Inman Review
Normal saline has ______ mEq sodium/L. a. 154 b. 100 c. 50 d. 200
a. 154 - 0.9% (NaCl): 154 mEq sodium and 154 mEg Cl per liter
BMI for age percentiles start at age a. 24 mos b. 36 mos c. 48 mos d. 5 yrs
a. 24 mos - 2 years
Fresh eggs in the shell can be stored in a fridge at 40 degrees for: a. 3 weeks b. 2 weeks c. 10 days d. 4-6 days
a. 3 weeks
Infants should be given solid foods at: a. 4-6 mos b. 3-4 mos c. 2-4 mos d. 6-8 mos
a. 4-6 mos
A patient's I/O form indicates the following data. What is his total insensible fluid loss? Input (mL): Oral fluids 1800 Solid fluids 800 Metabolic water 250 Total 2850 Output (mL): urine 1900 intestinal 250 lungs and skin 700 total: 2850 a. 700 b. 950 c. 1900 d. 2850
a. 700 - only loss from lungs and skin
How can you encourage preschool children to eat more fruits and vegetables? a. Have them participate in preparing fruits and vegetables. b. Have them draw pictures of fruits and vegetables. c. Give examples of good choices using a slide show. d. Give examples of good choices using pictures.
a. Have them participate in preparing fruits and vegetables - best is to involve the learner in an active way, applying the info and active involvement permits the greatest retention
If linoleic acid replaces carbohydrates in the diet: a. LDL decreases, HDL increases b. LDL and HDL increase c. LDL and HDL increase d. LDL increases, HDL decreases
a. LDL decreases, HDL increases - if it replaces saturated fat, total chol including HDL decreases, safflower oil is the best source of lenoleic acid (omega 6)
Cheilosis, stomatitis, and glossitis (magenta tongue) are symptoms of a: a. Riboflavin deficiency b. Niacin deficiency c. thiamin deficiency d. biotin deficiency
a. Riboflavin deficiency Niacin deficiency - pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia Thiamin deficiency - Beriberi, muscle weakness, memory loss, high plasma pyruvate Biotin deficiency - Muscle pain, dermatitis, glossitis
The formula that counts the number of polysyllabic words in text to calculate the reading level is the: a. SMOG index b. BACM index c. Smith Reading index d. Text Index
a. SMOG index
A statement of affirmation in motivational interviewing would be: a. Taking a walk during your lunch hour shows how determined you are. b. I would like you to try to reduce portion sizes at dinner. c. Perhaps eating lunch away from your desk would be helpful. d. Try to increase your intake of fruits and vegetables.
a. Taking a walk during your lunch hour shows how determined you are. - affirming the actions and steps the client has already taken.
A study design that tracks the occurrence of infections in patients who are at nutritional risk and in the hospital for longer than seven days is: a. a cohort study b. a time series method c. a case control study d. descriptive research
a. a cohort study - cohort studies follow a group of people who have something in common. Sometimes incidence studies as they track the frequency of new cases. Case control studies compare people with a specific disease to a group without the disease that has similar characteristics. Time series is quasi-experimental and compares results of a program to pre-program data. Descriptive research is used to develop a hypothesis, establish associations, and provide baseline data.
The oxidation of fatty acids forms: a. acetyl CoA b. pyruvic acid c. lactic acid d. oxaloacetate
a. acetyl CoA - lipolysis - oxidation forms acetyl CoA which enters TCA/Kreb's Cycle. https://www3.nd.edu/~aseriann/box.html
A client says: "I want to change my eating habits." You ask why. The learning domain is: a. affective b. cognitive c. psychomotor d. psychosocial
a. affective - expressing feelings, attitudes, or appreciation
What amino acid is especially glucogenic? a. alanine b. threonine c. valine d. methionine
a. alanine - glucogenic and nonessential so can be used to make glucose https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid
Which of the following nonessential amino acids may be considered conditionally essential in catabolic stress such as a heart failure? a. arginine b. asparagine c. proline d. leucine
a. arginine - arginine and glutamine are the two conditionally essential amino acids
The first step in developing a training program is to: a. assess the needs of the group b. review training programs offered in other locations c. provide the trainer with detailed instructions d. estimate approx length of time needed to complete training
a. assess the needs of the group - needs assessment first
At which step in the educational process do you begin evaluation? a. assessment b. planning c. implementation d. evaluation
a. assessment - Evaluation occurs in each step of the educational process
Creatinine supplements may be beneficial for the: a. body builder b. marathon runner c. soccer player d. hockey player
a. body builder - not for endurance sports
The flour with the most starch is: a. cake b. whole wheat c. instantized d. durum
a. cake - has lowest amount of gluten, higher starch. Whole wheat has the entire grain in it. Durum wheat is high in gluten. Instantized flour is a low-protein, pre-gelatinized wheat flour to which some malted barley flour has been added. It has been formulated to dissolve quickly in either hot or cold liquids, and is most often called for to thicken gravies and sauces.
Which mineral is involved in blood clotting? a. calcium b. phosphorous c. iron d. selenium
a. calcium - phosphorous is part of DNA, RNA and ATP and helps transport fat through lymph and blood via phospholipids. It also helps form strong bone and teeth. Iron facilitates oxygen transport. Selenium is an antioxidant and part of tissue respiration. Calcium helps in blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility
Cholecystokinin causes: a. contraction of the gallbladder b. peristalsis c. secretion of pancreatic juice d. contraction of the liver
a. contraction of the gallbladder - released from the duodenum when fat enters, contracts gallbladder to release bile
To determine the reading level of a text: a. count the number of words with more than 1 syllable b. count the number of paragraphs c. count the average number of letters in the words d. count the number of sentences in a paragraph
a. count the number of words with more than 1 syllable
NADPH is: a. essential in the synthesis of fatty acids b. essential in the synthesis of glycogen c. involved in the catabolism of protein d. essential in transamination
a. essential in the synthesis of fatty acids - NADPH + acetyl-CoA --> fatty acids
To determine whether promotional efforts have increased sales in a business, use: a. experimental design b. an observational study c. a survey d. a segmentation process
a. experimental design
Which of the following is the most useful for evaluating long term nutrition in children? a. height for age b. weight for height c. weight for age d. length for weight
a. height for age - reflects long term nutritional status and extent of stunting. Weight for length - detects short term changes in nutritional status Weight for age - short term marker of growth Length for weight - not used
What may cause EKG abnormalities? a. high serum potassium level c. low serum potassium level c. low serum sodium level d. high serum sodium level
a. high serum potassium level - hyperkalemia causes cardiac irregularities
The statement "This further shows daily weighing is an effective weight loss tool" should be placed in which section of the research report? a. implications b. results c. analysis d. methodology
a. implications
Aseptically packaged milk should be stored: a. in dry storage b. in the refrigerator c. in the freezer d. below 40 degrees
a. in dry storage - doesn't need to be kept cold
You will be introducing new methods of production to your staff. The most effective method would be to: a. include them during discussions of proposed methods b. introduce the new method quickly c. let them know it is a better process d. ask employees if they will go along with the decision
a. include them during discussions of proposed methods - including them will give them a better understanding on why your making a change and get their input since they work the line
What is the main purpose of water in the body? a. it acts as a medium for cell metabolism b. it helps transport calcium through cell membranes c. it maintains electrolyte balance d. to maintain body temperature
a. it acts as a medium for cell metabolism
If broccoli in a vegetable mixture turns olive green during holding, it may be due to: a. lemon juice b. baking soda c. salt d. sugar
a. lemon juice - chlorophyll turns olive green in presence of an acid (turns to pheophytin)
A low birth weight infant weighs: a. less than 2500g b. between 500-1500g c. between 3000-4000g d. between 100-500g
a. less than 2500g - Normal: 2500-4000g LBW: <2500g VLBW: <1500g ELBW: <1000g
Which of the following weight gains puts pregnant women at risk? a. less than 4lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy b. less than 5lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy c. less than 6lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy d. more than 2lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy
a. less than 4lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy - Should be gaining 1lb per week after first trimester.
The incidence of xeropthalmia in children between the ages of 1-5 is 5:1000. This means: a. morbidity rate of xeropthalmia is 5 in every 1000 children ages 1-5 b. mortality rate of xeropthalmia is 5000 in this age group c. morbidity rate of xeropthalmia is 5000 in this age group d. mortality rate is 5 in every 1000 children aged 1-5
a. morbidity rate of xeropthalmia is 5 in every 1000 children ages 1-5
Which pasta contains egg? a. noodles b. spaghetti c. macaroni d. linguini
a. noodles - contain egg yolk or egg solids
Which oil is highest in monounsaturated fatty acids? a. olive b. canola c. peanut d. sunflower
a. olive - Order of predominance of MUFAs: olive, canola, peanut, sunflower, coconut
A child is at the 85th percentile BMI for age. He is: a. overweight b. tall for his age c. muscular for his age d. normal weight
a. overweight
Fats used in frying can become rancid due to the: a. oxidation of unsaturated fats b. uptake of oxygen at the point of saturation c. removal of high-melting triglycerides d. prolonged exposure to high temperatures
a. oxidation of unsaturated fats - rancidity involves the uptake of oxygen in an unsaturated fatty acid
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are: a. pancreatic enzymes that provide proteolytic action b. intestinal enzymes that digest starch c. liver hormones involved in fat digestion d. intestinal enzymes that digest protein
a. pancreatic enzymes that provide proteolytic action
What is the function of cream of tartar in a recipe? a. prevents the Maillard reaction b. enhances the Maillard reaction c. increases the alkalinity allowing for better leavening d. Enhances gelation
a. prevents the Maillard reaction - CoT prevents discoloration that would turn the cake yellow instead of white. CoT is an acid, not a base so would decrease the alkalinity. Nothing to do with gelation.
Inferential statistics are associated with a. probability b. mean c. mode d. graphs
a. probability - probability that the results can be applied to a larger group
Which hormone is involved in developing the placenta? a. progesterone b. estrogen c. lactogen d. testosterone
a. progesterone - develops placenta after implantation
Which hormone regulates breast milk production? a. prolactin b. progesterone c. estrogen d. oxytocin
a. prolactin - oxytocin moves milk through the ducts.
Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in transamination? a. pyridoxine b. thiamin c. riboflavin d. vitamin B12
a. pyridoxine - needed for transport of amino acids as well as catabolism of proteins
ANOVA is used when: a. several products compete against one another b. comparing two similar products c. testing whether results can be generalized to a larger group d. testing whether the difference between two groups is real
a. several products compete against one another - ANOVA = analysis of variance, evaluates validity, determines whether there are one or more significant differences among the samples, used when several products compete against one another
If patients in a counseling session become restless, a. shorten the sessions b. use a series of guest speakers c. realize that this is to be expected d. cancel the sessions
a. shorten the sessions
Evaporated milk has: a. slightly more than half of the water removed b. added sugar c. a fat content of 3-6% d. lactose removed
a. slightly more than half of the water removed - 60% of water is removed
An appropriate purpose of analytical research is to: a. test the hypothesis b. investigate the... c. formulate a hypothesis d. distinguish between...
a. test the hypothesis
Which result is desirable? Before After Experimental group A B Control group C D a. the difference between A and B is more significant than the difference between C and D b. the difference between B and D is statistically significant c. the difference between A and C is more significant than the difference between B and D d. the difference between A and D is more significant than the difference between C and B
a. the difference between A and B is more significant than the difference between C and D - want a significant change in experimental group's outcomes from the intervention compared to the control group
The flakiness of pie crust depends on a. type of fat b. oxidation of fat c. temperature of the fat d. oven temperature
a. type of fat - solid fats can be cut into coarse particles that melt and flow when heated, leaving holes where steam collects and pushes upward against the upper surface of the space. Space is locked into extended position, causing flaky crust.
Which supplements should you give to a breast-fed baby? a. vitamin D and fluoride b. fluoride c. vitamin D d. vitamins A and C
a. vitamin D and fluoride - needs 400IU vitamin D since birth, 25mg fluoride per day after 6 mos of age
The best way to monitor an infant's failure to thrive is to plot: a. weight for length b. length for age c. weight d. weight for age
a. weight for length - identifies under/over nutrition or adequate nutrition, detects short term changes in nutritional status
An example of a survey with negative correlation is: a. when folic acid intake increases prior to pregnancy, the incidence of neural tube defects declines b. when LDL levels increase, the rate of heart disease increases c. when a person becomes more obese, their LDL levels likely rise d. as the intake of peanut butter and potato chips increases, dental caries increase
a. when folic acid intake increases prior to pregnancy, the incidence of neural tube defects declines - positive correlations means one thing increases with the other. Negative is the opposite.
An 18 month old child should receive: a. whole milk b. 2% milk c. 1% milk d. skim milk
a. whole milk - Child should have whole milk from 1-2 years of age
If you are on a low phosphorus diet, what food should you most avoid? a. yogurt b. orange juice c. beef d. bread
a. yogurt - dairy is a good source of phosphorus, as well as meat, poultry, eggs and fish
Strict vegans may need supplements of: a) chromium b) zinc c) iron d) thiamin
b) zinc - zinc is only found in animal proteins, all other options are found in plant foods too
What is normal weight gain during the first trimester? a. 1-2lbs b. 2-5lbs c. 5-8lbs d. 8-10lbs
b. 2-5lbs - recommended to gain 1lb per month for the first 3 mos, 1lb per week from then on
What is the mean of the following set of numbers? 3, 2, 2 a. 3 b. 2.3 c. 3.2 d. 2.5
b. 2.3
A study showed the morbidity of children with anemia to be 5:1000. This means: a. 5 children out of 1000 died of anemia b. 5 children out of 1000 had anemia c. 1000 children had anemia d. 1000 children died of anemia
b. 5 children out of 1000 had anemia
What reading level is appropriate for written materials for a population with low literacy skills? a. 4th grade b. 6th grade c. 8th grade d. 9th grade
b. 6th grade
To estimate REE in normal weight and obese individuals, use: a. Harris Benedict b. Mifflin St. Jeor c. BMR d. Indirect calorimetry
b. Mifflin St. Jeor
Which of the following responses by a counselor indicates "reflection"? a. Yes, you can do that. b. You said, you want to lose weight? c. Explain what you mean by that please. d. I can help you
b. You said, you want to lose weight? - repeating back what client said
Which of the following will stabilize the egg in a recipe? a. a base b. an acid c. sugar d. salt
b. an acid - acids stiffen the egg white foam by tenderizing the protein and allowing it to extend more easily. Sugar also stabilizes the foam but less.
The statement "after class, the patient will be able to write a day's menu following the guidelines" is..... a. a goal b. an objective c. a plan d a research hypothesis
b. an objective - what your patient will learn from the class
In a study of the effects of following a low fat diet on the incidence of breast cancer, women were randomized to follow either their usual dietary pattern, or a low fat diet. The study design is: a. descriptive research b. analytical research c. cross-sectional d. qualitative research
b. analytical research - testing a hypothesis. NOT qualitative (no interviews/focus groups) NOT cross sectional - patients are followed over time
What should you do with a new client who sits scowling at you during the session? a. presume she understands what you are saying b. ask her if she is uncomfortable about the session c. recognize that new clients are seldom relaxed d. presume that she just would rather be somewhere else
b. ask her if she is uncomfortable about the session
When counseling an anorexic, the best advice is to: a. be real strict in their food choices b. be flexible and help them choose reasonable goals c. provide a large variety of menu items d. give them free rein with their intake
b. be flexible and help them choose reasonable goals A and D allow them to continue being restrictive
Serum calcium level of 11.5mg/dl will bring on a release of: a. parahormone from parathyroid gland b. calcitonin from the thyroid glands c. calcium d. calcium-binding protein from the intestine
b. calcitonin from the thyroid glands - Normal calcium level is 9-11mg/dL. If calcium is high, calcitonin will be released to lower Ca by inhibiting bone resorption
Which pigment can be converted into a vitamin? a. chlorophyll b. carotenoids c. anthocyanin d. anthoxanthins
b. carotenoids - precursor for vitamin A
The mean is a measure of: a. a normal curve b. central tendency c. a frequency curve d. a straight line
b. central tendency
Which minerals are involved in carbohydrate metabolism? a. cobalt, zinc b. chromium, zinc c. copper, chromium d. iron, zinc
b. chromium, zinc - chromium helps body use use glucose (enhances action of insulin) and is involved in CHO metabolism, zinc is a component of insulin, and part of many enzymes that are required for CHO metabolism. Iron, cobalt, and copper are not involved in CHO metabolism. http://www.fao.org/3/Y2809E/y2809e0m.htm https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Chromium-HealthProfessional/ https://www.michaelshealth.com/pages/glucose-sugar-metabolism
Following counseling, a client is able to plan a low sodium diet. The learning domain is: a. affective b. cognitive c. psychomotor d. psychosocial
b. cognitive - pt is applying information
Kidneys help control pH by: a. excreting sodium and calcium b. controlling the ratio of hydrogen ions to bicarbonate excretion c. excreting carbon dioxide and carbonic acid d. excreting NADPH
b. controlling the ratio of hydrogen ions to bicarbonate excretion - Kidneys control the bicarbonate. They regulate H+ secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption.
What is the best way to cook a roast? a. sear the meat first, roast at 400F b. cook slowly in the oven at 325 c. cook it at 400 for 10 min, then at 350 d. brown the meat, then cook it at 350
b. cook slowly in the oven at 325 - long and slow is best
The Schilling test detects defects in the absorption of: a. folic acid b. cyanobobalamin c. pyridoxine d. iron
b. cyanobobalamin - aka B12
In the alanine cycle, alanine is released from muscle, taken up by the liver, and: a. excreted in the urine b. deaminated to release glucose c. converted into adipose d. oxidized to nitric acid
b. deaminated to release glucose - gluconeogenesis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahill_cycle
When green vegetables begin to lose their color during serving, consider: a. changing vendors or brands b. decreasing holding time during heating c. use different cooking equipment d. changing the storage temperature
b. decreasing holding time during heating - pheophytin + heat = olive color
Implementing the baby friendly hospital initiative begins with: a. advertising the initiative to members of the community b. developing the plan c. conducting in-service training for all disciplines involved d. recruit social service agencies to assist in informing the public
b. developing the plan
Where would this be placed in a research article "most of the changes seen were probably due to..." a. introduction b. discussion c. results d. summary
b. discussion - interpretation of results, puts results in context of existing science, discusses implications for future research. Summaries/conclusions briefly summarize results and may have recommendations Results discuss the specific lab, clinical, objective, or subjective findings.
A natural plant hormone that is used to ripen fruits is: a. methanol b. ethylene c. acetyl acid d. ethanol
b. ethylene - ethylene gas accelerates ripening of fruits during storage
In behavior modification, the absence of reinforcement following an undesired behavior is: a. avoidance learning b. extinction c. negative reinforcement d. negative consequence
b. extinction
Which is the primary fuel used by resting muscle and at low intensity exercise? a. glucose b. fatty acids c. branch chain amino acids d. keto acids
b. fatty acids
At your first counseling session with a new patient you should: a. tell him you have to change his diet b. find out what he eats c. give him instructional materials d. teach him meal exchanges
b. find out what he eats - assess where he is at already, collect data
The statement "the county's infant mortality rate is 12.8, and the state's infant mortality rate is 10.5" means that: a. more infants died in the county than in the state b. for every 1000 live births in the county, 12.8 died c. two more infants died in the county than in the state d. 12.8% of the infants born in the county died before the age of 1 year
b. for every 1000 live births in the county, 12.8 died mortality is always out of 1000*
A neonate at birth was at the 75th percentile for wt for age. At 6 months he appears healthy and was at the 60th percentile wt for age. This indicates that: a. he has a low calorie intake b. he is experiencing normal growth c. he may have protein-energy malnutrition d. birth measurements were incorrect
b. he is experiencing normal growth Growth rate between 25-80 is healthy (85 overweight, 90 obese, 20 underweight, 15 very underweight)
Which of the following indicates stunted growth? a. weight for height b. height for age c. weight for age d. weight for length
b. height for age
An advantage of using focus groups to collect data is that they: a. help you generalize to larger populations b. help the researcher understand participants' perspectives c. help participants stay focused on the topic d. are inexpensive because many can be interviewed at once
b. help the researcher understand participants' perspectives - attitudinal data
Beef bottom round should be cooked: a. at a high temperature for a short time b. in water for an extended time c. in dry heat d. in moist heat for a short time
b. in water for an extended time - moist cooking methods best for large, tough cuts of meat
The number of individuals in a population diagnosed with a specific condition during a specified time is: a. prevalence b. incidence c. rate of the condition d. duration of the condition
b. incidence - occurrence rate, frequency, new cases of disease Prevalence - actual # of disease cases
Decreased levels of serotonin are associated with: a. Decreased appetite for CHO b. increased appetite for CHO c. decrease sensation of taste d. increase sensation of taste
b. increased appetite for CHO - Tryptophan competes with other amino acids for absorption/uptake into the brain from the blood. When serotonin is low, body craves CHO so that tryptophan is the main amino acid in the blood, making it easier to be absorbed into the brain and converted to more serotonin. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-antidepressant-diet/201008/serotonin-what-it-is-and-why-its-important-weight-loss
Statistics that let you draw probable conclusions beyond your immediate universe of data, are called: a. descriptive statistics b. inferential statistics c. variable interest statistics d. continuous statistics
b. inferential statistics - techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data sets, what is the probability that the results can be applied to a larger group
How can you preserve thiamin when cooking pork? a. use the drippings after the fat has been removed b. insert a meat thermometer and cook it to 145'F in an oven at 325 c. Increase the cooking temp to lessen cooking time d. add a small quantity of water during cooking
b. insert a meat thermometer and cook it to 145'F in an oven at 325 - thiamin is lost as heat or pH rises, acid helps it stabilize in heat
A new mother may hesitate to become involved with a breast-feeding informational program due to: a. lack of funds b. lack of social support c. lack of knowledge about benefits d. lack of medical care
b. lack of social support - lack of social support can prevent moms from breastfeeding. It used to be looked down upon but image is improving.
The Cori Cycle converts a. glucose into galactose b. lactate into pyruvate c. lactic acid into glycogen d. glycogen into glucose
b. lactate into pyruvate - When energy needs exceed oxygen supply (anaerobic exercise), anaerobic glycolysis forms lactate/lactic acid from pyruvic acid. Lactate is released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate and again to glucose in the liver, in what is called the Cori Cycle
A child is lethargic and irritable with diarrhea. The cause may be: a. zinc toxicity b. lead poisoning c. iron overload d. vitamin A toxicity
b. lead poisoning - symptoms are irritability, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia
Compared to whole milk, breast milk is: a. higher in protein and fat, lower in carbohydrate b. lower in protein, higher in carbohydrate and fat c. lower in protein, carbohydrate, and fat d. has the same nutrient composition
b. lower in protein, higher in carbohydrate and fat - Breast milk - 7% PRO, 38% CHO, 55% FAT Whole milk - 10% PRO, 30% CHO, 50% FAT
In interpreting statistical data, if half of the observations are above the number 8 and half are below the number 8, the number 8 is the: a. mode b. median c. mean d. average
b. median - number in the middle of the set
Acid-base abnormalities in an uncontrolled diabetic are likely due to: a. respiratory alkalosis b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis - metabolic acidosis can be caused by uncontrolled diabetes
A patient consumed 12 grams of protein and released 8 g of N in the urine. This is: a. nitrogen balance b. negative nitrogen balance c. positive nitrogen balance d. plus 4 N balance
b. negative nitrogen balance - 12gPro/6.25 = 1.92. Urinary Urea Nitrogen + 4 = 12g N. 1.92-12 = negative N balance
In the quasi-experimental design "time series" there is: a. a series of control groups b. no control group c. an experimental and a control group d. a placebo group
b. no control group - time series takes measurements before and after a program to measure if noteworthy changes occured
If there is no statistical difference between study groups, the hypothesis is: a. negative b. null c. even d. positive
b. null
A child is at the 95th percentile BMI for age. He is: a. normal b. obese c. overweight d. tall for his age
b. obese - Underweight <5th, Healthy 5th-84th, Overweight 85th-94th, obese ≥95th
To determine the effectiveness of a nutrition program to be offered at fitness facilities throughout the city a. first determine how many locations are willing to offer the program b. pilot test the program in one location c. request a review of the program by local dietitians d. offer an incentive for facilities to provide the program
b. pilot test the program in one location
Ascorbic acid aids in healing. Which of the following applies? a. collagen --> hydroxyproline b. proline --> hydroxyproline --> collagen c. hydroxyproline --> proline --> collagen d. hydroxyproline --> collagen
b. proline --> hydroxyproline --> collagen - vitamin C changes proline into hydroxyproline into collagen which strengthens intercellular substances
If you measure a group before and after a treatment to see whether or not there has been significant change, the study design is: a. experimental b. quasi-experimental c. descriptive d. qualitative
b. quasi-experimental - measures change before and after a program Experimental - uses experimental and control groups Descriptive - generates hypotheses, describes state of nature at a point in time, provides baseline data, establishes associations Qualitative - generates narrative data
Results of a three day food record were obtained in June and again three months later. What is this called? a. validity b. reliability c. sensitivity d. specificity
b. reliability - making sure same results are consistent
Lactase is produced in the: a. stomach b. small intestine c. gallbladder d. pancreas
b. small intestine - to break down lactose into glucose and galactose
A typical meal of a pregnant teenager consists of a hamburger, French fries and diet soda. Which of the following changes would be most beneficial? a. substitute fresh vegetables for french fries b. substitute milkshake for diet soda c. add fresh fruit to the meal d. add another hamburger
b. substitute milkshake for diet soda - increasing calories, getting vit D, calcium and phosphorus from milk
The first step in planning a continuing education program is to: a. locate the guest speaker b. survey the participants to see what interests them c. survey other groups to see what they are doing. d. select a topic that hasn't been offered lately
b. survey the participants to see what interests them - they will be more willing to learn and be more engaged if the topic interests/is important to them a. Locate the guest speaker after the topic is decided. c. What works in other groups won't necessarily work for your group. d. Cater to the group's interests.
Which defines the statistical term "mean"? a. the number that occurs most frequently b. the average c. the central tendency d. a value in an ordered set of numbers below and above which fall in an equal set of numbers
b. the average
In a study on custards, which would be the dependent variable? a. the amount of milk and sugar in the recipe b. the cooked custard c. the temp of the oven d. the time of cooking
b. the cooked custard - all other options can be manipulated to change the outcome of the final custard
The breast-fed infant is drinking primarily colostrum for: a. the first 24 hours b. the first few days c. 1-2 weeks d. 3 mos
b. the first few days - it contains more protein and less fat and CHO than mature milk, also contains antibodies
Increased plasma pyruvate is an indication of a: a. riboflavin deficiency b. thiamin deficiency c. pyridoxine deficiency d. iron deficiency
b. thiamin deficiency
Homemade rolls are crumbly and fall apart easily. The most likely cause of the poor texture in the yeast bread is: a. use of a high-protein flour b. use of a lower-protein flour c. insufficient proofing time d. excessive proofing time
b. use of a lower-protein flour - use high protein bread flours for yeast breads as low protein flour causes crumbly products with poor texture
A performance objective should be based on: a. a review of the literature for the latest research b. what the learner should know or be able to do c. existing standards of practice d. a SWOT analysis
b. what the learner should know or be able to do - performance test is the client is asked to complete a task based on learning objectives
Which of the following must be reduced before it can be further transported for absorption? a. dipeptides b. whey c. casein hydrolysate d. crystalline amino acids
b. whey - needs to be broken down to amino acids then to dipeptides, A/C/D are all broken down already
Which exhibits a definite positive correlation? a. .05 - .07 b. 1.2 - 1.3 c. 0.8 - 1.0 d. 0.2 - 0.9
c. 0.8 - 1.0 0-.2 = weak .2-.4 = low .4-.7 = moderate .7-.9 = strong .9-1 = very strong
What reading level is appropriate for educational material for the general population? a. 4th grade b. 5th grade c. 8th grade d. 10th grade
c. 8th grade
An example of formative evaluation is: a. IQ test b. RD exam c. Pretest quiz d. Comparative evaluation
c. Pretest quiz - formative eval is made early or during the course of education, examples include focus groups, pre-test, and pilot tests
Which of the following is a grade for fresh produce? a. US Select b. US Grade A c. US No. 1 d. US Standard
c. US No. 1 - Grades for fresh produce are Fancy, Extra No. 1, No. 1, Combination, No. 2 Grades for canned fruits and veg are Grade A Fancy, Grade B Choice, and Grade C Standard Grades for meats are US Prime, Choice, Select, and Standard.
Glucocorticoids are: a. thyroid hormones b. pituitary hormones c. adrenal hormones d. parathyroid hormones
c. adrenal hormones - glucocorticoids are adrenal steroids that are involved in protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis
You are explaining to a new client how making a few changes in his food choices will benefit his overall health. The learning domain is: a. psychomotor b. cognitive c. affective d. human
c. affective - affective is the acquisition of attitudes and values, growth in feelings or emotions. Cognitive is the acquisition of knowledge or subject matter. Psychomotor is the acquisition of muscular skills.
During motivational interviewing the question, do you think you can try this, is? a. an affirmation b. a reflection c. an open-ended question d. an exploration
c. an open-ended question
Cross sectional studies: a. describe past events and conditions b. are useful in predicting future events c. are a snap shot look at one point in time d. measure before and after an intervention occurs
c. are a snap shot look at one point in time
A focus group contributes what data? a. analytical b. experimental c. attitudinal d. objective
c. attitudinal
Water soluble nutrients are absorbed through a. active transport b. simple diffusion c. carrier-facilitated passive diffusion d. inactive transport
c. carrier-facilitated passive diffusion - Active transport - most nutrients (glucose, AA, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe) Simple diffusion - water and electrolytes Passive diffusion - water soluble nutrients
A 5 month old infant has changed from the 65th percentile in weight for height to the 95th. The dietitian should first: a. suggest the infant receives more solid foods b. change the feeding formula c. check to see if weights have been plotted properly d. increase amount of formula provided
c. check to see if weights have been plotted properly - growth usually stays within 25 percentile points. If a large change happens, first check measurement error.
Dietary fat enters the blood as ____ and leaves the liver as ____. a. phospholipids, chylomicrons b. chylomicrons, phospholipids c. chylomicrons, lipoproteins d. lipoproteins, chylomicrons
c. chylomicrons, lipoproteins - monoglycerides, diglycerides, LCFA combine to form micelles with help of bile. Then bind to protein to form chylomicrons, whcih penetrate intestinal mucosa, travel through lymph, into thoracic duct into blood. Liver takes chylomicron remnants to form lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL) to send into blood.
Which method of bread-making is not as dependent on the length of time the dough sits to rise? a. straight dough method b. sponge dough method c. continuous method d. prime bake method
c. continuous method - reduces processing time, substitutes intense mechanical energy for traditional bulk fermentation
Of the following oils, which is the highest in vitamin E? a. safflower b. corn c. cottonseed d. olive
c. cottonseed
when a-linolenic acid is substituted for saturated fatty acids in the diet the results will be: a. increased HDL, reduced LDL b. decreased TG, lower total chol c. decreased TG, little change in total chol d. lower HDL, increased LDL
c. decreased TG, little change in total chol - omega 3s have little impact on total cholesterol
An amylase deficiency would result in: a. decreased gluconeogenesis b. decreased lipolysis c. decreased glycolysis d. decreased proteolysis
c. decreased glycolysis - amylase is part of CHO digestion and metabolism, so lipolysis and proteolysis wouldn't be impacted. Less amylase would decrease CHO breakdown and absorption, decreasing glycolysis.
If you are comparing the prevalence of heart disease in two states, the study design is: a. analytical research b. case control research c. descriptive research d. quasi-experimental
c. descriptive research - provides baseline data, describes stat of nature at a point in time. Analytical research tests hypotheses and can prove cause and effect. Case control research is a type of analytical research that compares people with the disease to people without the disease but have similar characteristics. Both groups recall past behaviors. Quasi-experimental research is a type of analytical research that takes measurements before and after a program to show whether the differences are a continuation of previous patterns or if there is a noteworthy change.
When providing nutrition education to a pregnant teenager, which characteristics of adolescents should be kept in mind? a. interested in planning for the future b. responds more to emotional stimuli c. desire to be like their peers d. has well-defined self-image
c. desire to be like their peers - increased mocking and ridicule among teens
An example of nominal (frequency) data is: a. temperature b. weight c. differentiate between men and women d. rank in class
c. differentiate between men and women - nominal data is non-ordered, variables that fit into a category with no special order (e.g. gender, race, marital status)
After you review the patient's medical record, the first step in counseling is: a. assess the patient's nutritional status b. collect all relevant data c. establish a climate of trust d. establish an overall evaluation plan for the patient
c. establish a climate of trust - build rapport
In metabolic acidosis, which of the following is involved? a. excretion of potassium b. excess calcium retention c. excretion of sodium bicarbonate d. excess calcium loss
c. excretion of sodium bicarbonate - kidneys are excreting too much bicarbonate, which is causing the body to become more acidic
The absence of reinforcement following an undesirable behavior is: a. positive reinforcement b. punishment c. extinction d. avoidance
c. extinction - extinction is defined by the absence of reinforcement following undesired behavior Positive reinforcement encourages repetition of a given behavior. Avoidance learning is trying to escape from unpleasant consequences.
Pernicious anemia is likely to occur following a: a. colectomy b. colostomy c. gastrectomy d esophagostomy
c. gastrectomy - less intrinisc factor causing decreased B12 absorption
Apples stored in a controlled environment would: a. ripen quickly b. last one to two years c. have extended life and improved marketing quality d. only be used as processed fruit
c. have extended life and improved marketing quality - MAP decreases browning
What is the best way to assess what a group of students has learned after diet instruction? a. list their skills b. have them explain their skills c. have them demonstrate their skills d. post-test on their skills
c. have them demonstrate their skills - shows what they listened to and learned
The treatment for hyperbilirubinemia is: a. high calorie b. high protein c. high fluid d. high fat
c. high fluid - hyperbilirubinemia is caused by elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels within the first week of life due to increased breakdown of red blood cells or decreased intestinal mobility. Promote hydration and 9-12 feedings per day if issue is intestinal motility.
Cabbage should be cooked: a. covered b. in a small amount of water c. in a large quantity of water d. covered in a small amount of water
c. in a large quantity of water - cook in a large amount of water for a short time with lid off to minimize development of a strong flavor
How do you begin an interview with a patient? a. obtain height and weight b. get a nutritional history c. introduce yourself and make them comfortable d. give the diet instruction
c. introduce yourself and make them comfortable - build rapport
A normal pregnancy requires supplementation of: a. iron b. vitamin C, calcium, iron c. iron and folic acid d. calcium and zinc
c. iron and folic acid - 30 mg ferrous sulfate during 2nd and 3rd trimesters, 400 mcg folic acid
To determine whether your client has applied your suggestions on decreasing his fat intake, ask him to: a. name a few foods that should be consumed infrequently b. name four foods to avoid c. list the foods he has consumed over the past 3 days d. select an appropriate breakfast from a menu
c. list the foods he has consumed over the past 3 days - only option that involves applying knowledge to his life
A study reported *10%* morbidity rate in infants in the *country* and a *12%* morbidity rate for infants in the *city*. This means that: a. 10% of infants died in the country b. more infants died in the city than in the country c. more disease in infants in the city than the country d. more disease in infants in the country than in the city
c. more disease in infants in the city than the country - morbidity is the state of disease, higher morbidity rates mean more diagnoses of that disease in that area.
You are asked to give an inservice to the staff. What should you do first? a. ask them what they want to learn b. read up on the subject c. observe the staff at work to identify problems d. see what other hospitals are teaching
c. observe the staff at work to identify problems - helps you see what needs addressed in the company
When developing educational plans, when do you plan the evaluation criteria? a. before implementation of the plan b. do it before you plan anything else c. plan evaluation criteria at each step in the process d. plan it just before you offer the program
c. plan evaluation criteria at each step in the process - Evaluate each step in the educational process (assessment, planning, implementation, and eval of outcomes)
To prevent frozen gravy from separating with thawed: a. reheat slowly and stir constantly b. thaw it before heating and stir constantly c. prepare it with modified starch d. cook it longer before freezing to stabilize the gravy
c. prepare it with modified starch - freezing causes starches to undergo retrogradation (reverting back to insoluble form when it freezes or ages), causing crystallization. Modified starch stabilizes frozen gravies
In the Cori cycle, lactate is converted into: a. ribose b. NADPH c. pyruvate d. acetyl CoA
c. pyruvate - to make acetyl CoA
Prior to conducting a healthy eating class to local residents, assess their: a. medical histories b. physical activity levels c. readiness to make lifestyle changes d. occupations and lifestyle
c. readiness to make lifestyle changes
A processed food entree includes TVP which is used to: a. add color b. improve taste c. retain water and add protein d. act as an emulsifier
c. retain water and add protein - TVP is textured vegetable protein
Which of the following foods is the best source of omega 3 fatty acids? a. shrimp b. anchovies c. sardines d. olive oil
c. sardines - fish oils are the best source. Shrimp and anchovies aren't the best sources though.
which would provide the best source of omega 3 fatty acids? a. walnuts, flaxseed b. tuna, cod c. sardines, herring, mackerel d. canola oil
c. sardines, herring, mackerel - fatty fish
Which data is needed to convert weight into volume? a. mass b. temperature c. specific gravity d. pH
c. specific gravity - formula uses weight and volume
A 5 month old is diagnosed with salmonella. What is likely the cause? a. fruit juice b. milk c. table food d. evaporated milk
c. table food - kids shouldn't have cow's milk until after 1 year of age, kids can start eating table foods at 4-6 months.
The sensitivity of a screening tool evaluates: a. the proportion of non-afflicted individuals IDed as non-afflicted b. the consistency or reproducibility of test results c. the proportion of afflicted individuals who tested positive d. the amount of variation that occurs randomly within the population
c. the proportion of afflicted individuals who tested positive A is specificity. B is reliability. D is precision.
The best indicator that children applied knowledge from a nutrition education program about vitamin D is: a. their parents know about good sources of vitD b. the children can name good sources of vitamin D c. they request more snacks with vitD d. they know the reasons for including the vitamin
c. they request more snacks with vitD - involves kids applying the knowledge they gained about food sources of vitamin D
The following are required for the conversion of pyruvic acid into active acetate: a. thiamin, NAD, oxaloacetic acid, magnesium b. oxygen, pantothenic acid, vitamin E c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium d. pantothenic acid, oxaloacetate, citric acid
c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium - pyruvic acid turns to acetyl CoA in glycolytic pathway and needs these vitamins
Course texture in a cake is due to: a. too little baking powder b. over-mixing c. too much baking powder or sugar d. oven temp too high
c. too much baking powder or sugar - caused by too much baking powder or sugar, oven temp too low, inadequate mixing
When substituting butter for lard in pastry: a. use the same amount b. use less c. use more d. use less and decrease the water content
c. use more
Which is the dependent variable? a. leavening b. storage days c. volume d. oven temperature
c. volume - could be influenced by all of the other answer options
The Dietitian says to the client: "I hear you say that on some days you just cannot stay with the plan. Is that right?" This is: a) a statement of affirmation b) an open-ended question c) a reassuring response d) reflective listening
d) reflective listening - reflecting back what the client said
What is the process by which the water content of a vegetable is replaced by a concentrated salt solution? A. gelling B. osmosis C. diffusion D. retrogradation
C. Diffusion - salt is a solute that would move from the area of higher concentration (salt solution) to the area of lower concentration (vegetable)
When you check overrun, you are checking: A. excess stock in the storeroom B. surplus soap and rinse aids used in the dish machine C. the weight of ice cream D. total costs of unexpected meals served
C. the weight of ice cream - overrun refers to the amount of air in the ice cream, so the more air the lower the weight.
Which denotes a high correlation? a. .2 b. .4 c. .6 d. .8
d. .8
What would you give to a person who is mildly hypokalemic? a. 1 cup blueberries b. 1 cup cranberries c. 1/2 cup applesauce d. 1 piece cantaloupe
d. 1 piece cantaloupe - potassium sources include meat, fruits/vegetables (esp banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe). Low potassium foods include apples, cranberries, blueberries, carrots, corn.
At what age should children be measured standing up? a. 6 mos b. 12 mos c. 18 mos d. 24 mos
d. 24 mos - measured laying down from 0-24 mos
Considering the following smoke points of various fats, which would be the best to use for frying? a. 300 b. 325 c. 375 d. 400
d. 400 - higher smoke points better for frying
In a normal curve, what % of data falls between +1 and -1 standard deviation? a. 52 b. 93 c. 35 d. 68
d. 68
The formula for producing the active form of vitamin D is: a. vitamin D3 converting into 7-dehydrocholesterol b. ergosterol converting into calciferol c. cholesterol converting into calciferol d. 7-dehydrocholesterol converting into cholecalciferol
d. 7-dehydrocholesterol converting into cholecalciferol - 7-dehydrocholesterol + sunlight in skin --> cholecalciferol (D3) --> 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in liver --> 1, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (active form) in kidney; food source is ergocalciferol http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/vitamind.html
An edematous person may actually be dehydrated because: a. intravascular fluid is retained b. intravascular fluid is diluted c. Fluid is retained intracellularly d. Fluid is retained extracellularly
d. Fluid is retained extracellularly
Which of the following is true? a. Fructose has sucrose b. Fructose is less concentrated than glucose c. Fructose takes longer to digest than glucose d. Fructose is sweeter than glucose
d. Fructose is sweeter than glucose Fructose is a monosaccharide so it doesn't contain sucrose. Glucose is more concentrated than fructose. Glucose takes longer to digest than fructose.
To estimate energy needs in the critically ill, use: a. Harris Benedict b. Mifflin St. Jeor c. BMR d. Indirect calorimetry
d. Indirect calorimetry - increased energy needs, can be hard to predict
Amount of ceruloplasmin affected by what disease? a. Addison's disease b. Pheochromocytoma c. Cushing's syndrome d. Wilson's disease
d. Wilson's disease - ceruloplasmin is the protein attached to copper. Copper deficiency is called Wilson's disease.
Synergistics is: a. two people working together b. two people working in separate areas c. a person working alone d. a group of people working together to solve a problem
d. a group of people working together to solve a problem - synergy - the group's product is superior to what the most resourceful individual within the group could have produced by working alone
Before you teach a class on nutrition, you should: a. research all current materials at the library b. read a current nutrition textbook c. take a survey to determine what they are interested in d. assess the student's current nutrition knowledge
d. assess the student's current nutrition knowledge - always conduct needs assessment and prior knowledge first, use this to develop goals and objectives
The two most abundant minerals in the body are: a. zinc and chromium b. calcium and zinc c. iron and calcium d. calcium and phosphorus
d. calcium and phosphorus - calcium is most abundant, phosphorus is second
Glucocorticoids: a. convert glucose into protein b. convert fatty acids into glucose c. convert glucose into fat d. convert protein into glucose
d. convert protein into glucose - initiate gluconeogenesis
Which is the best way to teach food service workers to prepare a new menu item? a. show a video of the process b. have them prepare it following a recipe c. provide and review detailed, written instructions d. demonstrate the process, then watch them prepare it
d. demonstrate the process, then watch them prepare it
Which of the following would be most productive when conducting a workshop for teenage mothers about proper portion sizes for feeding toddlers? a. role-playing b. lecture c. discussion d. demonstration
d. demonstration
Which of the following has the least amount of saturated fat? a. 2% milk b. half and half c. non-dairy creamer d. evaporated skim milk
d. evaporated skim milk - skim milk has <.5% fat
Biotin is considered a coenzyme in the synthesis of: a. protein b. carbohydrate c. glycogen d. fatty acids
d. fatty acids - coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis
When planning a program for rural elderly, which is the most important? a. the number of participants b. what you will serve c. where it will be held d. how they will get to you
d. how they will get to you - more challenges for people to get to the program when they live in a rural area and are elderly (have a car? able to drive? able to get a ride? no public transportation? injured? sick? weather?)
When adding bran to a flour mixture, what should be changed? a. baking temperature b. increase fat and liquid c. increase oxidizing agent d. increase flour and liquid
d. increase flour and liquid - bran decreases volume of end product so add flour (to increase gluten) and liquid (to hydrate the flour) to compensate
Pale conjunctivae is associated with a deficiency of: a. vitamin C b. vitamin D c. zinc d. iron
d. iron - pale conjunctivae is pale mucous membranes lining eyelid, too little iron --> pale
Which of the following represents cow's milk? a. it creates a low renal solute load b. high in iron, low in vitamin C c. low in phosphorus, low in iron d. it creates a high renal solute load
d. it creates a high renal solute load
Which conversion requires glucose-6-phosphatase? a. glucose into liver glycogen b. glucose into pyruvic acid c. pyruvic acid into lactic acid d. liver glycogen into glucose
d. liver glycogen into glucose - glucose-6-phosphatase is found mainly in the liver and kidneys to hydrolyze glucose-6-phosphate to create a glucose and phosphate group https://www.britannica.com/science/glycogenolysis https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/glucose-6-phosphate
A child who is below the 5th percentile weight for height: a. is tall for his age b. has a condition inhibiting growth c. may have experienced long term under-nutrition d. may have experienced short term under-nutrition
d. may have experienced short term under-nutrition - identifies short term changes in nutritional status. Stature for age reflects long term nutritional status and extent of stunting. Weight for age isn't used to classify under or overweight, is affected by acute nutritional status or illness BMI for age starts at 2 years.
Dry heat cookery should be used for which cut of meat? a. shoulder b. neck c. brisket d. near the backbone
d. near the backbone
Active listening in counseling sessions involves: a. probing into specific areas of behavior b. empathizing c. selective perception d. paraphrasing and responding
d. paraphrasing and responding - active/reflective listening is paraphrasing or repeating back what client has just said, it focuses on the thoughts and feelings of the client and can involve responding to the concerns
The lecture: a. increases teacher-student involvement b. is student-oriented c. reinforces material presented d. provides the most material covered in a short time
d. provides the most material covered in a short time - lecture is a one way style of communication that presents a large amount of material in a short time, usually used for large groups
You are analyzing a client's physical ability to prepare meals. The learning domain is: a. conceptual b. affective c. human d. psychomotor
d. psychomotor
A patient with metabolic alkalosis would have: a. excess excretion of base through the kidneys b. retention of base by the lungs c. excretion of base by the lungs d. retention of base by the kidneys
d. retention of base by the kidneys - alkalosis means higher amounts of HCO3 in blood due to abnormal retention of base by the kidneys/increased ingestion of alkali or diuretics/vomiting, body compensates by decreasing respiration to retain CO2 to increase carbonic acid (metabolic acid/alkalosis means it's due to the kidneys as opposed to respiratory acid/alkalosis)
When substituted for saturated fats in the diet, which of the following oils will likely lower total cholesterol but also lower HDL cholesterol? a. olive oil b. canola oil c. peanut oil d. safflower oil
d. safflower oil - high in omega 6s
A patient relates a story to the RD. The RD says: "The is happened to me, too." This is: a. reflection b. clarification c. attribution d. self-disclosure
d. self-disclosure
When should an explanation of how a worker will be evaluated be given to them? a. one month prior to their eval b. they shouldn't be shown to the worker c. the day of the eval before you meet with them d. the day they are hired
d. the day they are hired - lets them know what they need to do to stay employed/meet standards
What is your first concern when deciding how to teach? a. the time you and the students have b. What learning resources are available c. what you are best at d. the needs and abilities of your students
d. the needs and abilities of your students A and B are dependent on what your students need.
An increased plasma pyruvate level is an indication of: a. iron deficiency b. riboflavin deficiency c. excess carbohydrate ingestion d. thiamin deficiency
d. thiamin deficiency
Meat graded "US Standard" is the grade given at the: a. time of purchase b. time of delivery c. storage facility d. time of slaughter
d. time of slaughter - both grading and inspection are done at time of slaughter
What is the best way to reduce fat content of a brownie recipe? a. use margarine instead of butter b. cut out all the fat c. cut out half the fat d. use prune puree in place of half the fat
d. use prune puree in place of half the fat
When is breast feeding contraindicated? a. when the mother is underweight b. when the mother has hyperlipidemia c. when the mother has a breast infection d. when the mother has AIDS
d. when the mother has AIDS