Inquizitive Questions + Practice Quiz Soc 1

how the identity and activities of the researcher influence what is going on in the field setting

reflexivity

the context in which the performance takes place, including location, decor, and props (page 101)

region

What is the central message of postmodernism?

rejection of the idea of a single, shared understanding of history and society

One major difference between the experimental method and ethnographic research is that in most cases it is not possible to repeat an ethnographic study to check its validity, but well-designed experiments can be repeated. In other words, ethnographies lack _____.

replicability

the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life (page 107)

resocialization

a participant in a study from whom the researcher seeks to gather information (page 47)

respondent

individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether (page 150)

retreatists

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means (page 150)

ritualists

the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status

role

experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations

role conflict

phenomenon that occurs when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations.

role conflict

the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy.

role exit

experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role

role strain

assuming the perspective of another

role-taking emotions

the holy, divine, or supernatural (page 19)

sacred

the members of the target population who will actually be studied (page 47)

sample

in labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant (page 154)

secondary deviance

an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true (page 154)

self-fulfilling prophecy

symbols that stand for or convey an idea (page 74)

signs

Dejanee is looking for a job, so she asks her friends, professors, classmates, old high school teachers, and even her hair stylist to let her know if they hear of any openings. Dejanee is relying on her _____ to find a job.

social betwork

the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists (page 101)

social construction

the formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion (page 151)

social control

Jace spends most of his time by himself—he has no family or friends, and doesn't work. Perry, on the other hand, has close relationships with his family members, has a good career, and is an active member of his church. Which theory would predict that Jace is more likely to commit crime because he has weaker social bonds?

social control theory

a theory of crime, proposed by Travis Hirschi, that posits that strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance (page 150)

social control theory

the application of the theory of evolution and the notion of "survival of the fittest" to the study of society (page 18)

social darwinism

A group is most efficient when its members put the group's needs before their personal needs and think of the team goals before their own. This exemplifies _____.

social identity theory

a theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 136)

social identity theory

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society (page 21)

social inequality

Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon, has a rule that if a team cannot be fed by two pizzas, the team is too large. The "two pizza" rule exemplifies the concept of ____________.

social loafing (phenomenon in which each individual contributes a little less as more individuals are added to a task. "Too many people" means too much miscommunication, chaos, and bureaucracy, which leads to social loafing and reduces efficiency and slows progress (Morgan 2014).)

the disciplines that use the scientific method to examine the social world (page 9)

social sciences

The principle of "six degrees of separation" that suggests that everyone in the world is connected to everyone else within six steps, exemplifies which concept?

social ties (Social ties are connections between people and can be either direct or indirect. Sociologists explore which social ties constitute social networks and how these networks influence people's lives.)

To ensure their society's continued existence, the older members of a remote tribe in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil must pass on critical knowledge and skills to the younger members of the tribe. This process is known as _____.

socialization (Socialization is the process we all undergo, in all nations everywhere, in order to become fully functioning members of that society. This is where we learn the values, norms, and beliefs that we share with others.)

a group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from others (page 9)

society

a way of looking at the world through a sociological lens (page 10)

sociological perspective

Howard Becker reminds us that humans are social beings when he uses the phrase "the study of people 'doing things together'" to describe _____.

sociology

the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions (page 9)

sociology

the degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group (page 19)

solidarity

the appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable (page 41)

spurious correlation

a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

status

a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which positive stereotypes, such as the "model minority" label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive performance outcomes (page 155)

stereotype promise

a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly-and confirming stereotypes about their social groups-causes students to perform poorly (page 154)

stereotype threat

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction (page 155)

stigma

Values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon; they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior.

structural functionalism

a paradigm based on the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures (page 19)

structural functionalism

a social institution that is relatively stable over time and that meets the needs of society by performing functions necessary to maintain social order and stability (page 20)

structure

a group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle (page 81)

subculture

Connor is very active in the "cosplay" scene. He designs costumes that embody his favorite sci-fi film characters and wears them to comic conventions (comic-cons). Jordan has a mohawk and wears a leather jacket. He is a member of an anarchist collective that seeks to destroy the current political and economic system, and replace it with a fairer and more just society. The difference between Connor and Jordan is that Connor is a member of a(n) ______, whereas Jordan is a member of a ______.

subculture; counterculture

the ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication) (page 73

symbolic culture

Skylar is writing a sociology research paper on the controversy over whether the "okay" hand gesture has a racist meaning or not. Which of the following approaches or perspectives would be most applicable to their paper?

symbolic interactionism

Values and norms are social constructions that may vary over time and in different contexts; meaning is created, maintained, and changed through ongoing social interaction.

symbolic interactionism

What is the definition of sociology?

systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior

the entire group about which a researcher would like to be able to generalize (page 47)

target population

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon (page 154)

tertiary deviance

Travis Hirschi's social control theory hypothesizes that the stronger one's social bonds—to family and religious, civic, and other groups—the less likely one is to commit crime.

textbook

August is a senior at a very expensive private high school. His father is a successful stock broker and his mother is a partner in a Manhattan law firm. August gets caught stealing a shirt and claims he was just seeking the thrill of stealing something. This example highlights what concept of deviance studied by Jack Katz?

the "foreground" of deviance (Rather than focusing on the background factors of why a person would commit a crime, Katz's work focuses on the foreground, or aspects like August's attraction to the thrill of stealing.)

A team of sociologists is commissioned to study the effects of lighting levels and amount of time for breaks on workers' productivity in an office setting. Before the study begins, office workers are told why the researchers are there. When the team analyzes their data, they find that no matter what they do, productivity levels go up while they are physically present. When the team is not physically present, productivity levels return to normal. What is the likely explanation for these findings?

the Hawthorne effect (This is a clear case of the Hawthorne effect because the workers were motivated to be productive in the presence of the researchers due to the interest being shown in them.)

In regard to social classes, what sharp distinction did Karl Marx draw between the proletariat (laborers) and the bourgeoisie (owners) in a society?

the control and ownership of the means of production

The increase in incarceration rates over the last twenty years coincides with which of the following?

the increase in privatization of prisons (One trend in corrections in the United States is the switch from government-run prison systems to privately run penitentiaries. Once prisons are privately contracted, they become for-profit businesses that push for increased state subsidies while adopting cost-saving measures such as requiring unpaid labor from inmates and reducing spending on education, health care, and food for inmates. When prisons become businesses, they become more focused on their bottom line and pleasing shareholders than rehabilitating their prisoners.)

When Herman joined a spiritual community in rural Nevada, he was required to discard all of his possessions, wear the same outfit as the other members, take on a new name, and cease communication with all of his friends and relatives. It didn't take long for Herman to feel like a completely different person. He had joined a(n) _____.

total institution

institutions in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that they can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones (page 109)

total institutions

authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 137)

traditional authority

Erving Goffman suggests there are three main types of stigma: physical, moral, and ___________ .

tribal (There are three main types of stigma: physical (including physical or mental impairments), moral (signs of a flawed character), and tribal (membership in a discredited or oppressed group). Almost any departure from the norm can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, a past battle with alcohol or mental illness, time served in jail, or sexual transgressions.)

Who coined the term "anomie"?

Èmile Durkheim

offered a functionalist theory of deviance

Èmile Durkheim

Main idea: Group membership prevents a state of normlessness.

Émile Durkheim

The ____ approaches her social world with practical knowledge, whereas the _______ approaches the world by using reasoning and questions to gain deeper insights.

- everyday actor - social analyst

Which of the following are basic goals of social scientists when conducting experiments?

- to develop precise tools with which to observe, record, and measure their data - to attempt to control for all possible variables except the one under investigation

Public schools in the United States opened in the _______ and attendance was _______. Beyond the original goals of schooling, such as educating citizens and_______, schools now have greater roles, which include physical education and discipline.

-1800s -uneven -maintaining democracy

The year ______ saw the highest homicide rates in U.S. history, at _______ per 100,000 persons, or 24,700 murders. Between then and ________, there was a dramatic ______ in homicide rates, and the rate has stayed _______ ever since.

-1991 -9.8 -2000 -drop -low -

Which of the following are examples of the experimental method?

-A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby. -A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training video. One video has sexist content and the other does not.

Identify the true statements about social media engagement and our social connections

-Americans are no more or less lonely or detached from one another than they have ever been. -Users of social media are more connected than nonusers.

A psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What were the results?

-An initial diagnosis of schizophrenia tended to color the medical staff's interpretation of patients' later behaviors. -Patients initially diagnosed with schizophrenia were kept under observation for several weeks, despite behaving normally all that time.

Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?

-As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely.

A sociologist is worried that her presence is affecting interactions between the people she is studying. Identify the concepts she should consider during her study.

-BIAS -reflexivity -reactivity

A sociologist begins participant observation of a group of community college students in the hopes that she can learn more about how young people form new relationships. When the sociologist is asked to teach an ethnography class, she hangs out with many of those same students and teaches them more about ethnography in a small group setting. She quickly begins to see many of the group members as her friends, and participates in social events with them. Identify the aspects of research methodology that might be problematic for this study.

-Bias -Reflexivity -Replicability (Ethnographic research, in general, suffers from a lack of replicability, and this research is no exception.)

Examples of embodied status

-Blind -Paraplegic (physically noticeable/characteristics)

Herbert Blumer

-Blumer appealed for researchers to get "down and dirty" with the dynamics of social life. -Blumer gave Mead's theory the name it now goes by: symbolic interactionism. -Blumer played football while he was a graduate student and a professor.

Examples of achieved status

-College graduate -Doctor -Ex-convict -Achieved status is a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others.

Match each form of punishment for deviant behavior to its respective society.

-Colonial Americans: Flogging -Amish: shunning -native Americans: banishment form the community

What is true about culture?

-Culture includes both symbolic and material elements. -Culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world. -Culture is handed down from generation to generation.

Place each study of deviance in order, from first to last.

-David Matza called for social scientists to understand deviant phenomena in a perspective he called "naturalism." -Alexander Liazos suggested that the sociology of deviance mostly focuses on "nuts and sluts." -Jack Katz noted that many studies of deviance focus on background rather than foreground factors. -Leila Rupp and Verta Taylor spent three years studying drag queens.

Place the following items related to the development of and controversies related to sociobiology in chronological order.

-Edward O. Wilson's Sociobiology: The new Synthesis is published -Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is published -The Human Genome Project maps all of the genes constituting human DNA -Molly Martin shows the link between parents' and children's weight is due not only to shared genes but also to shared lifestyle

Justine wants to copy her roommate's homework but is afraid her roommate will catch her.

-Ego -The ego is realistic and recognizes consequences but not out of a sense of moral obligation.

Which of the following are disadvantages of ethnographic research?

-Ethnographic research suffers from a lack of replicability. -Ethnographic research often is not representative of a larger part of society.

Which of the following are advantages of existing sources research?

-Existing sources research allows researchers to work with information they could not obtain on their own. -Existing sources research allows researchers to use the same data that has been used for previous research and thus has high replicability.

Identify Jane Addams's contributions to various fields of applied sociology.

-Founding Full House -putting theory into practice -founding the ALCU and the NAACP

Which of the following are organizations that Robert Putnam's research might argue keep anomie at bay?

-Habitat for Humanity -Boys and Girls Clubs of America -Boy Scouts of America

Microsociology

-How does giving children different types of toys to play with affect their performance of gender roles? -What types of language and gestures do students use when interacting with teachers?

Mark eats a whole pint of chocolate double fudge ice cream because he wants it.

-Id

Which of the following are advantages of interview research?

-Interviews allow respondents to speak their own words and reveal their own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. -Interviews may help the researcher dispel certain preconceptions and discover issues that might have otherwise been overlooked.

What is one of the biggest problems with nonacademic uses of research methods?

-It often has a lack of rigorous standards. (Nonacademic research often does not have to report to institutional review boards (IRBs), nor undergo peer review.)

Sociologists _______'s landmark study of capital murder cases in Washington State revealed that black defendants were more than ______ times more likely to be sentenced to death than defendants of other races. In_______, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional.

-Katherine Beckett and Heather Evans -four -2018

Identify the types of functions Robert Merton theorized were necessary for the social cohesion of different structures.

-Manifest -latent

Place each major study of social networks in order of its publication, from first to last.

-Mark Granovetter's "the strength of weak ties" -Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres's article on gender, networks, and employment -Duncan Watt's Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age -Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's article on networks and sexual health

___________ is a paradigm that places trust in the power of science and technology to create progress, solve problems, and improve life. Conversely, _________ is a paradigm that suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and constantly in flux. Three of the most famous postmodern theorists include Jacques Derrida, Jean Baudrillard, and __________

-Modernism -Postmodernism - Micael Foucault

Solomon Asch studied people's tendency to conform to group norms by staging gatherings where members of a group were asked to compare a straight line to a set of three reference lines. What were Asch's findings?

-Most people seek to align themselves with the group majority. -Many people are reluctant to be the sole dissenting voice in a group.

What is another name for the methodology that Auguste Comte called "social physics"?

-Positivism (a methodology of dealing with all questions in empirical, quantitative terms. This approach is in contrast to a methodology that emphasizes narrative and other nonscientific descriptions of the phenomena studied.

Place the following stages of child development on the timeline in chronological order, according to George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the social self.

-Preparatory Stage -Play Stage -Game Stage

Which of the following is an example of positive deviance?

-Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white man (Although she broke a law, Rosa Parks is considered a hero because her deviance intended to shine a light on the vast racial inequality that was legally sanctioned at the time.)

Identify the advantages of social network analysis.

-Social network analysis contributes to the production of "big data." Big data is extremely useful to both corporations and social scientists. -Social network analysis is very useful for a variety of researchers.

examples of socialization?`

-Someone acts visibly uncomfortable when a coworker tells a sexist joke. (nonverbal cues) -A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table. -A child shows a parent how to check email using a smartphone.

One of the most significant influences on any society is its material culture. And most changes in material culture tend to be technological. Place each technological change in chronological order.

-TV -Internet -Smartphones -Tablet devices

Which of the following are important elements in Weberian theory?

-Verstehen -the role of the Protestant religion in transforming European economies

Which statements correctly describe "the strength of weak ties"?

-Weak ties provide access to valuable information. -Weak ties provide benefits that strong ties do not.

Macrosociology

-What types of religious organizations are most effective at lobbying political entities for support? -How do the organization of education systems around the world affect the percentage of individuals who go to college?

Which of the following are double-barreled questions?

-When was the last time you ate pizza and what were the toppings you had on it? -Do you support raising taxes to provide additional childcare subsidies to the poor?

What are the distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance?

-a focus on individual psychology rather than on the social dynamics of large populations -a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people

A sociologist fields a survey that collects data on where high school students apply to college. After some preliminary analysis, he attempts to use his data to create a new program that will encourage low-income students to apply to more rigorous colleges that may be a better fit for them. The researcher hopes that the program will increase the percentage of low-income students who attend elite colleges. What type of research is involved in this scenario?

-action research (the sociologist is specifically looking to create social change.)

While ______ is most closely associated with value-free sociology, pre-existing values are not the only reason a sociologist might be biased. The notion of _______ can be skewed by the direction and focus of prior research. Additionally, the concept of ________ suggests that researchers can also influence those who are being studied.

-basic research -objectivity -reactivity

The Burning Man festival challenges which norms and values of mainstream society?

-capitalism -conformity -bureaucracy

Which of the following areas may present ethical concerns for individuals conducting social science research?

-deception -confidentiality

Match the justifications for punishment to the appropriate descriptions.

-deterrence :passing a law that states that anyone caught stealing an item or items valued at $1,000 or more will have one hand cut off -rehabilitation :passing a law that states that first-time offenders for any violent crime will be submitted to a psychological evaluation and given mental health treatment -incapacitation :passing a law that states that anyone committing fraud will be imprisoned for a minimum of twenty years

Cultural _______ usually occurs in the direction from more-developed to less-developed nations, while cultural _______ occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another. A third type of cultural change is cultural ________, or the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through ________ rather than by ________.

-diffusion -leveling -imperialism -media and consumer products -military force

Which of the following elements could be considered culture?

-films -style of dress -historical artifacts

Chicago School of sociology

-focus was on the micro level of everyday interactions (such as race relations in urban neighborhoods) as the building blocks of larger social phenomena (such as racial inequality). -in many ways a frontier city in the early twentieth century. Rapidly transformed by industrialization, immigration, and ethnic diversity, Chicago became a unique laboratory in which to practice a new type of sociology that differed both theoretically and methodologically from the European models. The Chicago School is known for its urban sociology and developing symbolic interactionism.

Which of the following are characteristics of a sociologist, as described by Peter Berger?

-intellectually curious -passionate about human affairs -intellectually daring

A sociologist includes the following interview question in his research: "Most people now believe gay marriage should be legal. How do you feel about gay marriage?" Which of the following categories should we use to classify this research question?

-leading question -open-ended question

_________ carry with them expectations that may blind people to other facets of our personalities. People quickly make assumptions about what women, Asians, doctors, or alcoholics are like and may judge them according to those expectations rather than their actual ________. This kind of judgment, often referred to as __________, is looked upon as negative or destructive.

-master statuses -attributes -stereotyping

The _____ perspective assumes that society's larger structures are shaped through individual interactions, while the ______ perspective assumes that society's larger structures shape those individual interactions. It is useful to think of these perspectives as being on a continuum with each other; while _________ sociologists adhere to radically micro or exclusively macro perspectives, _____ are somewhere in between.

-micro -macro -some -most

Which of the following are examples of dominant culture in the United States?

-music played on most radio stations

Which of the following are necessary for a behavior or characteristic to be defined as deviant?

-norms -group reactions

An important feature of scientific results is that they can be _____, either by the same ________ or by others who are interested in the same topic.

-replicated -researcher

Sociobiology is a branch of science that uses biology and evolution to explain ______. The basic nature vs. nurture debate has been tweaked by sociobiologists who suggest that genes and environment ______ to influence behavior. The latest work in this area suggests that _________ can significantly alter the way a gene expresses itself.

-social behavior -interact -social and environmental context

We often speak of _______ with our friends, yet this idea is only part of what sociologists mean by _______. Socialization is a twofold process. It includes the process by which a ______, culture, or group teaches individuals to become functioning members, and the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values and norms of the group.

-socializing -socialization -society

TV shows like Queer Eye, Naked and Afraid, and Keeping Up with the Kardashians reflect how we are all part of the same _____, and for that reason we are curious about how the others live. _____ , however, is slightly different than reality television. It is the _______ or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions.

-society -sociology -systematic

Signs, gestures, and language, as well as values and norms, are all part of ______ culture. ________ are specific types of norms that formally codify what is permissible or forbidden, while ________ often include severe repercussions and public condemnation. The most powerful of all norms are ________.

-symbolic culture -laws -Mores -taboos

A microsociologist wants to study nail salon workers. Taking a _____ approach, she might compare the conversations that workers have with their clients compared to those they have in the break room. Drawing on Erving Goffman's idea of ______, the sociologist might find that the workers have different scripts they follow when they are "onstage" with clients versus "offstage" in the break room.

-symbolic interactionist -Dramaturgy

Before collecting data, social researchers must identify a _____ from which to select their ______. After that, if they want to interview _____, sociologists must first get ______, which means that participants agree to be interviewed and know what they are getting into.

-target population -sample -respondents -informed consent

Identify the most predominant agents of socialization.

-the media -peers -the family -schools

Which of the following are examples of moral holidays?

-the night in the home city of the team that wins the Super Bowl NOT MORAL HOLIDAYS: -Halloween -Valentine's Day -a snow day when school is cancelled

Match each form of body modification to its corresponding culture

-the suri: inserting plates to enlarge the lower lip -the padaung: neck stretching -Brazilians: butt augmentation -Americans: breast augmentation

Some of the following thinkers are prominent figures in the functionalist tradition. Place only those figures in chronological order.

-Émile Durkheim -Talcott Parsons -Robert Merton

Place each step of the scientific method in the correct order.

1. Identify a Problem or question 2. conduct a literature review 3.form a hypothesis 4.choose a research design or method 5. collect data 6. analyze data 7. disseminate findings

Place the following steps in sequential order, according to a researcher conducting ethnographic research.

1. access 2. rapport 3. field notes 4. analysis

In the context of the scientific method, what is the definition of a hypothesis?

A theoretical statement explaining the relationship between two or more phenomena

status earned through individual effort or imposed by others.

Achieved status

Place the events in the correct order.

After 1830: Harriet Martineau wroteSociety in America. After 1840: Auguste Comte wroteIntroduction to Positive Philosophy. Before 1850: Karl Marx wroteManifesto of the Communist Party. After 1860: US fought in the Civil war

Which scholar's research sparked debate about both ethical and legal violations?

Alice Goffman (Alice Goffman's ethnography, On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City, was published to great acclaim but became controversial after critics challenged the truthfulness of her account. According to critics, one passage in her book constitutes not only ethical violations but also possibly a prosecutable felony—conspiracy to commit murder.)

Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" is about what group of people?

Americans ("Nacirema" is "American" spelled backward.)

Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

An indigenous people having no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. They do not view a macro picture of multiple planets.

Lana was always spoiled during her youth. As an only child, she was lavished with praise and gifts from her parents. Unfortunately, they died when Lana was in college, and since then, Lana has remained single and has made no close friends. Her contact with other family members is limited. By virtue of her limited group membership, which of these concepts is Lana is more likely to experience?

Anomie (Anomie is the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change.)

Which social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology?

Auguste Comte

Which social theorist coined the term "sociology"?

Auguste Comte (Comte coined the term "sociology" in his 1842 book Introduction to Positive Philosophy.)

Identify each approach to a situation as either beginner's or expert's mind.

Beginner's Mind: -taking a sociology of health and illness course while forgetting your own experiences with the healthcare system -going on a date with no preconceived notions about what the date itself or the other person should be like Expert's Mind: -taking a course on affirmative action with pre-existing opinions about the problems and solutions surrounding racial inequality in the United States -a doctor participating in a discussion aimed at regular citizens on the problems with the healthcare system in the United States

What practice did Bernard McGrane suggest that individuals adopt to better understand the world around them?

Beginner's mind

Which social theorist introduced the idea of social imagination?

C. Wright Mills

Which theoretical perspective would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization?

Conflict Theory (A conflict theorist might suggest that an individual may be treated preferentially or prejudicially based on her or his group membership.)

American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism—and the exploitation and oppression of the working class—make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective?

Conflict Theory (Conflict theory suggests that definitions and rules of deviance are applied unequally based on power.)

A sociologist wants to examine how black men have been portrayed in television shows in the past year. Which type of study is most appropriate to examine this research topic and compare the portrayal of black men across different television shows?

Content Analysis 9A content analysis of a number of different television shows shown in the last year is the most appropriate method to examine this research question.)

interaction in the physical presence of others.

Copresence

(Q017) What is becoming less and less frequent, according to sociologists, as people spend more time on Facebook and less time having coffee with friends?

Copresence (FEEDBACK: The term ''copresence'' refers to face-to-face interactions. Technology has changed the way many people interact. Conversations are often had via texting as opposed to face-to-face, in-person interactions. More research is now focused on these new interactional contexts. TOP: Interacting Online)

A young shopper goes to the mall looking for "cool" clothes. What would a symbolic interactionist say about this situation?

Correct: -"Coolness" is a construction rather than an objective fact. Incorrect: -What is considered "cool" never changes. -Neither the shopper nor the clothes is actually "cool."

A new religious cult in the United States has been discovered that does not use any modern technology, lives in primitive conditions with no electricity or running water, and regards women as less valuable than men. Children born into this cult are forced to work sixteen-hour days starting at age ten. Based on this example, which of the following individuals are most likely to experience culture shock?

Correct: -a child born into the cult who escapes at age sixteen and travels to the nearest large city -a sociologist who goes undercover to learn about the cult and becomes a member Incorrect: -a man from the cult who regularly travels and talks to those in a nearby town -a woman who has been in the cult for less than a year who leaves and returns to her family

Identify the elements that are associated with Émile Durkheim's functionalist theoretical perspective.

Correct: -positivist sociology -social bonds in society Incorrect: -criticism of the ideas of Auguste Comte -social dynamics of very small groups

a group within society that openly rejects or actively opposes society's values and norms. Anonymous's beliefs are in opposition to the norms and values of mainstream society since its hacktivists oppose governmental or institutional control of the Internet.

Counterculture

the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through media and consumer products rather than by military force

Cultural imperialism

Many of the Founding Fathers were cannabis farmers, but by 1937 every state in the United States had outlawed marijuana use. Today, more states have legalized marijuana for medical and/or recreational use. What does this illustrate about deviance?

Cultural values, practices, and definitions of deviance change over time.

A researcher spends years conducting fieldwork with an indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea and has a difficult time reacclimating to Western society when he returns to it. He uses the experience of returning home to view his own society from an outsider's perspective and learn something new about it. Which sociological concept best exemplifies the experience of this researcher?

Culture shock

The controversy surrounding the "bathroom bills" of North Carolina and other states is an example of which of the following concepts?

Culture wars (a term used to describe the clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld.)

A postmodernist writes an essay arguing that the "factual" history of a Native American tribe in a textbook is no more accurate than a collection of short oral stories about the tribe. The postmodernist is engaging in what type of critical analysis?

Deconstruction (Postmodernists who are interested in deconstruction prefer mini-narratives, or small-scale stories, that describe individual or group practices rather than narratives that attempt to be universal or global.)

A sociologist conducts an experiment to see how watching a documentary on young men in gay relationships affects individual attitudes toward gay marriage. Both men and women are given a survey, but only those in the experimental group watch the video before answering the survey questions. Identify the dependent variables in this experiment.

Dependent: -attitudes toward gay marriage Independent: -answering a survey -exposure to a video on young men in gay relationships -sex/gender

Aubrey's mother says to her: "I don't want you to hang around with Michelle. She's going to be a bad influence on you." Aubrey's mother may not know it, but she's subscribing to which theory?

Differential association theory (Differential association states that we learn to be deviant through our interactions with deviant peers.)

Which of the following are disadvantages of interview research?

Disadvantages: -Interview research may lead to conclusions that cannot be applied to a larger group. -Interview respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful. Advantages: -Interviews do not often allow respondents to speak their own words and reveal their own thoughts, feelings, or beliefs. -Interview research often suffers from personal bias from the researcher involved

According to Goffman's theory of the presentation of self; we are like actors on a stage, whose performance strategies aid in impression management.

Dramaturgy

Social networks can shape our actions, such as voting behavior, because of which individuals make up those social networks.

Duncan Watts

the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion (page 112) agency

EMOTIONAL work

Identify the historical thinkers as either early theorists (important to the development of sociology but not sociologists, as they predated the field itself) or social theorists who are associated with "classical sociology."

Early Theorists: -Harriet Martineau -Herbert Spencer Classical Sociologists: -George Herbert Mead -Herbert Blumer

The _____ is the part of the mind that Freud suggested deals with the real world.

Ego/Freud

The Division of Labor in Society

Emile Durkheim

_________, coined by Arlie Hochschild, refers to how workers are expected to manage—and sell—their feelings in the name of good service.

Emotion work

applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma

Ervin Goffman

Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?

Ethnocentrism and Cultural relativism (To be ethnocentric is to judge other cultures by one's own standards. To be a cultural relativist is to reject this kind of thinking.)

Identify examples of postmodernism in popular culture.

Examples: -hip-hop -The Grey Album by DJ Danger Mouse, which uses tracks from the Beatles' White Albumand Jay-Z's Black Album. -copies of famous landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower in Las Vegas Not Examples: -Liberty University, the college associated with fundamentalist Christianity

T/F: Emotion work or emotional labor is the process of helping to manage the emotions of others in order to neutralize emotionally charged situations.

FALSE (Emotion work or emotional labor is the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing your own feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion.)

t/f: Results from the Twenty Statements Test (TST) over the past sixty years suggest that Americans' self-images have changed very little over time.

FALSE (In fact, there has been a great shift from self-image based on group affiliation in the 1950s and 1960s to self-image based on individual traits in the 1970s and 1980s.)

In their research, Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres found that the number of women in a person's network did not affect the quality of job information that the person received from his or her network.

FALSE (The number of women in a woman'snetwork matters but not a man's. Women who are part of networks that include more men than women are more likely to hear about good job leads.)

t/f: Someone who admits that he has a problem, such as alcoholism, but wants to shake the stigma associated with it and change his life for the better, is experiencing tertiary deviance.

FALSE: (If instead this person embraced his alcoholism and suggested that he is just different and not deviant, then he would be experiencing tertiary deviance.)

T/F: Microsociology is like a wide-angle lens perspective on society, whereas macrosociology is like a zoom lens perspective on society.

FALSE: By focusing on individual-level interactions, a microsociological perspective is more like a zoom lens, while a macrosociological perspective is more like a wide-angle lens.

t/f: The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgment.

FALSE: Deviance is about a particular group's judgment of a behavior and not a universal moral judgment.

t/F: Genie, the child who was deprived of practically all social interaction, eventually recovered to live a normal life complete with language and social awareness of her surroundings.

FALSE: Genie did learn language, gain some social skills, and form relationships with the researchers studying her. However, she eventually lost much of her capacity for speech after being moved through a number of foster homes.

T/F: Although American culture is highly visible worldwide via the media, the moral and political values of the country are not highly visible.

False

T/F: If two variables are correlated, a change in one must directly produce a change in the other.

False. (The correlation may be spurious. For example, the number of violent crimes in a city and ice cream sales are positively correlated (as one increases, the other increases). But violent crime does not cause ice cream sales (or vice versa); warm weather is the third variable that is a cause of both.)

Pilar just won a coveted award at work, even though many of her colleagues told her she didn't have a chance of getting it. While standing on the stage at the company's banquet dinner, she wanted to gloat and call out the people who didn't support her, but she knew this would not be appropriate. Instead, she stayed positive and smiled, thanked all of her colleagues, and graciously accepted the award. Pilar ended up conforming to this particular social setting's _____.

Feeling rules (Feeling rules are norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation.)

Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplishes two main goals. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Second, socialization teaches individuals the norms, values, and beliefs associated with their culture and provides ways to ensure that members adhere to their shared way of life. Identify the scenarios as accomplishing either the first or second goal of socialization.

First Goal: -Parents teach children how to eat food. -Schools teach students how to gain employment that will allow them to provide for themselves. Second Goal: -Peers teach youth what type of clothing is stylish and desirable. -Schools teach students that gainful employment is something to be valued and respected.

What is the term for interviewing a number of participants at the same time?

Focus Group (allows for interaction between group members as part of the research process.)

Sociologist Jack Katz studied deviance in terms of the deviant's own in-the-moment experience of committing the act. This emotional attractiveness of being bad is referred to as what aspect of deviance?

Foreground (Many approaches to studying deviance focus exclusively on background factors and neglect the deviant's own reason. Katz explores the "seductiveness" of deviance.)

Examines places

Geography

Which of the following sociologists was one of the first to do work in the area of social network analysis (SNA)?

Georg Simmel

Founder of ethnomethodology

Harold Garfinkel

a specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the result not of the independent variable but of the research itself (page 60)

Hawthorne Effect

How did Stanley Milgram test participants' obedience to authority?

He had experimenters coax teachers into shocking learners

Dominant culture being accepted by all

Hegemony

Most large retailers such as Target, H&M, and Old Navy carry similar clothing styles, and thus there is not extreme variation in what most Americans wear. Which sociological concept best explains this phenomenon?

Hegemony ( Dominant culture produces cultural hegemony. The dominant status of large retailers dictates that individual choice will be somewhat constrained and that Americans will tend to wear similar clothing.

Which social theorist believed that societies could evolve through time by adapting to changing conditions?

Herbert Spencer (Spencer also coined the term "survival of the fittest" and his social philosophy is sometimes known as social Darwinism.)

Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses.

Hierarchy (There are layers of hierarchy at a university from the trustees and president to the deans and department chairs.)

applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins

Howard Becker

(Q003) When babies are born, their biological needs are all they know. When they are hungry, they want food, and when something hurts, they cry. According to Freud, the part of the baby's brain fueling this is the _____.

ID (The id is composed of biological drives. It is the source of instinctive, psychic energy.)

We occasionally see stories in the media about a high profile individual, such as a religious or political leader who gets caught doing something the society views as wrong, despite the individual often being seen as a moral leader. These are examples of a disconnect between which two cultural concepts?

Ideal and Real Culture (Ideal culture suggests that we be faithful to our spouses, engage in only limited alcohol use, and obey all traffic laws. The real culture is that many people slip up and violate these norms, thus falling short of maintaining these values on occasion.)

What cultural concept correctly classifies the idea of equality in the United States?

Ideal culture ("All men are created equal" is an ideal culture that the United States has failed to live up to.)

A citizen group sends letters to the governor of a southern state and asks her to reconsider stopping the execution of a man on death row convicted of murdering a police officer. The governor declines, stating that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to remove this convicted murderer from society so that everyone else can be protected. What type of justification for punishment is used by the governor?

Incapacitation: The governor is seeking a solution that does not reform the individual but seeks to protect society.

a group of scholars within a university who meet regularly to review and approve the research proposals of their colleagues and make recommendations for how to protect human subjects (page 62)

Institutional Review Board (IBS)

What is the name of the governing body within a university that decides whether or not to approve research proposals?

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A sociologist thinks he has discovered a very interesting and unique finding. His data show a correlation between children's shoe sizes and their reading test scores. He thinks that children with bigger feet must be smarter. When he tells a colleague about his finding, the colleague suggests that both shoe size and reading test score are correlated with a child's age. In this case, which of the following is the correct classification for the child's age?

Intervening variable ( An intervening variable is a third variable that explains a relationship between two other variables, in this case, shoe size and reading test score. )

What is one of the main points of Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema"?

It is easy to take one's own culture for granted.

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

It is the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language. (The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is sometimes referred to as the principle of linguistic relativity.)

Otaku culture originated in what country?

Japan (Otaku is a Japanese word used to describe devoted fans, usually of manga, anime, or video games. Otaku are extremely knowledgeable about whatever it is they are fans of—and while that kind of obsessive interest is sometimes looked down upon by others who don't share it, otaku themselves see this intense knowledge as a badge of honor.)

The United States is one of the most powerful members of the WTO not because of its outcome in disputes but because of its centrality.

Joesph Conti

Manifesto of the Communist Party

Karl Marx

Which of the following are among the key tenets of the Chicago School of sociology?

Key Tenets: -Meanings can change or be modified through interaction. -Human behavior and personality are shaped by social and physical environments. -The self emerges from a process of interacting with other selves. Not Key Tenets: -Ethnicity is fundamentally genetic rather than cultural.

type of closed-ended questionnaire because it limits answer choices to a specific set of responses. It does offer the researcher a continuum of responses, which is useful in organizing data. (strongly agree, disagree, etc)

Likert Scale

Jamison plans to research the benefits of comedy as a coping mechanism during times of natural disasters. Before moving ahead, he will explore pertinent research already compiled on this topic. This is what step of the scientific method?

Literature review

part of Cooley's theory that our sense of self is derived from how we imagine others see us, and the feelings about ourselves based on the perceived judgments of others.

Looking-Glass Self

n the field of education, teaching students to solve math problems is an example of what kind of function?

Manifest (Manifest functions are the obvious, intended functions of a social structure.)

Social ties follow social-class lines and link high socioeconomic status (SES) individuals with a vast array of high-SES contacts who can provide job leads.

Mark Granovetter

What is the most common of all nonacademic uses of sociological methods?

Market research especially useful and lucrative in the corporate world.)

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of CapitalismPress Space to open

Max Weber

Who coined the phrase "value-free sociology"?

Max Weber (He did so in his essay "Science as a Vocation.")

George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 139)

McDonaldization

Panera Bread restaurants recently began replacing cashiers with ordering kiosks in an effort to increase efficiency, shorten lines, improve order accuracy, and reduce labor costs. This is one example of _____.

McDonaldization (This is a particular kind of rationalization called trickle-down rationalization, and it has led to, among other things, reduced human contact and increased automation.)

Robert Merton called for a style of sociology that avoids extremes: it focuses on institutions, not tiny groups and not whole societies, and it holds theory and empirical observation in balance. This type of study is called _________ theory.

Midrange

Mead theorized that the self develops through three stages (preparatory, play, and game); in role taking the particular or generalized other, we learn to see ourselves as others do.

Mind, Self, Society

The slogan "What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas" is an example of what cultural concept?

Moral Holiday (A moral holiday is a specified place or time period during which some norm violations are allowed.)

Families in the working class are less likely to have health insurance than those in the middle class.

Neither Value or Norm

Social networks can influence not only an individual's health but also can spread everything from obesity to smoking and substance abuse.

Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler

In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until what century?

Nineteenth Century: Maintaining a prison requires considerable resources: buildings must be constructed and maintained, guards and other staff must be paid, and prisoners must be fed and clothed. For groups without these resources, incarceration is not a possibility, even assuming that it would be a desirable option.

Race-based job discrimination is illegal.

Norm

What can modern ethical guidelines or codes of ethics adopted by professional associations for different academic disciplines trace their origins back to?

Nuremberg Code (The Nuremberg Code was created as principles of research ethics that formed the basis for the later IRB.)

On which side of the nature vs. nurture debate do sociologists generally land?

Nurture -Sociologists study socialization, which is part of the nurture side of human development.

Identify each question as either open-ended or closed-ended.

OPen-Ended -What do you think about the current economic standing of the United States? -How do you feel about the public education system? Closed-Ended -What is your political affiliation? -How many children do you have?

Which statement captures a major point Sherry Turkle makes about communication in her latest book, Reclaiming Conversation?

Online communication reduces our ability to conduct meaningful face-to-face communication. (Turkle suggests that when we replace face-to-face communication with tweets, texts, and snaps, our ability to conduct meaningful face-to-face communication atrophies and, with it, our capacity for empathy.)

Identify the original principles of the conflict theory.

Original Principles: -understanding the role of conflict at all scales of investigation—from the family to the nation -understanding how conflict is essential for social change Not Original Principles: -showing how short periods of conflict pave the way for long-term social stability -finding ways to replace conflict with consensus

Which of the following is a characteristic of Otaku culture?

Otaku culture is an example of the east influencing the west. (Otaku represents the globalization and transnationalization of what had previously been Japan-specific.)

A sociologist wants to study a global community of online gamers who all play the same multiplayer game. Identify the activities that could realistically be part of the research.

Part of research: -becoming a player and observing interactions in real time -analyzing player statistics, such as time played and level achieved Not part of research: -conducting in-person interviews -conducting focus groups

Christopher Knight, better known as the North Pond Hermit, lived undetected in the woods for twenty-seven years. In an interview with a journalist, Knight says he lost his sense of identity. How would a sociologist explain this?

People develop a sense of self through socialization with others.

assigned research subjects to play either a prisoner or a guard for a two-week mock-prison simulation.

Phillip Zimbardo

The way that the My Lai massacre ended during the Vietnam War is an example of what?

Positive Deviance (Three soldiers put their lives at risk to stop the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War. These soldiers violated norms and laws of the Armed Forces to do so.)

What term describes "actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic"?

Positive deviance (An example from the textbook of positive deviance is the story of the three soldiers who put a stop to the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War.)

Identify each question as applying to either practical or scientific knowledge.

Practical: -How do I cross the street safely? -How do I register for classes? Scientific: -How does a traffic light help to regulate traffic? -What classes are most likely to provide me with the knowledge that employers are looking for?

Identify each item as involving either practical or scientific knowledge

Practical: -locations of favorite restaurants -info needed to pay bills online Scientific: -average education level of individuals whose parents graduated from college -how much water you need to intake on a daily basis to survive

refers to avoiding the things we're not supposed to do.

Proscription

stems from Freud's theory of the unconscious mind as composed of an interrelated system (id, ego, superego) that underlies human behavior; personality develops through psychosexual stages.

Psychoanalysis

C. Wright Mills was critical of social science and worked to connect the academic side of sociology to more tangible social debates of the time. Mills was convinced that sociology had something to offer everyone, not just academics. For these reasons, which term best describes C. Wright Mills?

Public intellectual (Mills was convinced that sociology had something to offer everyone, not just academics.)

Louwanda Evans's book on emotional labor and flight attendants adds which dimension to Arlie Hochschild's original conception of emotional labor?

RACE (Louwanda Evans's Cabin Pressure: African American Pilots, Flight Attendants and Emotional Labor (2011) adds a new dimension—race—to Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. Black pilots work in a setting dominated by white men (less than 1 percent of commercial airline pilots are black), and black flight attendants work in a setting dominated by white women (about 14 percent of flight attendants are black) (2011, p. 6). This means that in addition to the emotional labor expected of all crew members, black crew members must manage their own and their passengers' emotions around race, racialized stereotypes, and other types of race-based expectations.)

Identify the red flags that hundreds of researchers noted about the 2012 New Family Structures Survey (NFSS) conducted by sociologist Mark Regnerus.

Red Flags: -The research was funded by conservative and religious foundations. -The researchers used analytic categories that did not distinguish between family structure and family stability. -The researchers grouped all types of same-sex relations together—both long-term partnerships and brief or one-time affairs. -The article was reviewed by unqualified reviewers with obvious ties to the author. Not Red Flags: -Regenerus is a Catholic conservative.

The phrase "keeping up with the Joneses" is an example of what group concept?

Reference Group (The phrase is specifically invoked when an individual, family, or other group seeks to compare themselves to another group.)

For her study of the experiences of people with criminal records, sociologist Devah Pager sent out equally matched pairs of job applicants—one black and one white—and had them apply for actual entry-level jobs. The men took turns presenting themselves as having a criminal record. Identify the results of Pager's study.

Results: -A white man with a criminal record was more likely to receive a job call-back than a black man with no criminal record. -Criminal records close many doors for both blacks and whites.

developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance

Robert Merton

Main idea: Americans have drastically reduced their levels of civic engagement over time.

Robert Putnam

Worries about the effects of social media on social engagement are an extension of whose earlier research?

Robert Putnam

These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible.

Rules and regulations (keep a university running smoothly)

Which term refers to enforcing norms that include positive and negative versions?

Sanctions (Sanctions are positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for violations.)

Social media has the potential to increase the number of points of view we are exposed to and socialize us in ways never conceived of before. Someone who has been influenced and "pieced together" through whatever sources available, is an example of which sociological concept?

Saturated self (The saturated self is a postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide range of media sources.)

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior (Primary deviance leads to labeling, and the labeling in turn prompts secondary deviant behavior.)

Main idea: Societies value technology over relationships.

Sherry Turkle

Which of the following is an example of a subculture?

Skateboarders (FEEDBACK: A subculture can be based on ethnicity, age, or interests, and it shares a set of common values, norms, practices, and beliefs, which serve to unify the group.)

Hiram had a lot of fun dancing at the night club over the weekend. He decides to keep the party going on Monday by dancing on the bus all the way to work and continuing to do so in the office. His fellow commuters and work colleagues give him strange looks and move away from him. This confuses Hiram because nobody did that when he was dancing at the club. Labeling theory would help Hiram understand what's happening because it explains that deviance is a matter of _____

Social Context

A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either underage drinking or cheat on assignments and tests, and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

Social Control Theory (Social control theory suggests that strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance. The learning community seems to have strengthened social bonds between the students and decreased deviance.)

The story of Christopher Knight is an example of which sociological concept?

Social Isolation (For twenty-seven years, Christopher Knight lived undetected in the woods of rural Maine. In the mid-1980s, Knight left civilization at the age of twenty. He eventually established a campsite on private land some distance from the cabins ringing North Pond. There he stayed, in complete isolation.)

Works of fiction such as The Jungle Book are retellings of myths about feral children. These stories highlight the sociological concept of _______, but some real-world examples of kidnapping and abuse are no myth.

Social Isolation (The textbook describes the examples of Genie and the thirteen children of David and Louise Turpin, who were held in captivity and in social isolation with minimal human contact.)

examined how research subjects responded when multiple other individuals clearly answered a question incorrectly

Solomon Asch

Honor killings are primarily seen in Middle Eastern and ____________ cultures.

South Asian (In honor killings, which are primarily seen in Middle Eastern and South Asian cultures, the victims are usually women who have not lived up to the moral codes set by the religion or community. Reasons for honor killings may include refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being a rape victim, dressing or acting immodestly, or having sex outside marriage.)

All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specific roles and tasks.

Specialization (All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specific roles and tasks.)

According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire?

Spoiled identity (The concept of a spoiled identity comes from Goffman's 1962 book Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.)

led research subjects to believe they were shocking another individual in a different room when the person got a question incorrect

Stanley Milgram

refers to a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. In this case. (flight attendant), the employee is expected to act as if they care.

Status

Which of the following is an example of the hidden curriculum?

Students are taught to dress and behave in a specific manner by teachers and other staff members. (The hidden curriculum is considered to be the values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used.)

Ed has the opportunity to cheat on his wife but chooses not to because he knows it will hurt her and possibly destroy their marriage.

Superego -The superego avoids situations that violate moral principles and do not fit our sense of self.

T/F: For a group of people with distinctive values and behaviors to be considered a subculture, there must be general agreement within the group about which values are embraced and the extent to which shared meaning can be agreed upon by its members.

TRUE (A subculture cannot exist without some defining shared characteristics such as concepts, values, and symbols, but that leaves room for strong disagreements.)

T/F: Any physical object that has social meaning can be considered a part of material culture.

TRUE (Material culture refers to the objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork, but can also include any physical object that has social meaning.)

Identify the true and false statements about how sociologists study culture.

TRUE: -Sociologists may engage in the process of "othering" by studying the unusual, extraordinary, or deviant in cultural groups. -Sociologists often focus on culture within their own society. FALSE: -Sociologists study the cultures of the past, digging for artifacts that document the historical realities of peoples long dead. -Sociologists debate the morals and values of an ideal culture.

Which American sociologist's work closely embodies the functionalist concept of how best to analyze society?

Talcott Parsons

All members are expressly trained and qualified for their specific roles within the organization.

Technical Competence (Campus police officers are specially qualified to do their jobs.)

In her best-selling book Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg encourages girls and women to aspire to leadership roles. Sandberg partnered with ____________ to launch the "ban bossy" campaign.

The Girl Scouts (Certain gender stereotypes can keep women out of boardrooms. Some women may hesitate to take on leadership roles for fear of being called "bossy," "pushy," or even a "ball buster" when they assert themselves in the workplace and elsewhere. Sandberg's own style has been characterized as a blend of expressive and instrumental leadership.)

What is the primary reason to include a control group in an experiment?

The control group allows you to make comparisons to the experimental group.

What does a Suri woman who inserts increasingly larger clay plates into her lower lip in order to enlarge it illustrate about deviance?

The definition of deviance is relative and varies according to culture

A sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring, and decides to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods, or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination in hiring and why?

The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes.

Which statement about Nikki Jones's 2012 ethnographic study of inner-city African American girls in Philadelphia is true?

The intersectionality of race, class, and gender places these young women in a bind as they navigate respectability and practicality. (In order to be perceived as "respectable," they must adhere to expectations, be "good girls," and avoid violence, while also meeting feminine and race-based appearance norms (such as slender bodies and light complexions). On the other hand, the practical realities of life in what are often risky neighborhoods mean these girls must be ready at any time to look and act tough and be willing to fight to defend themselves and others in direct violation of the "good girl" expectations. Thus their race, class, gender, and age put them in a situation where they must navigate the competing demands of respectability and toughness, balancing their good girl image while always being prepared for the realities of crime and violence.)

What is the definition of socialization?

The process through which individuals fit into a society and internalize its values, beliefs, and norms, and learn to function as its members.

A sociologist thinks he has discovered a very interesting and unique finding. His data show a correlation between children's shoe sizes and their reading test scores. He thinks that children with bigger feet must be smarter. What is the most logical explanation based on this information?

The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious. (When a third variable (in this case, child's age) explains the relationship between two other variables (in this case, shoe size and reading test score), the correlation between the first two variables is spurious.)

Miles joined a small reading group at school and became close friends with the three other members. During the year, seventeen more students joined the group and rules had to be put in place to resolve issues such as which book they should read together. Think about the group dynamics. What impact did this increase in group size have on relationships within the group?

The relationships became more impersonal (FEEDBACK: Group size impacts the dynamics of the group. The relationships (or ties) within the group become less personal and more rule-based and the complexity of interrelationships increases as the total number of members in a group increases.)

What, according to C. Wright Mills, is the function of the sociological imagination?

The sociological imagination enables us to connect our personal experience with he larger forces of history.

T/F: Culture is the human equivalent of instinct in animals.

True (Although we humans do have some basic instincts, culture actually accounts for our great success as a species.)

T/F: Value-free sociology suggests that sociologists should not allow their personal beliefs to influence their research.

True (Humans have flaws, prejudices, and blind spots, and all these things can affect the way they conduct research.)

Identify the true and false statements about Internet-based surveys.

True: -One disadvantage of online surveys is representativeness. -One advantage of online surveys is cost. False: -New online tools can automatically adjust the reliability and validity of survey questions. -Most researchers view online survey methods as unconventional.

Identify the true/false statements

True: -Survey research is quantitative in nature. -Survey research mainly uses closed-ended questions. False: -Survey research mainly focuses on the micro level. -Survey research uses only Likert scale questions.

T/F: The location, time period, and family into which individuals are born affect their set of meanings about how the world works.

True: An individual's language, skills, sense of self, and set of meanings about how the world works are all shaped by the circumstances of the person's birth.

T/F: Modern cultural imperialism is most closely linked to the proliferation of Western media.

True: The proliferation of Western media amounts to what some social critics call cultural imperialism. These critics conceive of media as a kind of invading force that enters a country and takes it over—much like an army—but with film, television, music, soft drinks, and running shoes instead of guns.

The increased use of Facebook, Twitter, and other social media by terrorist organizations in other countries to recruit new members is an example of cultural diffusion for which reason?

Twitter and Facebook were originally products of the Western world that have been adopted by people in other countries.

All people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps."

Value

Identify the following as either violent crime or property crime.

Violent -rape -aggravated assault -murder -robbery Property -arson -burglary (not there when it happens) -motor vehicle theft -larceny

Peter Stearns (2004) consulted various existing sources for his book Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America. What did he find?

While children were once viewed as self-sufficient mini-adults, beginning int he late 1800s children were seen as particularly vulnerable.

Identify the following as either white collar crime or hate crime.

White Collar Crime: -crime that is policed and typically punished less strenuously than other types of crime -crime that is committed by high social status individuals -crime that does not involve force Hate Crime -crime that deliberately targets victims because of their demographic characteristics

What, in broad terms, is the definition of deviance?

a behavior, trait, belief or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (This includes not only rude and illegal behavior but also behavior that is nonconformist and perhaps makes other people uncomfortable, such as dressing provocatively or very casually in a conservative work environment.)

Culture is _____.

a guide to living our lives

The statement, "Parents are more concerned about climate change than nonparents," would be an example of _____.

a hypothesis (When a statement is testable and expresses an expectation, it is a hypothesis.)

Multiculturalism

a policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within the larger society.

An institutional review board (IRB) helps to ensure the safety of subjects of review. Who typically sits on such a board?

academic scholars

a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others

achieved status

the ability of the individual to act freely and independently (page 114)

agency

Someone who believes that humans do not have much free will and are deeply constrained by the social circumstances and system they are born into is not a big believer in which sociological concept?

agency (Someone who believes humans have a great deal of agency holds to the idea that we are not passive, and in turn, take active roles in society.)

social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place (page 103)

agents of socialization

collections of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 119)

aggregates

the sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else (page 23)

alienation

"normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 19)

anomie

Which concept refers to a state of normlessness that is kept in check by group membership?

anomie (Anomie is the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change.)

the search for knowledge that can be used to create social change (page 59)

applied research

Magda is an actively involved student at Washington State University and also is a big fan of its athletic teams. How is she likely to view other Washington State University students as part of her life?

as her in-group

a status that is inborn; usually difficult or impossible to change

ascribed status

the legitimate right to wield power (page 136)

authority

a form of participant observation where the feelings and actions of the researcher become a focal point of the ethnographic study (page 43)

autoethnography

the places where we rehearse and prepare for our performances (page 101)

backstage

the search for knowledge without an agenda or practical goal in mind (page 59)

basic research

approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way (page 10)

beginner's mind

an opinion held by the researcher that might affect the research or analysis (page 44)

bias

owners; the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers (page 23)

bourgeoisie

a type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, written rules, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 137)

bureaucracy

people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 119)

category

a relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other (page 41)

causation

Jennifer's soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams, and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and has the most ties with individuals throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer's situation?

centrality

authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 137)

charismatic authority

a question asked of a respondent that imposes a limit on the possible responses (page 47)

closed-ended question

ethical guidelines for researchers to consult as they design a project (page 62)

code of ethics

power that is backed by the threat of force (page 136)

coercive power

A student who writes a paper for an anthropology class despite not wanting to, is an example of conformity due to _____.

compliance

the assurance that no one other than the researcher will know the identity of a respondent (page 60)

confidentiality

Values and norms are often contested by various groups in society. Dominant culture tends to represent and protect the values, norms, and interests of the most powerful groups in society.

conflict theory

a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change and that emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change (page 21)

conflict theory

the mildest kind of conformity, means going along with something because you expect to gain rewards or avoid punishments.

conformity

behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact (page 101)

cooling the mark out

a group within society that openly rejects or actively opposes society's values and norms (page 81)

counter culture

a temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 119)

crowd

In the recent past, hip-hop was a distinctly American form of music, emanating from major urban centers in the United States. Now, you can find hip-hop artists almost anywhere in the world, from Beijing, China to Santiago, Chile. This an example of _____.

cultural diffusion

the dissemination of material and symbolic culture (tools and technology, beliefs and behavior) from one group to another.

cultural diffusion

Talia is from a working-class family, and she pays for her own college tuition by working nights as a waitress. On television, she sees a commercial that says, "You deserve a luxury car." She starts thinking that she wants the car despite knowing she cannot afford it. This is an example of what?

cultural hegemony

The government of Iran officially censors all non-Islamic media content. The government likely considers the spread of Western media such as pop music and television programs an example of _____.

cultural imperialism

the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through media and consumer products rather than by military force (page 87)

cultural imperialism

the process by which cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar.

cultural leveling

the principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one's own culture (page 72)

cultural relativism

the entire way of life of a group of people (including both material and symbolic elements) that acts as a lens through which one views the world and that is passed from one generation to the next (page 71)

culture

Nasko moved to the United States from Bulgaria at the age of nine. After moving, he felt disoriented because the environment was so strange to him. He experienced _____.

culture shock

clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld (page 82)

culture wars

the use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, Twitter, cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone (page 152)

cyberbullying

the extent to which the participants in a research project are unaware of the project or its goals (page 60)

deception

Dramaturgy (Erwin Goffman)

describes the ways in which we engage in a strategic presentation of ourselves to others.

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (page 147)

deviance

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process (page 157)

deviance avowal

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers (page 152)

differential association theory

the values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful (in terms of wealth, prestige, status, influence, etc.) (page 81

dominant culture

Soledad carefully considers how she wants to present herself at an upcoming job interview. She intends to offer a very different presentation of herself than when she goes out with friends. With which theoretical paradigm does this scenario best align?

dramaturgy

an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance (page 101)

dramaturgy

a disturbance to or undesirable consequence of some aspect of the social system (page 20)

dysfunction

status generated by physical characteristics

embodied status

based on scientific experimentation or observation

empirical

Place each ritual in order according to its appearance in Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema."

enters shrine room, bows head before the charm box, mingles different sorts of holy water in the font, proceeds

the principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior (page 72)

ethnocentrism

a naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities; also the written work that results from the study (page 43)

ethnography

expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances (page 100)

expressions given

observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal (page 100)

expressions given off

small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others (page 100)

expressions of behavior

leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 137)

expressive leadership

norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation (page 110)

feeling rules

Which theory developed as a result of applying conflict theory assumptions specifically to gender inequality?

feminist theory

a process for interviewing a number of participants together that also allows for interaction among group members (page 47

focus group

a man walking down the street with no shirt on

folkway

Alanna was annoyed because several guests at her dinner party showed up without letting her know they would be attending, and she had to adjust her plans. These guests violated a _____.

folkway (Folkways are the customary ways that people do things, and they ensure smooth and orderly social interactions. Proper etiquette, such as responding to a party invitation, is one such example of a folkway.)

Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate.

formal written communication (The entire campus can receive the same important information with one e-mail blast.)

in the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition of the situation (page 101)

front

the places where we deliver our performances to an audience of others (page 101)

frontstage

According to sociologist Diane Vaughan, the Challenger shuttle disaster in 1986 may have been caused by NASA scientists failing to take seriously those who suspected weaknesses in the shuttle's design. This exemplifies _____.

groupthink

Family businesses often devalue diverse points of view because they exclude nonfamily members from company decision-making, and as a result are less innovative and competitive. This may be due to a high degree of cohesion within family businesses which results in conformity rather than critical thinking. A sociologist would say these businesses suffer from the problem of _____.

groupthink

According to Max Weber, one of the chief characteristics of a bureaucracy is that it _____.

has a clear hierarchy

term developed by Antonio Gramsci to describe the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant group are accepted by all (page 81)

hegemony

values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling (page 104)

hidden curriculum

Examines society's past

history

The _____ is the part of the mind that Freud suggested is composed of biological drives.

id/Freud

the norms, values, and patterns of behavior that members of a society believe should be observed in principle (page 83)

ideal culture

a somewhat stronger kind of conformity, is induced by a person's desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group.

identification

Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology," largely through the development of a theory of human thinking called positivism. What does positivism attempt to do?

identify laws that describe the behavior of a reality (Auguste Comte felt that to improve society as a whole required guidance in the form of how we construct our reality.)

In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment.

impersonality (No matter how deserving, you are just a number according to your university (Student ID number).)

When Dr. Mary Fezei, a pediatrician, visits her patients at the hospital, she always wears a white coat. Her white doctor's coat is a component of _____.

impression management

the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self-presentation and performance tactics (page 101)

impression management

The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) is an example of what stigma-related concept?

in-group orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity (page 157)

in-group orientation

an approach whereby the researcher gathers data first, then formulates a theory to fit the data (44)

indicative approach

power that is supported by persuasion (page 136)

influential power

a safeguard through which the researcher makes sure that respondents are freely participating and understand the nature of the research (page 47)

informed consent

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them (page 150)

innovators

leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 137)

instrumental leadership

the strongest kind of conformity and most long lasting, occurs when an individual adopts the beliefs of a leader or group as her own.

internalization

While African Americans have a higher homicide victimization rate than whites, black men are much more likely than black women to become victims of homicide. This comparison demonstrates _____.

intersectionality

a third variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the relationship between two other variables (page 41)

intervening variable

person-to-person conversations for the purpose of gathering information by means of questions posed to respondents (page 47)

interviews

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person (page 153)

labeling theory

According to George Herbert Mead, a sense of self begins to develop simultaneously with the acquisition of _____.

language skills

the less obvious, perhaps unintended functions of a social structure (page 20)

latent functions

authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 137)

legal-rational authority

the obvious, intended functions of a social structure for the social system (page 20)

manifest functions

The Nielsen Company gathers data on what products people use as well as how they feel about them. This company uses sociological research methods as one of the leaders in what field?

market research

a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess

master status

A sociologist who studies the use of architectural elements, building materials, paint, and lighting in a historic district is studying _____.

material culture

the objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork; any physical object to which we give social meaning (page 73)

material culture

anything that can create wealth: money, property, factories, and other types of businesses, and the infrastructure necessary to run them (page 21)

means of production

the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion (page 19)

mechanical solidarity

Sheila is interested in studying the way that riders choose seats on the city bus. Which level of analysis is she most likely to use in this study?

microsociology

a woman walking down the street with no shirt on

more

a policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within the larger society (page 81)

multiculturalism

impartiality; the ability to allow the facts to speak for themselves (page 59)

objectivity

the type of social bonds present in modern societies, based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights (page 19)

organic solidarity

a methodology associated with ethnography whereby the researcher both observes and becomes a member in a social setting (page 43)

participant observation

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong (page 157)

passing

In her latest book, Reclaiming Conversation (2015), what concern does Sherry Turkle raise about what may happen when people replace face-to-face conversations with texts, tweets, and other forms of online interaction?

people lose the ability to show empathy

the performance tactics we use to present ourselves to others, including appearance, costume, and manner (page 101)

personal front

Examines a social institution

political science

Rosa Parks broke a law by refusing to give up her seat on a bus for a white man. Ultimately, this act was a pivotal moment in the launch of the civil rights movement. Rosa Parks's refusal to move to the back of the bus is an example of _____.

positive deviance

the ability to control the actions of others (page 136)

power

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant (page 154)

primary deviance

the ordinary, mundane, or everyday (page 20)

profane

workers; those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live (page 21)

proletariat

Examines internal states of individuals

psychology

Identify each research method as either qualitative or quantitative.

qualitative: -An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials. -Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about his or her political views. quantitative: -Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a United States citizen or a citizen of another country. -The number of people in a large gathering is recorded.

a positive relationship often characterized by mutual trust or sympathy (page 43)

rapport

What term did Max Weber use to describe the process that resulted in modern life becoming an "iron cage" of disenchantment and dehumanization?

rationalization

the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 139)

rationalization

the tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied (page 60)

reactivity

the norms, values, and patterns of behavior that actually exist within a society (which may or may not correspond to the society's ideals) (page 83)

real culture

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means (page 151)

rebels