Inter. Comm. What is Communication?
norms
"suppose to do" expectations
Generic ways of improving competency
-empathy -tolerance for ambiguity -interaction posture ("dont judge") -orientation to knowledge(express you opinions not sounding like a fact)
Cultural Identity
-essential to who we are -dynamic and everchanging -multifaceted with many components
Dividers in intercultural communication
-history -economics -resources -ecology -technology -religion -interpersonal relationship
culture specific ways of improving competency
-interaction management -display of respect -task role behavior -relational role behavior
Belief
An idea that a people believe to be true about the world
symbols are ______ and ______
Arbitrary (randomly assigned) and Ambiguous
Competent Communication is both ________ and ________
Effective & appropriate
Nonverbal Symbols
Gestures, use of eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice
Hall's theory
High vs Low context cultures
Interactional
In terms of transactional, this refers to one person sending out a message. and the receiver receives it and interprets it. The receiver then becomes to the sender. In this model though, ONLY ONE TRANSACTION IS HAPPENING AT A TIME (which is unlikely in our day to day communication
Actional
In terms of transactional, this refers to the person actually sending out the message, and not referring to whether the message is received
Intercultural theory from perspective of oppressed
Postcolonialism
Transactional
This refers to all participants are simultaneously sending out messages and receiving incoming ones as well. (what day to day communication looks like)
Verbal Symbols
Words
In a high context culture, they leave much of conversation to a.implication b. emphasis on words c. be understood immediately
a
In a high context culture, tradition governs life a. true b. false
a
In a low context culture, time is a. structured b. unstructured
a
In a low context culture, using arguments to convince is a. effective b. inneffective
a
In a low context culture, there is a desire to a.recieve critical feedback b. give critical feedback c. eliminate critical feedback all together
b
in a low context culture, bonds between ingroup are a. constant b. fragile c. strong
b
inidivualism vs _______
collectivism
non-intentional
communication does not need to be intentional for messages to come across
Social Practices
consist of typical behavior patterns that a culture follows
Hofstedes
created value orientation
social identity
develops as a result of being a member of certain groups within the culture "Micro-cultures" -> family and "co-cultures"-> political party
Informal social practices
eating habits, greetings, ways of dressing
Masiculinity vs. _________
femininity
cultural identity
formed as a result of being apart of a specific culture, is central to who we are, dynamic and ever-changing, multifaceted with many components
ambiguity
having more than one possible meaning
Historical traditions increase _____ context cultures
high
uncertainty avoidance
high vs low
Self-concept
how you see yourself
Shared Meaning
in order for communication to occur, individuals must have a common understanding of the symbols being used, if not then misunderstanding will occur
Social Identity
is groups we belong to -microcultures -co-cultures
Is culture static?
just like communication, culture is always changing and growing with its people
Power distance
large vs. small
Culture
learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms and social practices that affect the behaviors of a large group
In group
like me
outgroup
not like me
social comparison
one way to develop self concept through how you compare yourself to others
reflected appraisal
one way to develop self concept through what other people tell you
5 value orientation sets:
power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individual vs collectivism, masculinity vs. feminism, long term vs short term orientation
Values
priorities, importances
Physical Context
refers to the actual location of the individuals (inside/outside, noisy/quiet, public/private)
ways to develop self-concept?
reflected appraisal & social comparison
personal identity
related to an individuals unique characteristics. (likes vs dislikes) aka personality
Interpersonal context
relates to the anticipated behaviors people have about others due to the type of relationship that exists between them. (e.i. the communication that takes place between two lovers differs between two strangers)
Social Context
relates to what is considered to be appropriate behavior and communication styles at various social events (e.i. american students are encouraged to ask questions in class while asian students are discouraged because it "challenges" the teacher
Formal social practices
rituals involved with getting married, holiday traditions, funeral gatherings
long term orientation vs. ________
short term orientation
Communication
symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings that does not have to be intentional
Personal identity
you are a unique person with different personality