INTD 340 Exam 2
Environmental Impacts of CMUs
-high thermal mass of concrete blocks allows them to reduce heating and cooling costs -can be recycled by selective demolition -CMUs have less embodied energy than bricks
Quartzite
-is a metamorphic form of sandstone that comes in white, black, red, pink, and green -it is hard, compact, granular material -tiles and slabs are used as wall and floor finishes and fireplaces, and crushed quartzite aggregate is used in flooring
Brick
-is a rectangular masonry unit made of clay that has been hardened by drying in the sun or baking in a kiln -used for nonstructural interior walls -varies in shape and form and may be solid, frogged, cellular, or perforated
Slate
-is metamorphic -formed by the compression of clay and shale sediments -it is gray, green, blue, red, or black -it is dense and fine-grained with low porosity -resists cracks, scratches, burns, and watermarks -used for floors, treads, walls, blackboards, countertops, and fireplaces
Soapstone
-is metamorphic -very dense, soft rock that is nonporous and does not stain -mineral oil is applied to darken its natural gray color -is used for treads and risers, countertops, sinks, hearths, tabletops, inlays, and medallions
Tempered glass
-is produced by heating annealed glass to 1200 Fahrenheit -outer surfaces are then rapidly cooled putting them in high compression stronger than annealed and more resistant to impacts and temp. variations -it breaks into small fragments -used for tabletops, sliding doors, building entrances, and bath and shower enclosures
Annealed glass
-is reheated and slowly cooled under controlled conditions to reduce internal stresses that could lead to shattering -can be cut or drilled on site after manufacturing -shatters into sharp shards and not considered to be safety glass or approved for used in fire rated assemblies
Sheet Glass
-makes up the majority of glass used in building interiors -90% of sheet glass manufactured today is float glass mainly used for windows -basic types of sheet glass for interiors include annealed, tempered, laminated wired, and textured glass -other forms of sheet glass includes slumped, bent, corrugated, and fused glass
Half round slicing
cuts on the arc parallel to the center of the log
Topcoat
gives the wall a durable and decorative surface -flat, eggshell, satin,semigloss, and full gloss are the most common
Solid Surface Materials
includes a range of products with different chemical compositions or thicknesses that share many functional attributes -made of polymeric resins including acrylic-polyester blend polymers -nonporous and homogeneous -applications include counter tops, sinks, bathtubs, and showers
Rolling
large roller presses metal into profile or flat plate
Sealers
limit the absorbency of the substrate or keep imperfections, such as knots in wood, from showing through
Types of CMUs
look in book
Stone Mosaics
made from small pieces of colored stone, usually 3/8" marble cubes, arranged into decorative designs -available in round, oval, square, and octagonal shapes and custom designs
Extruding
metal pushed through a shaped opening
Stamping
metal sheets embossed with designs
Casting
molten metal poured into sand or ceramic mold
A three-coat painting system consists of_______?
primer, undercoat, and toapcoat
Undercoats
provide the base for the finish coat and hides the substrate color and can be tinted to match the topcoat color
Primer
provides a good base for the undercoat by adhering well and protecting the substrate
Grain
the granular texture or appearance of a stone
Gypsum wallboard
type of gypsum board used for walls, ceiling, or partitions; it is often used to provide a surface for decorative finishes
Granite
- most common igneous rock -it is hard, durable and made from feldspar and quartz usually with mica or hornblende -resists staining, scratching, and chemicals -fire resistance is poor; it crumbles when exposed to intense heat -its coarse, dense grain cuts, shapes, and polishes well -available in slabs, tiles, bricks, and blocks -it is used for floors, walls, counters, fireplace surrounds, and showers -cut for steps, treads, risers, and decorative circles -has a variety of colors including green, pink red, blue, etc
Types of Glass
-90% of glass made today is inexpensive soda-lime glass composed of silica , soda, and lime
Light Reflectance Value
-LRV -is a numerical rating that indicates how much light and heat a color will relfect -a scale running from black to white(0 to 100) indicates the percentage of light falling on a surface that will be reflected
Polyvinyl Chloride
-PVC -is strong and durable -great versatility in form
Stone Treads and Risers
-are often made of thinners and lighter stone treads and risers rather than solid stone slabs -available with flamed(thermal) and polished surfaces -most commonly granite, with marble and limestone used as well
Stone Tiles
-are sawn from larger blocks and are usually made of granite, marble, sandstone, or limestone -granite or marble tiles are sawn on both sides and then finished on the face producing a uniform thickness
Environmental Impacts of Brick
-brick materials have high thermal capacity and can provide shelter from excessive solar heat or keep warmth with an interior -to reduce transportation costs, bricks is made on site or at a local kiln -reclaimed or antique bricks can be reused for interior walls. reclaimed bricks are selected for appearance, but may not be as durable as new bricks
Manufacturing Brick
-bricks are manufactured by forming clay into a rectangle and hardening it in a kiln -soft mud method is the most common and least expensive way to make bricks -sand is mechanically mixed with some type of colorant to produce a coating for brick -frit is added to produce surface textures
Properties of Brick
-compressive strength and durability -strength of a brick construction depends on these qualities combined with the strength of the bond-pattern in which it is laid
Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs)
-comprise precast portland cement with aggregate and water molded into various shapes -blocks are made of cinder concrete, hollow tile, and ordinary concrete blocks -can be faced with ceramic, glazed or polished
Installing CMUs
-concrete block partitions have nominal thicknesses of 4",6",8",10" and 12" -block lenghts are usually 16" or 24" -standard3/8" mortar joint is used between CMUs -CMUs can be left unfinished, or furred and covered with gypsum board or paneling -plaster can be applied on the block, or self furring lath can be applied before the plaster -may also be epoxy coated or painted
Installing Brick
-face brick is used where appearance is important, the outer facing of brick is tied to the wall's internal structure -Solid brickwork can be constructed one brick thick, for weather purposes it is common to build a cavity wall having two wythes of brickwork tied together with metal ties -Thin brick is placed into forms and cast integrally with concrete to make an architectural precast concrete panel, and is bonded to a 16" x 48" substrate for small, lightweight, modular panel that can be easily installed
Igneous Rock
-formed from molten magma -Granite is the most common igneous rock
Glazed Brick
-generally installed in the same manner as face brick -joint size is typically; mortar joints should not be sealed
Glass
-hard, brittle substance made by melting silica(typically from sand) with other materials such as soda ash and limestone at very high temperatures -shaped when fully melted, or by blowing
Tumbled Stone
-have softly rounded edges and are used for floors and walls -has a dull, porous surface that does not show wear and is popular for back splashes, countertops, tabletops and small floors -durable, water repellant, and acid, stain, and fire resistant; it used for floors, walls, and fireplaces -finishes include natural with rounded edges, honed, polished, or antique
Sandstone
-sedimentary rock commonly used in interiors -formed from layers of quartz or feldspar sand pressed together and cemented by minerals between sand grains -colors include white, buff, gray, brown, red -easy to work with and high absorbent -available as tiles, slabs, and blocks for use on walls and floors and processed into balusters and window and fireplace surrounds
Travertine
-sedimentary rock commonly used in interiors -is banded, compact type of limestone formed by precipitation near hot springs or limestone caves -is white, tan or cream in color -varies in hardness and can be etched by acids; should be sealed with a penetrating sealer -an be given honed, brushed, tumbled, or polished finish -available as building stone and as tiles and is used for walls, flooring, and fireplaces
Limestone
-sedimentary rock commonly used in interiors -made of calcium carbonate from coral and shells -colors include off-white, buff, cream -available as slabs, pavers, blocks, and treads for use on walls, floors, treads, and fireplaces
Properties of CMUs
-standard measurement of CMUs is 8" x 8" x 16" -has two hollow cores to reduce to reduce weight and make handling easier -designers can measure a room size counting CMUs -have excellent strength, and fire resistance -CMU structure can be reinforced by grouting the voids and placing reinforcing bars vertically into the filled voids
Processing Stone
-stone is quarried in large blocks, and cut into thick, broad, slabs, or other pieces -different cuts affects its appearance -a cut perpendicular to the vein is called an across the bed or vein cut -one parallel is called a with-the-bed or Fleuri cut
What are the properties of stone?
-strong in compression -typically its shear strength is much less -dense -workability is limited by hardness and grain
Nylon
-strong, translucent and rigid thermoplastic -resistant to chemicals, ultraviolet light, impact, and abrasion
Properties of Glass
-stronger in compression than in tension and breaks from tensile forces -highly resistant to corrosion -is transparent, transmitting most of the that falls on it -glass may be opaque, transient, or transparent
Vinyls
-this is a thermoplastic, that is strong, durable, and maintenance free -good dimensional stability and impact resistance and are lightweight and tough -manufactured both as rigid and flexible products and as transparent film
Polyesters
-this is thermoplastic but can be thermoset too -are combustible at high temperatures, but tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish
Film-forming products
-type of clear coating for brick -if not breathable can prevent water within the masonry from evaporating through the exterior surface
Acrylics
-very clear, hard, lightweight thermoplastics -dimensionally stable -hard and transparent and handles and processes well -it can become brittle and tends to scratch more than glass
Name 4 different types of Thermoplastics
Acrylic Nylon Polyesters Vinyl
Brass
An alloy of copper and zinc Hardness and softness depend on the proportions of copper and zinc The addition of aluminum improves strength and corrosion resistance and causes a hard protective layer to form on the surface
Types of Hardwoods
Ash Beech Birch Cherry Maple Oak Pecan Hickory Poplar Walnut
Stucco
Coarse plaster containing cement; forms hard surface; used on masonry walls and in moist area
Plaster
Composed of gypsum or lime with water, sand, and sometimes glass or hair fibers Fairly soft and can be worked with metal tools and sandpaper Can be molded into intricate shapes Insulating properties help to slow the flow of heat from fire
Steel
Comprises strong, hard, and elastic alloys of iron Carbon Steel: generally any unalloyed steel with limited amounts of residual carbon or other elements Stainless Steel: contains at least 12% chromium which produce a corrosion-resistant chromium-oxide film. It is very strong and durable
Flat (Plain) Slicing
Cuts along length of log parallel to surface; has variegated wavy figure with grain lines closer together at sides
Quarter Slicing
Cuts perpendicular to growth rings, accentuating straight grain Other slicing veneer cuts
Plaster of Paris
Dry, crumbly gypsum heated to drive off majority of its water; used for making ornamental castings
Gypsum Plaster
Durable, relatively lightweight, fire-resistant; used on walls and ceilings not subject to moisture
Types of Softwood
Eastern White Pine Southern Yellow Pine
Softwood AKA Conifers
Generally less dense than hardwoods Trees that produce seeds in cones typically have needles Usually evergreens Grow predominantly in northern temperate zones Solid Softwood are used primarily in building construction and framing, sometimes for finish work
Gypsum Board
Generic name for sheet materials with a noncombustible gypsum core that is covered with a paper surface
Gold
Gold in pure form is relatively soft and malleable Cyanide disposal is an environmental problem
Nickel
Hard, malleable, ductile Polishes well and does not tarnish New and recycled nickel is used in the production of stainless steel Bathroom faucets and many other objects are nickel plated
Molding Plaster
Has a very fine grain that preserves sharp detail in cast ornamental plasterwork
Iron ore
Iron ore: the raw material for iron → 98% of all iron ore mined is used to make steel
Ceramic
covers a wide range of materials that are neither organic nor metallic, and which are processed at high temperatures. Clay based and are made by firing clay in a kiln to change the raw materials chemically. The clays melts only a little resulting in a vitreous (glassy) phase that bonds the remaining crystalline mineral particles together
Properties of Gypsum
Is natural insulator, warm to touch Very low level of thermal conductivity makes it a good filler in gypsum board High level of fire resistance, with low flame spread and low smoke development Strongest in compression, gypsum board gains strength as it becomes thicker Gypsum core isn't strong in tension but the face paper improves its tensile strength Gypsum wallboard and ceiling reduce sound transmission Prolonged exposure to water or high humidity reduces the strength of gypsum board
Copper
Is readily available, easily fabricated, and generally corrosion-resistant High ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity The original appearance can be restored by polishing, or preserved with a transparent coating Is alloyed with zinc, tin, aluminum, nickel, and silicon to produce various bronzes and brasses
What is the most common paint used for interior work?
Latex paint -it is water based, has low VOC levels
Rift Cut
Made by slicing oak at a slight angle that minimizes irregularities in the wood
Porcelain Tiles
Made from highly refined white clay and fired at very high temperature for nearly twice as long as other ceramic tiles Extremely dense, very water resistant, frost proof and durable enough for heavy traffic Slip resistance depends on texture of the tile These tiles are resistant to breakage and wear and are often used for flooring in public areas
Rotary Cut
Makes continuous rolls of veneer with a variegated wavelike figure on a lathe; used principally for plywood
Wrought Iron
Malleable and relatively soft Ductile and is given from by hammering
Terracotta Tiles
Natural clay tiles fired at lower temps. Making them less durable then most other tiles. Usually hand or machine made in mexico or europe Their rustic, handcrafted appearance is appealing, but their low density and high porosity make them unsuitable for wet area, and they must be sealed regularly Saltillo pavers are a type of these that tiles used indoors as well as outdoors in frost free area
PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride
Silver
Rarely found as nuggets Usually combined with other minerals in various ores
Veneer (thin-coat) Plaster
Ready-mixed plaster applied as a very thin, one or two coat finish over veneer base gypsum board
What is the difference between rock and stone?
Rock is stone before it is moved from where it is found. Stone is rock removed from its bed for use
Tin
Soft, malleable, and ductile at ordinary temperatures Used for architectural coating for steel known as tin plate or terneplate Decorative punched (pierced) tin is an artisanal tradition used for household objects, lanterns, and cabinetry panels Tin ceiling: tin coating on steel ceilings
Cast Iron
Strong in compression but brittle Can be cast into complex designs Used for waste plumbing in buildings
Acoustical Plaster
Textured, spray-applied, low-density plaster with porous material to increase sound absorption
Aluminium
The most abundant metal in the earth's crust Usually made from bauxite ore Silver-white metallic element that is malleable, soft, flexible, and easy to fabricate An excellent thermal and electrical conductor Resists corrosion and is nonmagnetic Is used in many hard, light alloys that can be cast, wrought, or extruded Is often anodized for improved corrosion resistance, color, and surface hardness Zinc coatings make aluminum more durable
Name the two basic types of plastic
Thermoplastics and Thermosets
Bronze
Tin is most often added metal to copper to produce bronze Architectural bronze: the most often used in building interiors Almost always has some patina or corrosion Valued for its strength and corrosion resistance
Lime Plaster
Traditional building material; used for historic repair and renovation work
Quarry Tiles
Unglazed flat slabs of extruded clay with a rate of water absorption not over 6 percent Durable and is used for floors, were their natural matte finish provides good slip resistance; tiles with abrasive grains are available for even better traction the tiles are usually ½" thick and 6" square, but are available up to 12" square Their color varies from brick red to shades of tan or terracotta; some tiles are dyed, not waterproof, sealing helps to avoid staining
Chromium
Used to produce chrome finishes to other metals Trivalent Cr (III): used in decorative finishes and is not generally considered to be hazardous to human health Hexavalent Cr (VI): is toxic, and its production is regulated; it is not used as a decorative finishes Decorative chrome (nickel-chrome) plating: produced by first electroplating an object with nickel and then with an extremely thin chrome surface
Hardwood AKA Deciduous
Usually trees that shed their leaves seasonally in temperate climates Seeds have a covering of some types, such as fruit or hard shell Used for interior finishes, including paneling and flooring, for the edges and legs of furniture, and for architectural millwork
Refraction
ability of glass to bend light
Thermoset plastic
are permanently harderned and cannot be softened and remolded
Fillers
are sometimes applied prior to painting to provide a very smooth surface
Thermoplastics
become soft when heated, and can be remolded repeatedly they harden when cooled
Forging
cold metal reheated and shaped with hammer, other tools
Sedimentary
consists of compressed deposited sediment
Laminated
consists of two or more layers of glass bonded together with a sheet of plastic. When made from annealed glass, laminated glass can be cut and worked after it is manufactured. Is used for storefronts, balconies, stair railings and roof glazing
Metamorphic
created by subjecting rock to new conditions of temperature