INTB 3355 Final Review

attitude towards time

1. identifies where the culture's primary focus is, whether it uses the past, the present, or the future as a lens to view the present 2. describes whether actions are sequential (monochronic) or synchronous (polychronic)

trompenaars seven dimensions

1. universalism vs. particularism 2. individualism vs. communitarianism 3. neutral vs. affective 4. specific vs. diffuse 5. achievement vs. ascription 6. attitudes towards time (2 aspects) 7. attitude towards the environment

b.

__ refers to the total value of all income generated by the residents of a nation, including both domestic income and income from abroad? a.) gross domestic product b.) gross national income c.) gross domestic income d.) net national product

developed economies

a classification for high-income industrialized nations, which have high living standards and the most technically developed infrastructure

developing economies

a classification for the world's lower-income nations, which have less technically developed infrastructures and lower living standard

specific vs. diffuse

a cultural dimension in which cultures dimensions are distinguished based on their differentiation between private life and public or work life

specific culture

a culture in which people make distinctions between their work relationships and other relationships, so that work relationships do not carry over beyond work

diffuse culture

a culture in which work relationships carry over to other areas of life and influence them

purchasing power parity (PPP)

a means of adjusting the exchange rates for two currencies so the currencies have equivalent purchasing power

gross domestic product (GDP)

a measure of an economy's size based on the market value of goods and services produced within a nation in a year

income distribution

a measure of how a nation's income is apportioned among its people

gini index

a measure of the degree to which family income within a country is distributed equally

gross national income

a measure of the total value of all income generated by the residents of a nation, including both domestic production of goods and services and income generated from abroad, mainly through dividends and interest payments, minus similar payments made to other countries.

universalism

a type of culture in which rules across the board, to all people, in all situations rule based

achievement culture

a type of culture in which there are meritocracies that reward what you do. ex: in the united states, for example, __ is a primary determinant of social status. this dimension may be especially helpful to keep in mind for staffing and interpersonal relationships

polychronic culture

a type of culture in which two or more activities are carried out within the same clock block; switching among activities can be both desirable and productive also known as multitasking

ascription culture

a type of culture in which you consider who a person is in terms of his or her family lineage, age, or other attributes. you are valued for who you are

particularism

a type of culture where context is considered before the rule is applied relationship based

disposable income

after-tax personal income

the four elements of geography managers consider

all of the following are included in __? -location -topography -climate -natural resources physical elements of location are uncontrollable

six quick rules of thumb for doing business across cultures

all of the following can are included in ___? 1. be prepared 2. slow down 3. establish trust 4. understanding the importance of language 5. respect the culture 6. understand components of culture

culture

all of the following can be used to describe ___? 1. __ is learned, we are not born with it 2. aspects of __ are interrelated 3. ___ is shared, patterned, and mutually constructed through social interaction 4. __ defines the boundaries of different groups __ includes everything: aesthetics, attitudes & beliefs, religion, material culture, language, societal organization, education, laws & political structures

meteorological conditions

all of the following fall under __? -temperature -precipitation -wind

foreign environment

all the uncontrollable forces originating outside the home country that surround and influence the firm

low income economies

an economy with a GNI per capita of $1,045 or less

high income economies

an economy with a GNI per capita of $12,746 or more

middle income economies

an economy with a GNI per capita of over $1,045 but less than $12,746

lower middle economies

an economy with a GNI per capita of over $1,045 up to $4,125

upper middle economies

an economy with a GNI per capita over $4,125 but less than $12,746

location

builds political and trade relationships

formal controls

compliance through rules and sanctions

informal controls

compliance through social norms

topography

creates differences in economies, cultures, politics, social structures

e.

culture includes everything but: a.) aesthetics b.) religion c.) language d.) political structures e.) none of the above

d.

culture includes everything but? a.) religion b.) religion and politics c.) higher education and universal values d.) none of the above

b.

culture plays a significant role in the disciplines of: a.) marketing, but not finance b.) leadership, accounting, finance, marketing, human resources, production c.) marketing and human resources, but not production, finance, and accounting

a.

developed economies tend to have high savings rates? a.) true b.) false

attitude towards environment

do we try to live in harmony with nature, or do we try to control it? -internal direction -external direction

emerging market economies

economies with per-capita incomes in the low to middle range that are in a transition toward developed status

climatic conditions

explain differences in human and economic development

a.

from comparisons of income distribution studies over time, it generally appears that? a.) income is more evenly distributed in the richer nations b.) there are few differences in income distribution between developed and developing nations c.) income redistribution changes relatively quickly d.) income inequality decreases in the early stages of development and reverses in the later stages

frameworks

help managers understand behavioral patterns across cultural borders

international environment

interaction between domestic and foreign environmental forces or between sets of foreign environmental forces

a.

monochronic time is best illustrated by? a.) university scheduling patterns b.) a rock concert c.) high context cultures such as arab and asian cultures d.) all of the above

c.

most developed nations share the following characteristics? a.) regional dualism b.) technological dualism c.) declining share for manufacturing d.) disguised unemployment or underemployment

a.

most developing nations share the following characteristic(s)? a.) unequal distribution of income, with a very small middle class b.) a broad range of products for export, usually based on basic manufacturing c.) high savings rates d.) political stability based on a non-democratically elected government

natural capital

natural resources such as air, land, and water that provide us with the goods and services on which our survival depends

external direction culture

people believe the natural world controls them and they need to work with their environment

internal direction culture

people believe they control nature

discretionary income

the amount of income left after paying taxes and making essential purchases

communitarianism

the belief that the group is the beneficiary of the actions taken

ethnocentricity

the belief that your own culture is superior to other cultures

hall's framework

the following below can be used to describe which cultural framework? -simple, but powerful -context includes: the relevant information and beyond explicit information -high and low context cultures

low context culture

the following can be used to describe __? -explicit communication, direct and to-the-point -monochronic, linear, tangible, (tied to "time is money"), uses schedules ex: north america

high context culture

the following can be used to describe __? -implicit and indirect communication; context is critical -polychronic (simultaneous activities; multi-tasking) ex: asia, latin america, middle east

high context culture

the following can be used to describe __? -less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information -more internalized understandings of what is communicated -multiple cross cutting ties and intersections with others -long term relationships -strong boundaries for insiders/outsiders -knowledge is situational, relational -decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central authority person

low context culture

the following can be used to describe __? -rule oriented, people play by external rules -more knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible -sequencing, separation of time, space, activities, relationships -knowledge is more often transferrable -task centered. decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities

accounting and finance

the following is an example of how culture affects all business functions, which business function does this convey? controls are based on the perception of trust in people -formal controls -informal controls

production

the following is an example of how culture affects all business functions, which business function does this convey? how do people work in groups? How do groups acquire resources?

human resources

the following is an example of how culture affects all business functions, which business function does this convey? what are the local sociocultural motivators of employees?

marketing

the following is an example of how culture affects all business functions, which business function does this convey? what motivates people to buy and what do they prefer to buy?

preferred leadership styles

the following is an example of how culture affects all business functions, which business function does this display? relationship between leader and followers: hierarchical? lateral? paternalistic? heroic?

underground economy

the part of a nation's income that, because of un-reporting or underreporting, is not measured by official statistics. it includes undeclared production of legal and illegal goods and services, and their corresponding activities (ex: money laundering, and concealed income in kind (barter)) -higher income tax levels and increased government red tape tend to create a bigger __

monochronic culture

time is characterized as linear, tangible, and divisible into blocks, consistent with an economic understanding of time, that it is a scarce resource to be measured, saved, and spent. an __ approach to time that emphasizes planning and schedules

achievement vs. ascription

what a person does contrasted with who a person is

a.

what percentage of world oil production is controlled by private companies? a.) 20% b.) 40% c.) 60% d.) 80%

a.

what were the top 5 countries of origin for US crude oil imports in 2018? a.) canada, saudi arabia, mexico, venezuela, iraq b.) iran, saudi arabia, mexico, qatar, iraq

neutral vs. affective

withholding emotion vs. expressing emotion