INTD 340 Exam 2

Environmental Impacts of CMUs

-high thermal mass of concrete blocks allows them to reduce heating and cooling costs -can be recycled by selective demolition -CMUs have less embodied energy than bricks

Quartzite

-is a metamorphic form of sandstone that comes in white, black, red, pink, and green -it is hard, compact, granular material -tiles and slabs are used as wall and floor finishes and fireplaces, and crushed quartzite aggregate is used in flooring

Brick

-is a rectangular masonry unit made of clay that has been hardened by drying in the sun or baking in a kiln -used for nonstructural interior walls -varies in shape and form and may be solid, frogged, cellular, or perforated

Slate

-is metamorphic -formed by the compression of clay and shale sediments -it is gray, green, blue, red, or black -it is dense and fine-grained with low porosity -resists cracks, scratches, burns, and watermarks -used for floors, treads, walls, blackboards, countertops, and fireplaces

Soapstone

-is metamorphic -very dense, soft rock that is nonporous and does not stain -mineral oil is applied to darken its natural gray color -is used for treads and risers, countertops, sinks, hearths, tabletops, inlays, and medallions

Tempered glass

-is produced by heating annealed glass to 1200 Fahrenheit -outer surfaces are then rapidly cooled putting them in high compression stronger than annealed and more resistant to impacts and temp. variations -it breaks into small fragments -used for tabletops, sliding doors, building entrances, and bath and shower enclosures

Annealed glass

-is reheated and slowly cooled under controlled conditions to reduce internal stresses that could lead to shattering -can be cut or drilled on site after manufacturing -shatters into sharp shards and not considered to be safety glass or approved for used in fire rated assemblies

Sheet Glass

-makes up the majority of glass used in building interiors -90% of sheet glass manufactured today is float glass mainly used for windows -basic types of sheet glass for interiors include annealed, tempered, laminated wired, and textured glass -other forms of sheet glass includes slumped, bent, corrugated, and fused glass

Half round slicing

cuts on the arc parallel to the center of the log

Topcoat

gives the wall a durable and decorative surface -flat, eggshell, satin,semigloss, and full gloss are the most common

Solid Surface Materials

includes a range of products with different chemical compositions or thicknesses that share many functional attributes -made of polymeric resins including acrylic-polyester blend polymers -nonporous and homogeneous -applications include counter tops, sinks, bathtubs, and showers

Rolling

large roller presses metal into profile or flat plate

Sealers

limit the absorbency of the substrate or keep imperfections, such as knots in wood, from showing through

Types of CMUs

look in book

Stone Mosaics

made from small pieces of colored stone, usually 3/8" marble cubes, arranged into decorative designs -available in round, oval, square, and octagonal shapes and custom designs

Extruding

metal pushed through a shaped opening

Stamping

metal sheets embossed with designs

Casting

molten metal poured into sand or ceramic mold

A three-coat painting system consists of_______?

primer, undercoat, and toapcoat

Undercoats

provide the base for the finish coat and hides the substrate color and can be tinted to match the topcoat color

Primer

provides a good base for the undercoat by adhering well and protecting the substrate

Grain

the granular texture or appearance of a stone

Gypsum wallboard

type of gypsum board used for walls, ceiling, or partitions; it is often used to provide a surface for decorative finishes

Granite

- most common igneous rock -it is hard, durable and made from feldspar and quartz usually with mica or hornblende -resists staining, scratching, and chemicals -fire resistance is poor; it crumbles when exposed to intense heat -its coarse, dense grain cuts, shapes, and polishes well -available in slabs, tiles, bricks, and blocks -it is used for floors, walls, counters, fireplace surrounds, and showers -cut for steps, treads, risers, and decorative circles -has a variety of colors including green, pink red, blue, etc

Types of Glass

-90% of glass made today is inexpensive soda-lime glass composed of silica , soda, and lime

Light Reflectance Value

-LRV -is a numerical rating that indicates how much light and heat a color will relfect -a scale running from black to white(0 to 100) indicates the percentage of light falling on a surface that will be reflected

Polyvinyl Chloride

-PVC -is strong and durable -great versatility in form

Stone Treads and Risers

-are often made of thinners and lighter stone treads and risers rather than solid stone slabs -available with flamed(thermal) and polished surfaces -most commonly granite, with marble and limestone used as well

Stone Tiles

-are sawn from larger blocks and are usually made of granite, marble, sandstone, or limestone -granite or marble tiles are sawn on both sides and then finished on the face producing a uniform thickness

Environmental Impacts of Brick

-brick materials have high thermal capacity and can provide shelter from excessive solar heat or keep warmth with an interior -to reduce transportation costs, bricks is made on site or at a local kiln -reclaimed or antique bricks can be reused for interior walls. reclaimed bricks are selected for appearance, but may not be as durable as new bricks

Manufacturing Brick

-bricks are manufactured by forming clay into a rectangle and hardening it in a kiln -soft mud method is the most common and least expensive way to make bricks -sand is mechanically mixed with some type of colorant to produce a coating for brick -frit is added to produce surface textures

Properties of Brick

-compressive strength and durability -strength of a brick construction depends on these qualities combined with the strength of the bond-pattern in which it is laid

Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs)

-comprise precast portland cement with aggregate and water molded into various shapes -blocks are made of cinder concrete, hollow tile, and ordinary concrete blocks -can be faced with ceramic, glazed or polished

Installing CMUs

-concrete block partitions have nominal thicknesses of 4",6",8",10" and 12" -block lenghts are usually 16" or 24" -standard3/8" mortar joint is used between CMUs -CMUs can be left unfinished, or furred and covered with gypsum board or paneling -plaster can be applied on the block, or self furring lath can be applied before the plaster -may also be epoxy coated or painted

Installing Brick

-face brick is used where appearance is important, the outer facing of brick is tied to the wall's internal structure -Solid brickwork can be constructed one brick thick, for weather purposes it is common to build a cavity wall having two wythes of brickwork tied together with metal ties -Thin brick is placed into forms and cast integrally with concrete to make an architectural precast concrete panel, and is bonded to a 16" x 48" substrate for small, lightweight, modular panel that can be easily installed

Igneous Rock

-formed from molten magma -Granite is the most common igneous rock

Glazed Brick

-generally installed in the same manner as face brick -joint size is typically; mortar joints should not be sealed

Glass

-hard, brittle substance made by melting silica(typically from sand) with other materials such as soda ash and limestone at very high temperatures -shaped when fully melted, or by blowing

Tumbled Stone

-have softly rounded edges and are used for floors and walls -has a dull, porous surface that does not show wear and is popular for back splashes, countertops, tabletops and small floors -durable, water repellant, and acid, stain, and fire resistant; it used for floors, walls, and fireplaces -finishes include natural with rounded edges, honed, polished, or antique

Sandstone

-sedimentary rock commonly used in interiors -formed from layers of quartz or feldspar sand pressed together and cemented by minerals between sand grains -colors include white, buff, gray, brown, red -easy to work with and high absorbent -available as tiles, slabs, and blocks for use on walls and floors and processed into balusters and window and fireplace surrounds

Travertine

-sedimentary rock commonly used in interiors -is banded, compact type of limestone formed by precipitation near hot springs or limestone caves -is white, tan or cream in color -varies in hardness and can be etched by acids; should be sealed with a penetrating sealer -an be given honed, brushed, tumbled, or polished finish -available as building stone and as tiles and is used for walls, flooring, and fireplaces

Limestone

-sedimentary rock commonly used in interiors -made of calcium carbonate from coral and shells -colors include off-white, buff, cream -available as slabs, pavers, blocks, and treads for use on walls, floors, treads, and fireplaces

Properties of CMUs

-standard measurement of CMUs is 8" x 8" x 16" -has two hollow cores to reduce to reduce weight and make handling easier -designers can measure a room size counting CMUs -have excellent strength, and fire resistance -CMU structure can be reinforced by grouting the voids and placing reinforcing bars vertically into the filled voids

Processing Stone

-stone is quarried in large blocks, and cut into thick, broad, slabs, or other pieces -different cuts affects its appearance -a cut perpendicular to the vein is called an across the bed or vein cut -one parallel is called a with-the-bed or Fleuri cut

What are the properties of stone?

-strong in compression -typically its shear strength is much less -dense -workability is limited by hardness and grain

Nylon

-strong, translucent and rigid thermoplastic -resistant to chemicals, ultraviolet light, impact, and abrasion

Properties of Glass

-stronger in compression than in tension and breaks from tensile forces -highly resistant to corrosion -is transparent, transmitting most of the that falls on it -glass may be opaque, transient, or transparent

Vinyls

-this is a thermoplastic, that is strong, durable, and maintenance free -good dimensional stability and impact resistance and are lightweight and tough -manufactured both as rigid and flexible products and as transparent film

Polyesters

-this is thermoplastic but can be thermoset too -are combustible at high temperatures, but tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish

Film-forming products

-type of clear coating for brick -if not breathable can prevent water within the masonry from evaporating through the exterior surface

Acrylics

-very clear, hard, lightweight thermoplastics -dimensionally stable -hard and transparent and handles and processes well -it can become brittle and tends to scratch more than glass

Name 4 different types of Thermoplastics

Acrylic Nylon Polyesters Vinyl

Brass

An alloy of copper and zinc Hardness and softness depend on the proportions of copper and zinc The addition of aluminum improves strength and corrosion resistance and causes a hard protective layer to form on the surface

Types of Hardwoods

Ash Beech Birch Cherry Maple Oak Pecan Hickory Poplar Walnut

Stucco

Coarse plaster containing cement; forms hard surface; used on masonry walls and in moist area

Plaster

Composed of gypsum or lime with water, sand, and sometimes glass or hair fibers Fairly soft and can be worked with metal tools and sandpaper Can be molded into intricate shapes Insulating properties help to slow the flow of heat from fire

Steel

Comprises strong, hard, and elastic alloys of iron Carbon Steel: generally any unalloyed steel with limited amounts of residual carbon or other elements Stainless Steel: contains at least 12% chromium which produce a corrosion-resistant chromium-oxide film. It is very strong and durable

Flat (Plain) Slicing

Cuts along length of log parallel to surface; has variegated wavy figure with grain lines closer together at sides

Quarter Slicing

Cuts perpendicular to growth rings, accentuating straight grain Other slicing veneer cuts

Plaster of Paris

Dry, crumbly gypsum heated to drive off majority of its water; used for making ornamental castings

Gypsum Plaster

Durable, relatively lightweight, fire-resistant; used on walls and ceilings not subject to moisture

Types of Softwood

Eastern White Pine Southern Yellow Pine

Softwood AKA Conifers

Generally less dense than hardwoods Trees that produce seeds in cones typically have needles Usually evergreens Grow predominantly in northern temperate zones Solid Softwood are used primarily in building construction and framing, sometimes for finish work

Gypsum Board

Generic name for sheet materials with a noncombustible gypsum core that is covered with a paper surface

Gold

Gold in pure form is relatively soft and malleable Cyanide disposal is an environmental problem

Nickel

Hard, malleable, ductile Polishes well and does not tarnish New and recycled nickel is used in the production of stainless steel Bathroom faucets and many other objects are nickel plated

Molding Plaster

Has a very fine grain that preserves sharp detail in cast ornamental plasterwork

Iron ore

Iron ore: the raw material for iron → 98% of all iron ore mined is used to make steel

Ceramic

covers a wide range of materials that are neither organic nor metallic, and which are processed at high temperatures. Clay based and are made by firing clay in a kiln to change the raw materials chemically. The clays melts only a little resulting in a vitreous (glassy) phase that bonds the remaining crystalline mineral particles together

Properties of Gypsum

Is natural insulator, warm to touch Very low level of thermal conductivity makes it a good filler in gypsum board High level of fire resistance, with low flame spread and low smoke development Strongest in compression, gypsum board gains strength as it becomes thicker Gypsum core isn't strong in tension but the face paper improves its tensile strength Gypsum wallboard and ceiling reduce sound transmission Prolonged exposure to water or high humidity reduces the strength of gypsum board

Copper

Is readily available, easily fabricated, and generally corrosion-resistant High ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity The original appearance can be restored by polishing, or preserved with a transparent coating Is alloyed with zinc, tin, aluminum, nickel, and silicon to produce various bronzes and brasses

What is the most common paint used for interior work?

Latex paint -it is water based, has low VOC levels

Rift Cut

Made by slicing oak at a slight angle that minimizes irregularities in the wood

Porcelain Tiles

Made from highly refined white clay and fired at very high temperature for nearly twice as long as other ceramic tiles Extremely dense, very water resistant, frost proof and durable enough for heavy traffic Slip resistance depends on texture of the tile These tiles are resistant to breakage and wear and are often used for flooring in public areas

Rotary Cut

Makes continuous rolls of veneer with a variegated wavelike figure on a lathe; used principally for plywood

Wrought Iron

Malleable and relatively soft Ductile and is given from by hammering

Terracotta Tiles

Natural clay tiles fired at lower temps. Making them less durable then most other tiles. Usually hand or machine made in mexico or europe Their rustic, handcrafted appearance is appealing, but their low density and high porosity make them unsuitable for wet area, and they must be sealed regularly Saltillo pavers are a type of these that tiles used indoors as well as outdoors in frost free area

PVC

Polyvinyl Chloride

Silver

Rarely found as nuggets Usually combined with other minerals in various ores

Veneer (thin-coat) Plaster

Ready-mixed plaster applied as a very thin, one or two coat finish over veneer base gypsum board

What is the difference between rock and stone?

Rock is stone before it is moved from where it is found. Stone is rock removed from its bed for use

Tin

Soft, malleable, and ductile at ordinary temperatures Used for architectural coating for steel known as tin plate or terneplate Decorative punched (pierced) tin is an artisanal tradition used for household objects, lanterns, and cabinetry panels Tin ceiling: tin coating on steel ceilings

Cast Iron

Strong in compression but brittle Can be cast into complex designs Used for waste plumbing in buildings

Acoustical Plaster

Textured, spray-applied, low-density plaster with porous material to increase sound absorption

Aluminium

The most abundant metal in the earth's crust Usually made from bauxite ore Silver-white metallic element that is malleable, soft, flexible, and easy to fabricate An excellent thermal and electrical conductor Resists corrosion and is nonmagnetic Is used in many hard, light alloys that can be cast, wrought, or extruded Is often anodized for improved corrosion resistance, color, and surface hardness Zinc coatings make aluminum more durable

Name the two basic types of plastic

Thermoplastics and Thermosets

Bronze

Tin is most often added metal to copper to produce bronze Architectural bronze: the most often used in building interiors Almost always has some patina or corrosion Valued for its strength and corrosion resistance

Lime Plaster

Traditional building material; used for historic repair and renovation work

Quarry Tiles

Unglazed flat slabs of extruded clay with a rate of water absorption not over 6 percent Durable and is used for floors, were their natural matte finish provides good slip resistance; tiles with abrasive grains are available for even better traction the tiles are usually ½" thick and 6" square, but are available up to 12" square Their color varies from brick red to shades of tan or terracotta; some tiles are dyed, not waterproof, sealing helps to avoid staining

Chromium

Used to produce chrome finishes to other metals Trivalent Cr (III): used in decorative finishes and is not generally considered to be hazardous to human health Hexavalent Cr (VI): is toxic, and its production is regulated; it is not used as a decorative finishes Decorative chrome (nickel-chrome) plating: produced by first electroplating an object with nickel and then with an extremely thin chrome surface

Hardwood AKA Deciduous

Usually trees that shed their leaves seasonally in temperate climates Seeds have a covering of some types, such as fruit or hard shell Used for interior finishes, including paneling and flooring, for the edges and legs of furniture, and for architectural millwork

Refraction

ability of glass to bend light

Thermoset plastic

are permanently harderned and cannot be softened and remolded

Fillers

are sometimes applied prior to painting to provide a very smooth surface

Thermoplastics

become soft when heated, and can be remolded repeatedly they harden when cooled

Forging

cold metal reheated and shaped with hammer, other tools

Sedimentary

consists of compressed deposited sediment

Laminated

consists of two or more layers of glass bonded together with a sheet of plastic. When made from annealed glass, laminated glass can be cut and worked after it is manufactured. Is used for storefronts, balconies, stair railings and roof glazing

Metamorphic

created by subjecting rock to new conditions of temperature