that is within the Project Scope Management knowledge area. a. Schedule development b. Developing a project management plan c. Creation of a WBS d. Quality planning
C
_____ is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members. a. Agile Unified Process b. Dynamic Systems Development Method c. Rational Unified Process d. Six Sigma
C
_____ involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete. a. NPV analysis c. Configuration management b. Project management information systems d. Project time management
C Configuration management ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete. It involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation.
_____ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document. a. Developing the project charter b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement c. Developing the project management plan d. Developing the organizational process assets updates
C Developing the project management plan involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document—the project management plan.
In a weighted scoring model, the sum of the weights of all the criteria must total _____ percent. a. 10 c. 100 b. 50 d. 150
C In a weighted scoring model, a weight is assigned to each criterion based on its importance to the project. Determining weights requires consultation and final agreement. You can assign weights based on percentages; the weights of the criteria must total 100 percent.
In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects. a. project planning b. business area analysis c. resource allocation d. information technology strategy planning
C In the resource allocation stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.
In Scrum, a(n) _____________ is a useful object created by people.
artifact
The business case includes information on _____. a. the business need for the project c. the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals b. relevant government or industry standards d. policies, procedures, guidelines, and systems that influence a project's success
C Many projects require a business case to justify their investment. Information in the business case, such as the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals, is included in the project charter.
The project schedule information section of the project management plan includes ____. a. a detailed budget c. an elaborate timetable b. a list of key deliverables d. a directory of staff involved in the project
C The project schedule information section should include a detailed schedule that provides more detailed information about the project schedule. It should reference the schedule management plan and discuss dependencies among project activities that could affect the project schedule.
The _____ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are in charge of them. a. organizational charts b. other organizational or process-related information c. project responsibilities d. management objectives
C This section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify the people responsible for them. A responsibility assignment matrix is often used to display this information.
Which os the following is a difference between projects and operations?
C. projects are temporary endeavors whereas an organization's operations are ongoing in nature.
A Gantt chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a ____ format.
Calendar
Benefits minus costs is known as the ___
Cash Flow
opportunities
Chances to improve an organization
A(n) _____ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes.
Change Control System
A _____ is a tool used in quality management.
Checklist
Administrative activities, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project, are often involved in _____ processes.
Closing
The _____ process involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services and bringing the project, or project phase, to an orderly end.
Closing
Which of the following is a planning process associated with project scope management?
Collecting Requirements
26. _____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.
Collecting requirements
Which action involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them?
Collecting requirements
____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them. a. Collecting requirements c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope
Collecting requirements
_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.
Collecting requirements
4 key issues project managers must address when working on global projects
Communications: time zones, languages, cultures, holidays Trust: recognize other's differences and the value they add to the project Common work practices: align work processes so everyone agrees and feels comfortable Tools: skype, google docs, social media
_____ are an example of external stakeholders for an organization.
Competitors
A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the _____ phase of the project life cycle, and an overview of the work involved is created.
Concept
_____ involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete.
Configuration Management
What process involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project's products are correct and complete?
Configuration management
____ involves controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project, which is a challenge on many information technology projects. a. Planning scope c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope
Controlling scope
Executing processes
Coordinating people and other resources to carry out the project plans and create the products, services, or results of the project or project phase
An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of _____.
Corrective Action
_____ should result in improvements in project performance.
Corrective Actions
In which of the following areas of management is payback analysis most likely to be used?
Cost
bottom-up approach
Creating a WBS by having team members identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then grouping them into higher-level categories
top-down approach
Creating a WBS by starting with the largest items of the project and breaking them into subordinate items
analogy approach
Creating a WBS by using a similar project's WBS as a starting point
Which of the following activities is a part of the planning process of the Scrum?
Creating a sprint backlog
Planning
Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.
planning
Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.
_____ is a planning process that is within the Project Scope Management knowledge area.
Creation of WBS
_______________ is a planning process that is within the Project Scope Management knowledge area.
Creation of a WBS.
A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS. a. variance b. objective c. deliverable d. work package
D
A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project. a. project charter b. business case c. project scope statement d. work breakdown structure
D
Administrative activities, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project, are often involved in _____ processes. a. monitoring and controlling b. executing c. initiating d. closing
D
In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point. a. top-down b. bottom-up c. mind-mapping d. analogy
D
Scope refers to: a. each level of work that is outlined in a work breakdown structure. b. the end product created as part of a project that is delivered to the client. c. tasks that are decomposed into smaller tasks in a work breakdown structure. d. the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.
D
The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks. a. analogy b. bottom-up c. top-down d. mind mapping
D
The project scope management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling
D
The project time management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activity of schedule control. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling
D
Which of the following activities is a part of the planning process of the Scrum? a. Determining how many sprints will compose each release b. Demonstrating the product during a sprint review meeting c. Completing tasks each day during sprints d. Creating sprint backlog
D
Which of the following project parameters would be compatible with the use of the agile approach? a. Projects with inexperienced and dispersed teams b. Projects that have a fairly rigid completion date c. Projects with clear-up front requirements d. Projects that have more flexible scheduling
D
_____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables. a. Creating scope b. Defining scope c. Controlling scope d. Validating scope
D
_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. a. Prototyping b. JAD c. RAD d. Use case modeling
D
A(n) _____ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes. a. WBS c. performance report b. project charter d. change control system
D A change control system is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be changed. It also describes the people authorized to make changes, the paperwork required for these changes, and any automated or manual tracking systems the project will use.
A _____ is a document that recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management. a. stakeholder register c. directive b. risk register d. project charter
D A project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management.
An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of _____. a. cost forecasting c. defect repairs b. a preventive action d. a corrective action
D Corrective actions should result in improvements in project performance.
_____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence. a. Opportunities c. Problems b. Charters d. Directives
D Directives are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.
The outputs of the _____ process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates. a. initiating b. planning c. executing d. monitoring and controlling
D The outputs of the monitoring and controlling process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.
The _____ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment. a. capitalization rate c. discount rate b. internal rate of return d. required rate of return
D The required rate of return is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment
The _____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information. a. management objectives c. risk management b. project controls d. technical processes
D The technical processes section describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information.
Which action involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved?
Defining scope
____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved. a. Planning scope c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope
Defining scope
_____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.
Defining scope
Which of the following is a pre-initiation task?
Developing a business case for a project.
Prototyping
Developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of it to help define user requirements
Which process involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project?
Developing the project charter
_____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project
Developing the project charter
_____ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document.
Developing the project management plan
What are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence referred to as?
Directives
_____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.
Directives
Examples of _____ processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements
Executing
12. The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors.
FALSE
13. The WBS is organized solely around project phases.
FALSE
14. A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver.
FALSE
15. A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work.
FALSE
16. Given the project management software that is available, it is relatively easy to create a good WBS.
FALSE
17. The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps.
FALSE
18. The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.
FALSE
2. Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software.
FALSE
21. The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects.
FALSE
5. The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.
FALSE
7. Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions.
FALSE
8. The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start.
FALSE
A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan.
FALSE
A SWOT analysis, being a linear process, cannot be performed using the nonlinear mind mapping technique.
FALSE
A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project.
FALSE
An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection.
FALSE
An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan.
FALSE
Corrective actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks, while preventive actions should result in improvements in project performance.
FALSE
Interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project.
FALSE
Opportunities and directives are essentially the same thing
FALSE
Project integration management must occur just within the context of a particular project
FALSE
Projects that address broad organizational needs are likely to fail.
FALSE
The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time.
FALSE
A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan.
False
A SWOT analysis, being a linear process, cannot be performed using the nonlinear mind mapping technique.
False
A WBS is often depicted as a task-oriented pie chart.
False
A difference between operations and projects is that operations end when their objectives have been reached, whereas projects do not.
False
A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area.
False
A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project
False
A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project.
False
A project manager's primary role is to provide the funding for a project.
False
A project team always organizes the WBS around project products.
False
A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work.
False
A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver.
False
A work package should always represent less than 80 hours of work.
False
According to a 2013 CHAOS study, user involvement is the most important factor that contributes to the success of IT projects.
False
Agile methods comprise of 45 subprocesses which are organized into eight process groups
False
Agile methods comprise of 45 subprocesses which are organized into eight process groups.
False
An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection
False
An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan
False
An organization's project management plan expresses the vision, mission, goals, objectives, and strategies of the organization.
False
An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager's job more difficult
False
Budgetary estimates are made even before a project is officially started. a. True b. False
False
Corrective actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks, while preventive actions should result in improvements in project performance.
False
Decisions and actions taken in one knowledge area at a certain time rarely affect other knowledge areas
False
Decisions and actions taken in one knowledge area at a certain time rarely affect other knowledge areas.
False
Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software.
False
Effective program managers recognize that managing a project is much more complex than managing a program.
False
Given the project management software that is available, it is relatively easy to create a good WBS.
False
Good project managers assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors
False
If the cost performance index (CPI) is less than 100 percent, the project is under budget. a. True b. False
False
In order to be realistic, a project manager should always set discrete goals instead of a range of objectives.
False
Individual projects always address strategic goals whereas portfolio management addresses tactical goals.
False
Initiating and closing tasks are usually the longest and require the most amount of resources and time
False
Initiating processes are not required to end a project
False
Initiating processes are not required to end a project.
False
Interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project.
False
Interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project.
False
Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens.
False
It is mandatory for project managers working on large information technology projects to be experts in the field of information technology.
False
It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases.
False
It is necessary that IT project managers have prior technical experience in creating and managing IT products
False
Key outcomes of the executing process group are formal acceptance of the work and creating of closing documents
False
Key outcomes of the executing process group are formal acceptance of the work and creation of closing documents.
False
Leadership style has no impact on the success of virtual teams.
False
Managing the triple constraint primarily involves making trade-offs between resources and quality.
False
Milestones are easy to achieve and are always achieved through one main activity. a. True b. False
False
Most people believe that the underlying causes of many companies' problems can be traced to its organizational structure.
False
Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits. a. True b. False
False
Opponents of a project do not belong to the category of stakeholders.
False
Opportunities and directives are essentially the same thing.
False
Project initiation involves taking the actions necessary to ensure that activities in the project plan are completed.
False
Project integration management must occur just within the context of a particular project.
False
Project managers should lead projects in isolation in order to truly serve the needs of the organization.
False
Project procurement management primarily involves identifying stakeholder needs while managing their engagement throughout the life of the project.
False
Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions.
False
Project scope statements should include, at a minimum, a product scope description and detailed information on all project deliverables.
False
Project work is most successful in an organizational culture where activities are organized around individuals.
False
Projects that address broad organizational needs are likely to fail.
False
Questions about how a team will track schedule performance is related to a project's scope
False
Responsibility assignment matrices and project organizational charts are examples of tools used in procurement management.
False
Systems analysis addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.
False
Testing as a stage is important only at the end of an information technology product development. a. True b. False
False
The ROI is always positive.
False
The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process.
False
The best way to sustain a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project.
False
The best way to sustain a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project.
False
The burn down chart is a Scrum created artifact that provides a list of features prioritized by business value
False
The enterprise project management software, which aids project and portfolio management, is a low-end tool.
False
The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.
False
The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects.
False
The format of the WBS dictionary should be the same from project to project.
False
The importance of stakeholders' needs and expectations is limited to the beginning of a project.
False
The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms.
False
The kick-off meeting is always held before the business care and project charter are completed.
False
The kick-off meeting is always held before the business case and project charter are completed.
False
The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase.
False
The nature of hardware development projects is more diverse than software-oriented projects.
False
The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people involved in the project
False
The only responsibility of a project manager is to meet the specific scope, time, and cost goals of a project.
False
The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time
False
The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a project charter.
False
The pre-initiation phase of a project using the Scrum method does not involve project charters, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meetings.
False
The primary role of project stakeholder management is to ensure that the project will satisfy the stated needs for which it was undertaken.
False
The project scope statement provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes.
False
The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.
False
The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors will not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.
False
The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors.
False
The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start.
False
The scope of a project should be clear and specific from the start.
False
The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps.
False
The team members of a virtual team are all of the same nationality.
False
Managing the triple constraint primariy involves making trade-offs between resources and quality
False, Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals for a project. PM must decide which is most important.
Project procurement management primarily involves identifying stakeholder needs while managing their engagement throughout the life of the project.
False, PM knowledge areas describe the key competencies that PMs must develop. Project procurement management involves acquiring or procuring goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.
The only responsibility of a project manager is to meet the specific scope, time, and cost goals of a project.
False, PM must strive to meet scope, time, cost, and quality, but also facilitate the entire process to meet the needs and expectations of people involved in project activities or affected by them.
It is mandatory for project managers working on large information technolody projects to be experts in the field of information technology
False, PMs for large IT projects do not have to be experts in the field of IT, but they must have working knowledge of various technologies and understand how the project would enhance the business.
Earned value management is a tool primarily used in human resource management
False, Project budgets, net present value, return on investment, payback analysis, and earned value management are tools used in cost management.
The importance of stakeholders' needs and expectations is limited to the beginning of a project.
False, Stakeholder's needs and expectations are important in the beginning and throughout th elife of a project. Successful project managers develop good relationships with project stakeholders to understand and meet their needs and expectations.
Questions about how a team will track schedule performance is related to a project's scope
False, project scope deals with "What work will be done as part of the project", "What unique product, service, or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project", or "How will the scope be verified"
A difference between operations and projects is that operations end when their objectives have been reached, whereas projects do not.
False, projects end when their objectives have been reached or the project has been terminated
In order to be realistic, a project manager should always set discrete goals instead of a range of objectives.
False, projects involve uncertainty and limited resources, thus they are rarely finished according to their original scope, time, and cost goals. Instead of discrete target goals, it is often more realistic to set a range of goals.
Opponents of a project do not belong to the category of stakeholders.
False, stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of a project.
The burndown chart is a Scrum created artifact that provides a list of features prioritized by business value.
False. A burndown chart shows the cumulative work remaining in a sprint on a day by day basis
A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area.
False. A milestone list is an output associated with the Project Time Mangement knowledge area.
The pre-initiation phase of a project using the Scrum method does not involve project charters, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meetings
False. A project charter, stakeholder register, stakeholder management strategy, and kick-off meeting would be created as part of initiation in a project using the Scrum method.
The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process
False. According to RUP expert Bill Cottrell, "RUP embodies industry-standard management and technical methods and techniques to provide a software engineering process paricularly suited to creating and maintaining component-based software systems solutions." Cottrell explained that you can tailor RUP to include the PMBOK process groups because several customers asked for that capability.
Responsibility assignment matrices and project organizational charts are examples of tools used in procurement management.
False. Motivation techniques, empathic listening, responsibility assignment matrices, project organizational charts, and team building exercises are tools used in human resource management.
The primary role of project stakeholder management is to ensure that the project will satisfy the stated needs for which it was undertaken.
False. PM knowledge areas describe the key competencies that PM must develop. Project stakeholder management includes identifying and analyzing stakeholder needs while managing and controlling their engagement throughout the life of the project.
Individual projects always address strategic goals whereas portfolio management addresses tactical goals.
False. Tactical goals are generally more specific and short term than strategic goals, which emphasize long-term goals for an organization. Individual projects often address tactical goals, whereas portfolio management addresses strategic goals.
The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a project charter.
False. The output of the stakeholder management strategy results is a stakeholder register.
To be a successful manager, the only skills an IT project manager needs to possess is excellent technical skills.
False`
Scope validation
Formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables
organizational process assets
Formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can influence a project's success
Closing processes
Formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it efficiently
In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines. Rizatti Corp can be said to have a _____ organizational structure.
Functional
Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure _____ organizational structure.
Functional
3 Major Types of organizational structure:
Functional Structure: most people think of, manager, vice presidents specialize in IT, HR, CEO. Very separate areas. Project Structure: hierarchical, program managers report to CEO. Staff has a variety of skills to complete projects within program. Consulting firms are project based. Matrix Structure: middle between functional and project structure. Staff report to both functional manager and project manager.
Which of the following tools are most likely to be used in project time management?
Gantt Chart
Which of the following tools are most likely to be used in project management?
Gantt charts
Benchmarking
Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization
Benchmarking
Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.
benchmarking
Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.
Enterprise project management softwares are also known as _____ tools of project management software.
High-end
Team building exercises and motivation techniques are tools used in _____ management.
Human Resources
The _____ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people.
Human Resources
Joe is a project manager in an IT company and has over the years, gained substantial knowledge in his area of work. However, while managing his team, he often loses his temper. In addition, he fails to be an active listener when his team members approach him with work related challenges. In which of the following areas does Joe need to develop his skills in?
Human relations skills
____________________ issues often occur during project execution, especially conflicts.
Human resource
A major element of good practice concerns ____________, which addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management.
IT governance
interface management
Identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project
integrated change control
Identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle
In the _____ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders.
Implementation
artifact
In Scrum, an artifact is a useful object created by people
Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure?
In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.
Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure?
In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project managers controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.
bottom-up
In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS.
analogy
In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.
Which of the following is true of the agile approach to software development?
In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration.
Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?
In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.
Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?
In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.
The _____ model of a systems development life cycle provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities.
Incremental Build Life Cycle
During _____ processes for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new project exists, and completes a project charter as part of this recognition.
Initiating
The project integration management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through he activities of developing project charters.
Initiating
The project stakeholder management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group by identifying stakeholders.
Initiating
__________________ processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase
Initiating
_____ involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle.
Integrated change control
_____ involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of the project.
Interface management
The project management plan is the output of the planning process of project
Intigration Management
Which of the following statements is true of project management?
It does not guarantee successes for all projects
What statement is true regarding a return on investment or ROI?
It is always a percentage
Which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI?
It is always a percentage.
Which of the following is true of virtual teams?
It is important to select team members carefully.
Which of the following is true about the agile method?
It uses several iterations or deliveries of software instead of waiting until the end of the project to provide a product.
49. _____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems.
JAD
Which process uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems?
JAD
_____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems.
JAD
____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems. a. Prototyping c. RAD b. JAD d. Use case modeling
JAD COMPLETION
Which of the following tools can best help in efficient communication management?
Kick-off Meetings
explicit knowledge
Knowledge that can be easily explained using words, pictures, or numbers and is easy to communicate, store, and distribute, such as information in textbooks, project documents, and plans
Which of the following is a difference between low-end and midrange tools of the project management software?
Midrange tools are designed to handle larger projects than low-end tools.
65. _____ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas when creating a WBS.
Mind mapping
____________________ can be used for developing WBSs using the top-down or bottom-up approach.
Mind mapping
____________________ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.
Mind mapping
_____ project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information.
Monitoring
A common _____ process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.
Monitoring and Controlling
The outputs of the _____ process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.
Monitoring and Controlling
The project scope management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of scope validation and scope control.
Monitoring and Controlling
The project time management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activity of schedule control.
Monitoring and Controlling
______________ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time
NPV, net present value
_____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
Net Present Value
What type of analysis involves calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time? Group of answer choices
Net present value
_____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
Net present value Net present value (NPV) _____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
directives
New requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence
directives for a productive SWOT analysis
New requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence
_____ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environement
Open-Systems Focus
_____ refer to chances to improve the organization.
Opportunities
_____ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization
Organizational culture
_____ include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can be used to influence a project's success.
Organizational process assets
Which of the following provides certification as a Project Management Professional?
PMI
________________ is a project management methodology that defines 45 separate subprocesses and organizes these into eight process groups.
PRINCE2 aka PRojects IN Controlled Environments
The _____ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.
People Focus
The project cost management knowledge area maps to the _____ process group through the activities of estimating costs and budget determination.
Planning
_____ processes include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs.
Planning
_____________ processes include devising and mainttaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs
Planning
Which of the following processes involves determining the policies, procedures, and documentation that will be used for planning, executing, and controlling the project schedule?
Planning schedule management
The _____ perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups.
Politcal Frame
Which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks?
Preventive Actions
Which process is undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks?
Preventive actions
A _____ is a tool used in risk management.
Probability Matrice
_____ refer to undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals.
Problems
Project Integration Management
Processes that coordinate all project management knowledge areas throughout a project's life, including developing the project charter, developing the preliminary project scope statement, developing the project management plan, directing and managing the project, monitoring and controlling the project, providing integrated change control, and closing the project
In a _____organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs.
Project
Project managers have the most authority in a pure _____ organizational structure.
Project
A _____ is a document that recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management.
Project Charter
Which of the following project management knowledge areas primarily involve generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project information?
Project Communications Management
The _____ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes.
Project Controls
The first two traditional project phases (concept and development) focus on planning, and are often referred as___
Project Feasibility
Enterprise environmental factors are an output of the executing process of
Project Human Resource Management
Organizational process assets update is the output of the closing process of _____.
Project Integration Management
A _____ is an organizational group responsible for coordinating the project management function throughout an organization.
Project Management Office
A _____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control.
Project Management Plan
Developing a _____ is a planning process that occurs in the Project Integration Management knowledge area.
Project Management Plan
In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.
Project Planning
_________ involves allocating the project costs estimate to individual material resources or work items over time
Project cost budgeting
Martha works as a project manager at a bank. Due to certain changes in external factors, Martha needs to make a few alterations in the tactical goals of her project. In such a scenario, which of the following will best help Martha cope with the change?
Project environment knowledge
Which of the following project management knowledge areas is an overarching function that affects and is affected by the different knowledge areas?
Project integration Management
_____ involves coordinating all of the other project management knowledge areas throughout a project's life cycle.
Project integration management
Which of the following is a difference between project management and portfolio management?
Project management addresses specific, short-term goals whereas portfolio management focuses on long-term goals.
The _____ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify those individuals who are in charge of them.
Project responsibilities
50. _____ includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project.
Project scope management
_____ includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project.
Project scope management
Which of the following is a difference between projects and operations?
Projects are temporary endeavors whereas an organization's operations are ongoing in nature.
Which of the following project parameters would be compatible with the use of the agile approach
Projects that have more flexible scheduling
Which of the following project parameters would be compatible with the use of the agile approach?
Projects that have more flexible scheduling
47. _____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
Prototyping
71. _____ involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
Prototyping
Which process involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system?
Prototyping
_____ involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
Prototyping
_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
Prototyping
In the _____ model, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously.
Prototyping Life Cycle
The _____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation.
RAD Life Cycle
The ____________ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, join requirements planning, joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation.
RAD life cycle
_______________ is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs.
ROI, return on investment
Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework
RUP is an iterative software development process created by IBM that focuses on team productivity and enables all team members to deliver software best practices to the organization
_________________ is an iterative software development process that focuses on team productivity and delivers software best practices to all team members
Rational Unified Process
Which of the following is a disadvantage of virtual teams as compared to traditional teams?
Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information
Lessons-learned report
Reflective statements written by project managers and their team members to document important information they have learned from working on a project
Monitoring and controlling processes
Regularly measuring and monitoring progress to ensure that the project team meets the project objectives
54. _____ refer to "conditions or capabilities that must be met by the project or present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification."
Requirements
_____ refer to "conditions or capabilities that must be met by the project or present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification."
Requirements
In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.
Resource Allocation
Galaxy, a construction company, buys a particular brand of tiles manufactured by Tiles and Floors, an eco-friendly tile manufacturing company. However, Tiles and Floors has declared bankruptcy and closed down. At present, Galaxy is facing a crisis because there are no other manufacturers in the market that supplies eco-friendly tiles. Which of the following constraints is Galaxy currently facing?
Resources
Why is top management commitment crucial for project managers?
Resources, fastest way to kill a project is to lose resources. Approval, cooperation from other parts of the organization.
_____ is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs.
Return on investment (ROI)
Steve, an engineer in a construction company, is at present working on a home construction project. The home is being built for the Robinson family, the owners of the home. Steve is working with his project team and support staff to ensure the project is completed on time. In such a scenario, the project sponsor is _____.
Robinson Familty
A(n) ____________ is a framework for describing the phases involved indeveloping information systems.
SDLC
A(n) _____ involves analyzing a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and is used to aid in strategic planning.
SWOT analysis
A(n) ____________ involves analyzing a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and is used to aid in strategic planning
SWOT analysis
51. _____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
Scope
Project _____ management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project successfully.
Scope
_____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
Scope
_____________ refer(s) to all the work involved in creating the products of a project and the processes used to create them.
Scope
69. _____ involves controlling changes to the project scope while keeping project goals and business strategy in mind.
Scope control
_____ involves controlling changes to the project scope while keeping project goals and business strategy in mind.
Scope control
____________________ involves controlling changes to the project scope.
Scope control
67. _____ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
Scope creep
_____ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
Scope creep
____________________ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
Scope creep
the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
Scope creep refers to:
The work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.
Scope refers to:
the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.
Scope refers to:
45. _____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.
Scope validation
What process involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders?
Scope validation
_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.
Scope validation
____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders. a. Scope verification c. Scope control b. Scope planning d. Scope definition
Scope verification
76. Describe the process of scope verification.
Scope verification involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders. This acceptance is often achieved by a customer inspection and then sign-off on key deliverables. To receive formal acceptance of the project scope, the project team must develop clear documentation of the project's products and procedures to evaluate if they were completed correctly and satisfactorily. To minimize scope changes, it is crucial to do a good job of verifying project scope. The scope management plan, scope baseline, requirements documentation, requirements traceability matrix, validated deliverables, and work performance data are the main inputs for scope validation. The main tools for performing scope validation are inspection and group decision-making techniques. The customer, sponsor, or user inspects the work after it is delivered and decides if it meets requirements. The main outputs of scope validation are accepted deliverables, change requests, work performance information, and project documents updates.
A _____________ is a cross-functional team of 5 to 9 people who organize themselves and the work to produce the desired results for each sprint.
Scrum team
A _________________ is the person who ensures that the team is productive, facilitates the daily Scrum, enables close cooperation across all roles and functions, and removes barriers that prevent the team from being effective.
ScrumMaster
user stories
Short descriptions written by customers of what they need a system to do for them
tacit knowledge
Sometimes called informal knowledge, this type of knowledge is difficult to express and is highly personal, such as beliefs, insight, and experience
The improvement of the product and process in the Scrum method is discussed at the __
Sprint Reflection Meeting
_____ involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses, studying opportunities and threats, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.
Strategic planning
The _____ perspective of an organization focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
Structural Frame
4 Frames of organizations
Structural Frame: how the organization is structured (usually depicted in an organizational chart.) and focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management, focus on coordination and control Human Resources Frame: harmony between needs of the organization and the people, resolution between them. Political Frame: competition among groups for power and leadership and scarce resources. Project managers need to pay special attention to who has power over resources and who is for/opposes a project. Symbolic Frame: focus on meaning, not important what actually happened but the meaning behind it. Has to do with company culture.
Decomposition
Subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces
Grey's Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey's have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to wear dark business suits, in order to convey the company's dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients' through the salespeople's clothing is part of the _____ frame of the organization.
Symbolic
_____ refers to a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.
System Analysis
Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within the greater organizational context. _____ describes this holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization.
System Thinking
SDLC
Systems Development Life Cycle: framework for describing the phases involved in developing information systems. (waterfall, spiral, incremental build, prototyping, and Rapid Application Development RAD) These are examples of a predictive life cycle, meaning scope is clearly defined and the schedule and cost can be accurately predicted.
1. Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
TRUE
10. The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.
TRUE
11. The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.
TRUE
19. Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.
TRUE
20. Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.
TRUE
22. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
TRUE
23. Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects.
TRUE
3. Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project.
TRUE
4. The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project.
TRUE
6. Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.
TRUE
9. Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement.
TRUE
An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.
TRUE
As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.
TRUE
Change requests are always made in writing.
TRUE
Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.
TRUE
NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects
TRUE
Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project.
TRUE
Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project.
TRUE
Projects that arise as a result of problems and directives must be resolved quickly to avoid hurting an organization's business.
TRUE
Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter
TRUE
The _____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information.
Technical Processes
top-down
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.
top-down
The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.
Scope statement
The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.
scope statement
The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.
mind mapping
The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks.
Requirements management plan
The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.
Payback Period
The amount of time needed to recoup the total dollars invested in a project, in terms of net cash inflows
Baseline
The approved project management plan plus approved changes
Scope Baseline
The approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary
Variance
The difference between planned and actual performance
internal rate of return (IRR)
The discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project
Sprint backlog artifact scrum
The highest-priority items from the product backlog to be completed within a sprint
kick-off meeting is often held after
The kick-off meeting is often held after the business case and project charter are completed, but it could be held sooner, as needed.
Initiating Outputs
The main outputs are a project charter and a stakeholder register, also kick-off meeting
Decomposition
The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.
decomposition
The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.
Required Rate of Return (RRR)
The minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment
Product Owner
The person responsible for the business value of the project and for deciding what work to do and in what order
Project Scope Management
The processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project
Project management process groups
The progression of project activities from initiation to planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing
opportunity cost of capital
The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the capitalization rate or discount rate
Discount Rate
The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the capitalization rate or opportunity cost of capital
Capitalization Rate
The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the discount rate or opportunity cost of capital
cost of capital
The return available by investing capital elsewhere
.deliverable
The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.
Deliverable
The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.
Which of the following is true of program managers?
They provide leadership and direction for project managers heading the projects within a program.
Fast tracking is an example of a tool used in _____ management.
Time
What is the main goal of Project cost management?
To complete a project within an approved budget
A dependency pertains to the sequencing of project activities or tasks. a. True b. False
True
A project's stakeholders consist of its customers, users, and suppliers.
True
A sprint review is a meeting in which the team demonstrates to the product owner what it has completed during the sprint
True
A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
True
A work package represents the level of work that the project manager monitors and controls.
True
According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means.
True
An activity is an element of work that has an expected duration, cost, and resource requirements. a. True b. False
True
An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.
True
An organization that uses a project organizational structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract.
True
An organization usually commits more money as a project continues, therefore a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals.
True
As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.
True
Change requests and verified deliverables are the outputs of the controlling quality process. a. True b. False
True
Change requests are always made in writing.
True
Customer requirements are an important aspect of the quality planning process. a. True b. False
True
Details of kick-off meetings and the stakeholder details are usually recorded in a Word document
True
Every project should have a well-defined objective.
True
IT project managers must be able to present and discuss project information both in financial and technical terms. a. True b. False
True
Identifying the project sponsor is a pre-initiation task.
True
If you want some time-based flow for the work, you can create a WBS using the project management process groups of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing as Level 2 in the WBS.
True
In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs. a. True b. False
True
In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it.
True
In the Scrum Method, team members work as a self-directed group coached by the ScrumMaster
True
In the Scrum method, team members work as a self-directed group coached by the ScrumMaster
True
Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.
True
Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.
True
Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project.
True
It is important for the activity list and activity attributes to be in agreement with the work breakdown structure. a. True b. False
True
Knowing the amount of float allows project managers to know whether a project schedule is flexible. a. True b. False
True
Lack of user input leads to problems with managing scope creep and controlling change.
True
Managing quality includes all of the quality assurance activities plus product design and process improvements. a. True b. False
True
Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement.
True
Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.
True
Many organizations provide guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.
True
Maturity models, statistical methods, and test plans are examples of tools used in quality management.
True
Maturity models, statistical methods, and test plans are examples of tools used in quality managemnt.
True
Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.
True
Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups
True
Most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations.
True
One of the main reasons why project management is challenging is because of the factor of uncertainty.
True
Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project
True
Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project.
True
Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables. a. True b. False
True
Program managers are change agents.
True
Project human resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with a project.
True
Project managers and their teams must keep in mind the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization instead of focusing on the immediate concerns of the project.
True
Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects. a. True b. False
True
Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects.
True
Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization.
True
Project managers must take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders.
True
Project managers work with the project sponsors to define success for particular projects
True
Project managers work with the project sponsors to define success for particular projects.
True
Project schedules grow out of basic documents such as the project charter. a. True b. False
True
Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project.
True
Projects should be developed in increments.
True
Projects that arise as a result of problems and directives must be resolved quickly to avoid hurting an organization's business.
True
Resources in a project should be used effectively because they are limited.
True
Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects.
True
Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
True
Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter.
True
Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter. Group of answer choices
True
Spreadsheets are a common tool for cost estimating, cost budgeting, and cost control. a. True b. False
True
Stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are tools used in integration management.
True
Standards and guidelines to follow when performing project management must be devised by top management
True
The Adaptive Software Development (ASD) life cycle model assumes that software development follows an adaptive approach because the requirements cannot be clearly expressed early in the life cycle
True
The DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) methodology of the Six Sigma projects, is used to improve an existing business process.
True
The DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) methodology of the Six Sigma projects, is used to improve an existing business process.
True
The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance. a. True b. False
True
The WBS provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.
True
The WBS provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.
True
The critical path on a project can change as the project progresses. a. True b. False
True
The executing process group generally requires the most resources.
True
The introduction of new software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive and easy to create.
True
The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project
True
The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project.
True
The main purpose of the WBS is to define all of the work required to complete a project.
True
The project management plan, project documents, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.
True
The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.
True
The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.
True
The same organization can have different subcultures.
True
The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project.
True
The tasks in a WBS do not have to be developed as a sequential list of steps.
True
The two main items for monitoring and controlling in the Scrum framework are the daily Scrum and the sprint retrospectives
True
The two main items for monitoring and controlling in the Scrum framework are the daily Scrum and the sprint retrospectives.
True
To define activities, the project team should start with reviewing the schedule management plan, scope baseline, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational processes. a. True b. False
True
Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries.
True
Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries. Today's project management involves much more, and people in every industry and every country manage projects.
True
Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles. a. True b. False
True
Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management.
True
You can only enter duration estimates for work packages.
True
A project's stakeholders includes its customers, user, and suppliers.
True, Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponenets of a project
Every project should have a well defined objective
True, a project has a unique purpose, and should have a well defined objective
One of the main reasons why project management is challenging is because of the factor of uncertainty.
True, a project involves uncertainty, and every project is unique, so it is sometimes difficult to define objectives clearly, which is why PM is so challenging.
Resources in a project should be used effectively because they are limited.
True, a project requires resources, often from various sources. Resources, however, are limited and must be used effectively to meet project and other corporate goals.
Projects should be developed in increments
True, progressive elaboration. Initially defined broadly, then over time specific details become more clear, therefore should be developed in increments
Details of kick-off meetings and the stakeholder details are usually recorded in a Word document.
True.
The introduction of new software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive and easy to create.
True.
Stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are tools used in integration management.
True. Project selection methods, project management methodologies, stakeholder analyses, work requests, and project charters are some of the tools used in integrations management.
Problems
Undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals
_____ refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other.
Unit Integration
What is the preferred order for performing testing on IT projects?
Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, user acceptance testing
48. _____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.
Use case modeling
72. _____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.
Use case modeling
Which process involves identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them?
Use case modeling
____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them. a. Prototyping c. RAD b. JAD d. Use case modeling
Use case modeling
_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.
Use case modeling
_____________ are short descriptions written by customers of what they need a Scrum system to do for them.
User stories
Joint Application Design (JAD)
Using highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders, the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on to jointly define and design information systems
28. _____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables.
Validating scope
Which action involves normalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables?
Validating scope
_____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables.
Validating scope
46. _____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
70. _____ is the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
Which term refers to the difference between planned and actual performance?
Variance
_____ is the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
____________________ is the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables during this process. a. Planning scope c. Controlling scope b. Defining scope d. Verifying scope
Verifying scope
57. A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.
WBS
A _______ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.
WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
Project Management software helps you develop a _________. Which centers as a basis for creatingWhich centers as a basis for creating Gantt charts, assigning resources, and allocating costs.
WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
Creating the ____________________ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.
WBS - work breakdown structure - work breakdown structure (WBS)
Some project management experts believe that work should not be done on a project if it is not included in the ____________________.
WBS - work breakdown structure - work breakdown structure (WBS)
66. A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.
WBS dictionary
A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.
WBS dictionary
A(n) ____________________ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.
WBS dictionary
The _______________ is a very important tool in project management because it provides the basis for deciding how to do the work.
WBS work breakdown structure
The _____ model of a systems development life cycle assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined.
Waterfall Life Cycle
A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?
An important tool for project scope management is _____.
Work Breakdown Structure
The _____ provides a basis for creating the project schedule and performing earned value management for measuring and forecasting project performance.
Work Breakdown Structure
Which term refers to the difference between planned and actual performance? a. Decomposition b. Variance c. Scope validation d. Scope creep
b. Variance
The critical path is the _____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the _____ amount of slack or float. a. longest; longest b. longest; shortest c. shortest; longest d. shortest; shortest
b. longest; shortest
Which term is used for a standard of measurement in quality management? a. milestone b. metric c. merge d. matrix
b. metric
Which addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use? a. reliability b. performance c. maintainability d. functionality
b. performance
Which process is an action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations? a. process adjustment b. rework c. acceptance decision d. validation
b. rework
A(n) _____ is a methodology that converts value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics.
balanced scorecard
A(n) ________________ is a methodology that converts value drivers, such as customer service, innovation, operations efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metics.
balanced scorecard
Spiral life cycle:
based on experience with various refinements of the waterfall model as applied to large government software projects. software developed using an iterative or spiral approach
A(n) _____ is the approved project management plan plus approved changes.
baseline
A(n) ______________ is the approved project management plan plus approved changes.
baseline
31. Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.
benchmarking
Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.
benchmarking
Which process involves generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization?
benchmarking
During which approach do team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS?
bottom-up
In the _____ approach to creating a WBS, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.
bottom-up
An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of _____.
a Corrective Action
An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products were not ready on time. This would be an example of __________
a corrective action
Change Control System
a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be changed
In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS.
bottom-up
In the ____________________ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.
bottom-up
Project managers often use the ____ approach for projects that represent entirely new systems or approaches to doing a job, or to help create buy-in and synergy with a project team. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping
bottom-up
The ____ approach involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping
bottom-up
The ____ approach is best suited to project managers who have vast technical insight and a big-picture perspective. a. analogy c. top-down b. bottom-up d. mind mapping
bottom-up
Which section of the project management plan provides the planned cost of deliverables?
budget
A ________________ is an important Scrum artifact used to graphically display progress on each sprint during the monitoring and controlling process.
burndown chart
The ____________ stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology
business area analysis
Which stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information technology?
business area analysis
A category of software that can help align projects with business strategy is called _____ tools.
business service management (BSM)
Project procurement management mainly involves:
buying goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization.
Project procurement management mainly involves:
buying goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization
Scope validation
_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.
Validating scope
_____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables.
Defining scope
_____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.
Use case modeling
_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.
Variance
_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.
Prototyping
_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
JAD
_____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems.
Corrective actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks, while preventive actions should result in improvements in project performance.
false
Interface management involves identifying and managing the point of interaction between various elements of a project
false
It is necessary that IT project managers have prior technical experience in creating and managing IT products.
false
Opportunities and directives are essentially the same thing
false
Project integration management must occur just within the context of a particular project.
false
Projects that address broad organizational needs are likely to fail
false
The ROI is always positive
false
10 knowledge areas
integration, scope, schedule, cost, quality, resource, communications, risk, procurement, and stakeholder management
Which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI?
it is always a percentage
identifying Project stakeholders
people involved in project activities or affected by them, and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppli-ers, and even opponents to the project
A _________________ is a document that recognized the existence fo a project and provides direction on the project's objectives and management
project charter
How much time does project manager spend in each process group, and why?
project managers spent more time on every process group, except executing, than their counterparts as shown in Figure 3-1. Notice that the alpha project managers spent almost twice as much time on planning (21 percent versus 11 percent) as other project managers. Spending more time on planning should lead to less time spent on execution, which should reduce the time and money spent on projects. The best project managers know and practice this important concept—do a good job of planning.
A ______________ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project's execution and control
project mangement plan
Change requests are always made in writing
true
In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by performing the activities included in it
true
Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.
true
NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects.
true
Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project
true
Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total dollars invested in a project.
true
Projects that arise as a result of problems and directives must be resolved quickly to avoid hurting an organization's business.
true
Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter
true
closing processes
Formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it efficiently
The stakeholder register is an output of
Knowledge area Project Stakeholder Management Initiating process Identify Stakeholder
Planning processes includes
Projects include several plans, such as the scope management plan, schedule management plan, cost management plan, and procurement management plan. These plans define each knowledge area as it relates to the project at a particular point in time.
ScrumMaster Role
The ScrumMaster is a facilitator for the team and product owner. Rather than manage the team, the ScrumMaster works to assist both the team and product owner in the following ways: • Remove the barriers between the development and the product owner so that the product owner directly drives development. • Teach the product owner how to maximize return on investment (ROI), and meet his/her objectives through Scrum. • Improve the lives of the development team by facilitating creativity and empowerment. • Improve the productivity of the development team in any way possible. • Improve the engineering practices and tools so that each increment of functionality is potentially shippable. • Keep information about the team's progress up to date and visible to all parties.
True/False - People who are knowledgeable about the work need to plan the work
True part of Project Planning
PRojects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2)term-30
a project management methodology developed in the U.K. that defines 45 separate sub-processes and organizes these into eight process groups
Stakeholder Analysis
a technique that project managers can use to help understand and increase the support of stakeholders throughout the project
Agile methods
an adaptive product life cycle used when deliverables have a high degree of change and a high frequency of delivery
The project schedule information section of the project management plan includes _____________
an elaborate timetable
______________ should result in improvements in project performance
corrective actions
Stakeholder Register
document that includes details related to the identified project stakeholders
A SWOT analysis, being a linear process, cannot be performed using the nonlinear mind mapping technique.
false
methodology
describes how things should be done, and different organizations often have different ways of doing things.
The first step in determining the NPV is to _____________
determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it produces.
_____________ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project.
developing the charter
_______________ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document.
developing the project management plan
A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to complete the project
false
An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection
false
An organization's information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan
false
____________ are new requirements imposed by mangement, government, or some external influence.
directives
Burndown chart artifact scrum
A chart that shows the cumulative work remaining in a sprint on a day-by-day basis
Product backlog artifact scrum
A list of features prioritized by business value
kick-off meeting
A meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans
Sprint reviews SCRUM
A meeting in which the team demonstrates to the product owner what it has completed during the sprint
Sprint retrospectives SCRUM
A meeting in which the team looks for ways to improve the product and the process based on a review of the actual performance of the development team.
Sprint planning session Scrum
A meeting with the team to select a set of work from the product backlog to deliver during a sprint. 4 hrs to full day
process
A series of actions or steps taken to achieve an end
sprint
A set period of time, normally two to four weeks, during which specific work must be completed and made ready for review when using Scrum methods
milestone
A significant event that normally has no duration on a project; serves as a marker to help in identifying necessary activities, setting schedule goals, and monitoring progress
Planning processes
Devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization's needs