international relations final study guide

What is meant by "asymmetric conflict?"

"Asymmetric conflict" refers to a situation where opposing sides in a conflict possess unequal military capabilities, strategies, or resources. It often involves a weaker entity using unconventional tactics to offset the strength of a more powerful adversary.

What are the top concerns about contemporary terrorist organizations?

1. Communication/Proselytizing - *easier than ever to spread message/propaganda, win sympathy/support. Contemporary terrorist organizations leverage advanced communication technologies, social media, and encrypted messaging platforms to disseminate propaganda, recruit new members, and radicalize individuals globally. Online platforms serve as crucial tools for spreading extremist ideologies and fostering a sense of belonging among potential recruits. 2. Coordination - *easier to plan/conduct acts via interconnected networks. Raise and distribute $. Globalization has enabled terrorist groups to coordinate activities across borders seamlessly. Networks like Al-Qaeda and ISIS operate internationally, facilitating the exchange of resources, expertise, and personnel. Decentralized structures and agile coordination methods enhance their ability to plan and execute attacks efficiently. 3. Security - *complete destruction is difficult with decentralized cells. Head of the snake? Terrorist groups prioritize operational security to evade intelligence agencies and law enforcement. They employ encryption, secure communication channels, and compartmentalized structures to minimize the risk of infiltration. Adaptable to changing security landscapes, these organizations continually evolve their tactics to stay ahead of counterterrorism efforts. 4. Mobility - *air travel and relaxed immigration/visa laws.? Terrorist organizations often exhibit high mobility, with members able to move across borders discreetly. This mobility is facilitated by porous borders, failed states, and smuggling networks. The ability to relocate swiftly enables these groups to escape law enforcement and conduct operations in various regions. 5. Lethality -* WMD access more possible after Cold War / Arab Spring.? Modern terrorist organizations have access

What are the political, cultural, economic, and religious explanations of contemporary terrorism?

1. Politics - * Resentment to losing power in a more democratic/pluralist world. Terrorism often arises from political grievances, including perceived oppression, state repression, and territorial disputes, driving groups to use violence as a means of redress. 2. Economics - * Response to globalization and increased western economic domination. Economic disparities and marginalization can fuel terrorism as individuals or groups resort to violence in response to perceived economic injustices, poverty, or lack of opportunities. 3. Culture - * Reaction to a more materialist and cosmopolitan/liberal world. Cultural factors, such as identity struggles, ethnic tensions, or historical grievances, contribute to terrorism as groups seek to preserve or assert their cultural autonomy. 4. Religion - * Response to a growing secular world. Religious extremism can be a catalyst for terrorism, where individuals or groups use violence to advance a particular interpretation of religious doctrine and establish a desired societal order.

What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

1947-1951 The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. initiative designed to provide economic aid to Western European countries after World War II. Its main purpose was to help rebuild war-torn economies, prevent the spread of communism, and promote stability and prosperity in the region.

What is a "non-zero-sum" game?

A "non-zero-sum" game is a situation in game theory and economics where the outcome is not limited to winners and losers. In such games, participants can potentially all benefit or all lose, and the total gains or losses are not fixed. Cooperation and mutual gain are possible in non-zero-sum games, as opposed to "zero-sum" games where one participant's gain is exactly balanced by another participant's loss. It's more fair and an all-or-nothing for everyone.

What was emphasized in the new economic order after WWII?

After WWII, the new economic order emphasized the establishment of international institutions for economic cooperation and development. This included the creation of the Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, aimed at promoting global economic stability and reconstruction.

What happened at Bretton Woods?

At Bretton Woods in 1944, representatives from Allied nations established the Bretton Woods system, creating the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The aim was to promote monetary stability, facilitate international trade, and contribute to post-World War II economic reconstruction.

What are barriers to free trade and how do nations use these tools to their benefit?

Barriers to free trade include tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers like regulations. Nations use these tools to protect domestic industries, create trade advantages, and address economic or political goals. Barriers can shield industries from foreign competition, manipulate trade balances, and serve as negotiating leverage in international relations.

With respect to the U.S., is weapons trading a good foreign policy? Domestic policy?

Foreign Policy: Supporters argue that weapons trading enhances alliances, fosters strategic partnerships, and bolsters the defense industry. Critics contend it may contribute to regional instability, human rights concerns, and geopolitical tensions. Domestic Policy: Proponents often highlight economic benefits, job creation, and technological advancements in the defense sector. Opponents raise ethical and moral questions, emphasizing potential negative impacts on global peace and human rights.

How would a realist argue the point?

From a realist standpoint, military strength is seen as a key element in international relations. Realists argue that a strong military deters potential aggressors, contributing to stability and peace. They emphasize the importance of power dynamics and the potential for conflict in the absence of a balance of power among nations.

What is meant by "polarization?"

In foreign policy and international relations, "polarization" refers to the division of countries or actors into opposing and often extreme positions or alliances. It typically involves a stark divide between different groups or nations with conflicting interests, values, or ideologies. Polarization can lead to increased tensions, conflicts, and difficulties in finding common ground for diplomacy or cooperation, making it a significant challenge in international affairs.

What is "sovereignty?"

Independent self-determination over one's territory. it implies that a state has the ultimate and exclusive right to make decisions, pass laws, and govern its own affairs without external interference. Any recognized self-state. Not Palestine but yes USA.

How does the prisoner's dilemma relate to decision-making in international relations?

It relates to decision-making by highlighting the challenges of cooperation among nations. Countries often face situations where mutual cooperation would lead to better outcomes for all, such as disarmament or environmental protection. However, due to concerns about being taken advantage of, countries may prioritize self-interest, leading to suboptimal results. The Prisoner's Dilemma underscores the need for diplomacy, trust-building, and international agreements to overcome the barriers to cooperation and achieve more favorable collective outcomes.

What's at issue when it comes to international efforts at combating terrorism?

Key issues in international efforts to combat terrorism include coordination among nations, addressing root causes, balancing security measures with human rights, and adapting strategies to evolving terrorist tactics.

What is "anarchy?"

Lacking formal government or enforcement of law. Can't say the world gov is anarchic though, you can have anarchy without chaos.

Who are the main recipients of weapons around the world?

Major recipients of weapons globally included countries in regions with ongoing conflicts or security concerns. Some of the significant recipients historically have included Middle Eastern nations, such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Israel. Additionally, countries in South Asia, like India and Pakistan, have been prominent buyers of weapons.

Does more global military spending mean that conflict is inevitable? Does less spending mean more peace?

More global military spending doesn't necessarily guarantee inevitability of conflict, nor does less spending guarantee more peace. The relationship is complex and influenced by geopolitical factors, diplomacy, and international relations.

Is international relations "anarchic?"

No, although no world gov, hegemons, reciprocity, etc. keeps it from being anarchic.

What is "polarity?"

Polarity in foreign policy and international relations refers to the distribution of power among states in the international system. It primarily revolves around the number of major powers and their relative strength. Polarity impacts the dynamics and stability of international relations and can shape the strategies and alliances of states.

What is "reciprocity?"

Reciprocity in international relations refers to the principle of mutual exchange of benefits or actions between two or more states. It involves a give-and-take approach where one country's actions are met with a corresponding response from another, fostering a sense of balance and cooperation in diplomatic interactions.

What is the difference between a nation and a state?

State: an organized sovereign legal political entity with defined territory and government. Nation: Community/society of people bound by culture and usually geography. Can involve similarities in race/ethnicity but doesn't have to. No physical country. Can have flags and people. Ie. ex-Yugoslavia with all the nations inside the state itself.

How is terrorism defined?

Tactical use of violence to inspire fear to achieve political change. * Targets include civilians & symbols. Others? * Desires: Widespread attention, questionable response, breaking moral resolve.

What is "Long Cycle Theory?"

The "long cycle theory" is a concept in international relations that suggests the world goes through long-term cycles of stability and conflict, typically spanning several decades. It explores the idea that patterns of global power and geopolitical dynamics follow extended cycles, impacting the international system over time.

How is the Democratic Peace thesis used to explain how regime type is an important factor?

The Democratic Peace thesis argues that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other. It suggests that the democratic form of government, with its emphasis on shared norms, accountability, and peaceful dispute resolution, contributes to international stability by reducing the likelihood of conflict between democratic nations. democratic states more likely to value reciprocity, trust, and communication. Thus, they're more likely to tolerate other liberal states.

What is the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty?

The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) is an international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. It promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy and encourages disarmament, while restricting the acquisition of nuclear weapons to five recognized nuclear-armed states: the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom.

What is the controversy regarding how the U.N.'s budget is organized?

The controversy regarding the United Nations (U.N.) budget organization primarily revolves around issues of funding, contributions, and the equitable distribution of financial burdens among member states. Developing countries argue that the current system is unfair because a small group of wealthy countries, notably the United States, pays a disproportionately large share of the budget. Because the US pays so much, they get more of a say in the works of the UN. This leads to debates over who should pay more and how to ensure a fairer distribution of financial responsibilities within the U.N., which can impact the organization's effectiveness and decision-making. larger/wealthier nations failing to meet financial obligations

What were the four periods of the Cold War?

The four periods of the Cold War are often identified as: Post-World War II (1947-1953): The initial tensions and ideological conflicts. Thaw (1953-1962): A period of relative relaxation and diplomatic initiatives. Crisis and Escalation (1962-1979): Includes events like the Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam War. Renewal and End (1980-1991): The resurgence of tensions followed by the eventual end of the Cold War.

Does the goal of a terrorist matter to its legitimacy as a tactic of war?

The legitimacy of terrorism as a tactic of war is widely rejected, regardless of the goals. International law condemns deliberate targeting of civilians and non-combatants, making terrorism illegitimate in the context of warfare.

Who were the new hegemons?

United States: Emerged as the dominant economic, political, and military power in the Western bloc. Soviet Union: Established itself as the hegemonic force in the Eastern bloc, leading the socialist camp during the Cold War.

What is "globalization?"

"Globalization" is the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, economies, cultures, and people on a global scale.

What is mercantilism?

"Mercantilism" is an economic theory and practice that emphasizes a nation's accumulation of wealth through a positive balance of trade, where a country exports more than it imports. This approach often involves protectionist policies, such as tariffs and subsidies, to promote domestic industry and maximize exports.

What is monetary policy?

"Monetary policy" refers to the actions and strategies implemented by a country's central bank to control the money supply, interest rates, and the overall availability of credit in the economy, with the goal of achieving specific economic objectives such as price stability and full employment.

What was "triangular trade?"

"Triangular trade" refers to the historical trade pattern between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the 16th to 19th centuries. Goods like slaves, raw materials, and manufactured products were exchanged between these three regions, forming a triangular network of trade routes.

What helps explain why transnational terrorism became such a global issue in the 1960s?

Because of the rise of commercial air travel and TV coverage.

How was liberalism "re-launched" at the end of WWII?

Bretton Woods Institutions: The establishment of the IMF and World Bank promoted liberal economic principles and international cooperation. United Nations: The creation of the UN aimed to foster multilateralism, diplomacy, and collective security, reflecting liberal ideals. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The adoption of this declaration emphasized liberal values such as individual rights and equality. Marshall Plan: The economic aid provided by the Marshall Plan aimed at rebuilding war-torn Europe and promoting liberal democratic principles.

How do civil strife and economic conditions affect a country's foreign policy?

Civil strife refers to domestic conflicts or violence within a country. - Civil strife can influence a country's foreign policy by diverting resources and attention away from international affairs, leading to a more inward-focused policy. - Poor economic conditions can create pressure for foreign policy changes, such as seeking international aid or trade agreements to address economic challenges. -Economic conditions can also affect political institutions by shaping public opinion, affecting government stability, and driving policy choices related to economic development and trade.

How does conflict of ideas differ from "conflict of interests?"

Conflict of Ideas: Nature: Involves differing beliefs, values, or ideologies. Example: Disagreement over political philosophies, cultural norms, or religious beliefs. Conflict of Interests: Nature: Arises from competing needs, desires, or goals. Example: Economic disputes, resource competition, or geopolitical rivalries. While conflict of ideas centers on divergent perspectives and beliefs, conflict of interests is more pragmatic, focusing on tangible needs and objectives. Both types of conflicts can coexist and intersect in complex situations.

what are conflict of interests?

Conflict of Interests: Nature: Arises from competing needs, desires, or goals. Example: Economic disputes, resource competition, or geopolitical rivalries. Territorial Conflict (geography) - Disputes over state borders and sovereignty. - But borders define the state, thus, not easily resolvable. Symbolic, but still very important Control of Governments (politics) - Disputes over who should hold power. - Actions sometimes covert (support for rebels), political (interfere with elections), overt (invasion). Economic Conflict (money) - Seldom devolves into military force and war. - Economic disputes usually handled by economic means.

How is "liberal" theory supported by the "tragedy of the commons?"

Cooperation and International Institutions: Liberal theory emphasizes the potential for international cooperation and the role of international institutions in managing global commons effectively. In the context of the tragedy of the commons, liberalists argue that nations can overcome the tragedy through diplomacy, negotiations, and the creation of international agreements and organizations. Collective Action: Liberals believe that rational actors can come together to address shared challenges and that cooperation can lead to mutually beneficial outcomes. They argue that international regimes and treaties, such as climate agreements or trade pacts, can mitigate the tragedy of the commons by promoting collective action and enforcing rules.

What do critics contend about the WTO?

Critics argue that the World Trade Organization (WTO) promotes corporate interests over human rights, labor, and environmental concerns. They claim it perpetuates global economic inequality and undermines sovereignty by favoring powerful nations. -WTO enforcement threatens state sovereignty -WTO policy is dominated by the most economically powerful members.

What do critics contend ab UN?

Critics of the United Nations often contend that its budget is organized in a way that lacks transparency, efficiency, and accountability. They raise concerns about issues such as: Lack of Transparency: Critics argue that the UN's budget process is not transparent enough, making it difficult for member states and the public to fully understand how funds are allocated and spent. Bureaucracy and Inefficiency: Some critics believe that the UN's budget is weighed down by bureaucracy, leading to inefficiencies and a lack of cost-effectiveness in the organization's operations. Disproportionate Spending: Critics may argue that resources are not always allocated proportionately to address pressing global issues. They contend that some parts of the UN receive excessive funding, while other critical areas are underfunded. Inadequate Accountability: Concerns are often raised about the accountability of UN funds, particularly regarding cases of mismanagement or corruption within the organization.

What helps determine a country's "soft power?"

Culture and Values: The attractiveness of a nation's culture, values, and political system. Diplomacy: Skillful diplomacy and effective representation on the global stage. Education and Media: Influence through educational institutions, media, and cultural exports. Economic Prosperity: Economic strength and the ability to provide aid and investment. Human Rights Record: Respect for human rights and ethical behavior in international affairs. Global Leadership: The willingness and ability to provide leadership in addressing global challenges.

How did a global failure to fully adhere to a "liberal" worldview lead to WWII?

Economic Instability: The Great Depression exposed flaws in liberal economic policies, contributing to social and political unrest. Nationalism and Protectionism: Countries turned to nationalist and protectionist measures, deviating from liberal international cooperation. Treaty Failures: The inability to enforce liberal principles in treaties like the Treaty of Versailles fueled resentment and contributed to the rise of authoritarian regimes. Appeasement Policies: Reluctance to confront aggressive regimes early on allowed them to expand, undermining liberal ideals of collective security.

What are the common elements of "liberalism?"

Emphasis on Individual Rights: A commitment to protecting individual freedoms and human rights. Rule of Law: Belief in the importance of rules, norms, and international law in governing state behavior. International Cooperation: Advocacy for diplomacy, multilateralism, and collaboration to address global challenges. Democracy Promotion: A belief that democracies are less likely to go to war and that promoting democracy can contribute to peace. Economic Interdependence: Recognition of the role of economic ties and trade in fostering peace and cooperation. Humanitarian Intervention: Support for intervening in cases of severe human rights abuses or crises.

What are some "first level of analysis" explanations for war?

First-level analysis explanations for war focus on individual or state-level factors. Some key factors include: Individual Leaders: Decisions and actions of specific leaders. State Characteristics: Policies, structure, and nature of individual states. National Interests: Pursuit and defense of a nation's interests. Military Capabilities: Levels of military strength and preparedness. Economic Factors: Resources, trade, and economic considerations. Cultural and Ideological Factors: Beliefs, values, and ideologies influencing actions.

What is GATT?

GATT stands for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. It was a multilateral trade agreement established in 1947. GATT aimed to reduce trade barriers, including tariffs. Promoted non-discrimination in international trade. Provided a framework for negotiating and settling trade disputes. Transitioned into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. GATT's principles continue to influence global trade within the WTO.

Why do some argue that nukes require a new embrace of a liberal worldview?

Global Cooperation: Addressing the existential threat of nuclear weapons necessitates international cooperation, aligning with liberal ideals of diplomacy and multilateralism. Human Security: The catastrophic consequences of nuclear conflict underscore the importance of protecting human security, aligning with liberal principles of individual rights and well-being. International Institutions: Liberal values support the role of international institutions, such as arms control agreements, in managing and reducing the risks associated with nuclear weapons.

What global or system factors affect foreign policy?

Global or systemic factors that affect foreign policy include geopolitical shifts, economic interdependence, technological advancements, and international organizations. These elements influence how nations formulate and conduct their foreign policies in the ever-changing global landscape.

How does global military spending today compare to the past?

Global spending more now than ever: * 200% more than 1960. * 1500% more than 1930.

What is "guerrilla warfare?"

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare characterized by small, independent groups using unconventional tactics, such as ambushes and hit-and-run attacks, to combat a larger and more conventional military force.

What is meant by "hard" and "soft" power?

Hard Power: This refers to the use of force or coercion to achieve political objectives. It includes military force, economic sanctions, and other forms of aggressive tactics to compel other states to comply with one's wishes. Hard power is often associated with traditional forms of state power and can be used for both offensive and defensive purposes. Soft Power: Soft power, on the other hand, is the ability to influence others through attraction, persuasion, and appeal rather than coercion or force. It relies on a country's culture, values, diplomacy, and the attractiveness of its political and social systems to shape international relations. Soft power is about building positive perceptions and goodwill to achieve foreign policy goals. Only goes to countries where self-interest is possible.

What is "Hegemonic Stability Theory?"

Hegemonic Stability Theory suggests that global stability is enhanced when a single dominant power (hegemon) plays a leading role in shaping and maintaining the international order, promoting economic stability, and preventing conflicts among states. Free-trade demands a global power to use its strength to open and organize markets by designing and promoting necessary norms.

What is the IMF?

IMF stands for the International Monetary Fund. Founded in 1944, it's a global financial institution. Aims to promote international monetary cooperation. Provides financial assistance to member countries in need. Supports exchange rate stability and economic growth. Implements policy advice and conditions in exchange for loans. Comprises 190+ member countries. Headquartered in Washington, D.C. Part of the Bretton Woods system. Promotes economic stability and reduces financial crises.

How is its purpose different than the World Bank's?

IMF: has reasons #1 and #2 Promotes exchange rate and monetary policy stability across nations lend/loan money to countries same as the World Bank does World Bank: only has #2 2. lend/loan money to countries same as the World Bank does

What is meant by "sticks and carrots" in foreign policy? What kind of "intangibles" are each dependent upon?

In politics, "carrot or stick" sometimes refers to the realist concept of soft and hard power. The carrot in this context could be the promise of economic or diplomatic aid between nations, while the stick might be the threat of military action. intangibles: political will, leadership, public opinion, etc.

How has the role of the media evolved in post-modern security issues?

In post-modern security issues, the role of the media has evolved significantly. Traditional media, along with the rise of digital platforms, now plays a central role in shaping public perceptions of security threats. Instantaneous global communication allows for rapid dissemination of information, but it also poses challenges, as misinformation can spread quickly. The media's influence on public opinion, the framing of security narratives, and the potential for social mobilization are heightened, making it a critical factor in contemporary security dynamics.

How does ICC differ from the UN's International Court of Justice?

In summary, the ICC is a criminal court focused on prosecuting individuals for international crimes, while the ICJ is a judicial body that settles legal disputes between states and provides advisory opinions on legal matters. The ICC operates independently, while the ICJ is a principal organ of the United Nations. The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, and its purpose is to settle legal disputes between states and provide advisory opinions on legal questions referred by UN bodies.

What are the four levels of foreign policy analysis?

Individual Factors: Focus on the role of key decision-makers in foreign policy. Analyze the personal characteristics, beliefs, and biases of leaders. Consider the impact of their personalities and experiences on policy choices. National Factors: Concentrate on a country's internal dynamics and interests. Assess how domestic politics, institutions, and public opinion shape foreign policy. Consider economic factors, security concerns, and historical context. Systemic Factors: Examine the international system's influence on foreign policy. Analyze the distribution of power among nations and alliances. Assess the impact of regional dynamics, alliances, and global power shifts. Global Factors: Focus on overarching global trends and issues. Consider economic interdependence, environmental concerns, and technological advancements. Assess how these global factors shape a country's foreign policy choices.

What are the "third level of analysis" explanations for war?

Individual Psychology: Examines the influence of leaders' personalities, beliefs, and decision-making on the outbreak of war. Group Dynamics: Considers how the interactions and behaviors of specific groups within a society or state contribute to the likelihood of conflict. Cultural Factors: Explores how cultural norms, values, and perceptions shape attitudes towards war and conflict resolution. These analyses delve into the micro-level aspects of human behavior to understand the intricate causes of war.

How is inequality used to understand the causes of war?

Inequality can contribute to the causes of war by creating social unrest, economic competition, and fostering grievances. Key points include: Economic Inequality: Disparities in wealth and resources may lead to resentment and social discontent, creating conditions for conflict. Social Inequality: Discrimination based on factors like ethnicity or religion can fuel tensions and contribute to the outbreak of war. Resource Inequality: Competition for limited resources, especially in regions with stark disparities, can be a catalyst for conflicts. Political Inequality: Unequal access to political power may lead marginalized groups to seek change through violent means, potentially sparking conflicts.

What is "international political economy?"

International political economy" (IPE) is the study of the interconnectedness of politics and economics in the global arena, examining how political institutions, economic systems, and international relations influence each other.

What do critics contend about both IMF/World Bank?

Member power related too much to economic power Poor nations are powerless in decision-making Decision-making too tied to corporate interests (politics) grown too interested in privatization (for example now the World Bank asks if the state they are loaning to is democratic or republican before the loan (this did not happen before and is not needed) Has grown too interested in the internal political qualifications of applicants

How did a global failure to fully adhere to a "realist" worldview lead to WWII?

Miscalculation of Power: Failure to accurately assess power dynamics and the ambitions of aggressive states led to inadequate responses. Appeasement Policies: Attempts to avoid conflict through appeasement, rather than realist power-balancing, emboldened aggressive regimes. Underestimation of Security Dilemmas: The inability to address security dilemmas and competing national interests allowed for the unchecked expansion of militaristic powers. Weak Deterrence: Inadequate deterrence strategies failed to dissuade aggressive states from pursuing their expansionist agendas

How does monetary policy affect exchange rates?

Monetary policy influences exchange rates through interest rates. When a central bank raises interest rates, it attracts foreign capital seeking higher returns, leading to an appreciation of the country's currency. Conversely, lowering interest rates can lead to a depreciation as investors seek higher returns elsewhere. Overall, monetary policy decisions impact the supply and demand for a currency in the foreign exchange market, affecting its exchange rate.

How does monetary policy affect international trade?

Monetary policy influences international trade by affecting exchange rates and interest rates. Changes in these factors impact the competitiveness of a country's exports and imports. For example, a central bank adjusting interest rates may impact currency values, influencing trade by affecting export prices and the cost of imported goods.

What did the arrival of nukes change, with respect to questions concerning a balance of power?

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD): The possession of nuclear weapons created a state of mutual deterrence, as the potential for catastrophic consequences discouraged direct conflict between major powers. Shift in Power Dynamics: Nuclear capabilities became a central factor in assessing a nation's global influence, influencing strategic calculations and alliances. Arms Race: The nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union highlighted the significance of nuclear capabilities in maintaining or shifting the balance of power.

What are the kinds of "conflict of ideas?"

Nationalistic/Ethnic Conflict Clashes stem from distinct cultural values, norms, or practices. Intense pride and loyalty to one's nation, often lead to competition or conflict with other nations. - Shared culture, ancestry, language, etc. - Desire for sovereignty and self-determination. - Creating States from Nations is often violent. - Authoritarianism born from extreme nationalism. Religious Conflict Tensions resulting from differing religious beliefs and practices. - Often, religion is the most visible division among populations - Is violence inherent to religion? no - Fundamentalism demands that religion control politics. - Conflict with international norms Ideological Conflict Disputes arising from opposing political or philosophical ideologies. - Strong, but not as strong of an influence as religion. - Not very commonly "exported." Dominos? (China, Russia, US) - Usually overwhelmed by national interests

Does the goal of the terrorist matter to its definition?

No, the definition of terrorism typically focuses on the use of violence or intimidation to achieve political, ideological, or social objectives, regardless of the specific goals or motivations of the perpetrators.

How does the U.S. stack up to the rest of the world in military spending? Overall? Per capita? As a percentage of its GDP? Historically?

Overall Military Spending: The U.S. has the highest overall military spending globally, surpassing other nations by a significant margin. Per Capita Military Spending: On a per capita basis, the U.S. typically has one of the highest military expenditures, reflecting a substantial investment in defense resources per individual. Percentage of GDP: Historically, the U.S. consistently allocates a notable percentage of its GDP to military spending, maintaining one of the highest ratios among developed countries. Historical Perspective: Throughout history, the U.S. has maintained a position of military dominance, especially following World War II, with a consistent commitment to a strong defense budget.

What are some of the fundamentally recognized causes and explanations of war?

Political Factors: Disputes over power, territory, or ideology. Economic Factors: Competition for resources, trade routes, or economic dominance. Social Factors: Ethnic, religious, or cultural tensions leading to conflicts. Nationalism: Intense pride and loyalty to one's own nation, often leading to aggression. Historical Grievances: Lingering issues from past conflicts or colonialism. Security Dilemma: Perceived threats leading to an arms race and potential conflict. Human Nature: Aggressive instincts or the pursuit of self-interest.

What is meant by "geo-strategic position" and "political geography?"

Political geography or geo-strategic position refers to the location of a country or region in relation to other states and its influence on its political and strategic significance. It encompasses factors like proximity to key resources, neighboring countries, access to sea routes, and territorial boundaries, which can all impact a nation's political and military strategies, alliances, and geopolitical importance in international relations.

How do political institutions affect a country's foreign policy?

Political institutions shape a country's foreign policy by influencing decision-making processes, setting priorities, and determining the level of consistency and stability in diplomatic strategies. The structure and functioning of political institutions impact how a nation engages with the international community.

What is "Power Transition Theory?"

Power Transition Theory is the idea that conflicts and wars often arise during periods when there is a shift in the distribution of power among major states, especially when a rising power challenges the dominance of an established power in the international system. Countries are more susceptible to wars when they are in the middle of transitioning in both an increase or decrease in power. Moments of vulnerability are their weakest point.

What are the "realist" and "liberal" worldviews and how are they different? How do both approach international cooperation? How do both envision peace?

Realists: driving factors are the natural tendencies of humans and greed for power. They love security in politics. Realists don't like groups like NATO because they want power for themselves. Statism and survival guide realists. States the ultimate goal of authority. Zero-sum game winners balanced out by losers guide realists. Power distribution guides realists; polarity, balance of power theory, power transition theory. Realists become consumed by power. Peace: realists rarely have alliances/cooperations and are looked at suspiciously. Not warmongers!!! They believe in hegemonic stability theory: the theory that you will have the greatest international stability. "The best way to foster war is to be prepared for war, guaranteeing security as well as raw power." Realists view international cooperation as driven by self-interest, where states engage in alliances or agreements to enhance their own security and power. Liberals: A "liberal" worldview in international relations approaches international cooperation through diplomacy, international institutions, and multilateralism. It envisions peace as achievable through the spread of democracy, the rule of law, and economic interdependence among nations. Liberals believe that cooperation, shared values, and the promotion of human rights can lead to a more peaceful and stable world order. Liberal worldviews prioritize cooperative and diplomatic approaches to international relations and envision peace as the result of shared values, democratic governance, economic interdependence, and the protection of human rights. They get a bad rep for having a blind eye to authoritarianism, sexism, and racism. They foster and encourage globalization and agree that you should trade with any country regardless of the state of them and/or how they treat their people/workers.

What is meant by "regimes" and "institutions?"

Regimes: Regimes in global governance refer to sets of rules, norms, and principles that govern specific issue areas, such as trade, human rights, or the environment. These rules and norms guide state behavior and interactions in these particular domains. Institutions within Global Governance: These are formal organizations or bodies created to facilitate cooperation, negotiation, and decision-making among states and other actors on global issues. Examples include the United Nations, World Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund (IMF). These institutions provide platforms for states to collaborate, develop policies, and enforce international agreements.

How is IPE tied to historical imperialism?

Resource Exploitation: Imperialism involved the economic exploitation of colonies for resources, shaping global economic structures. Power Dynamics: Imperial powers controlled economic systems, influencing trade, finance, and development to maintain dominance. Inequality Legacy: The economic imbalances created during imperialism continue to influence global economic relations in IPE.

What is the "tragedy of the commons?"

The "Tragedy of the Commons" in politics refers to the situation where shared resources, such as public land or the environment, are overexploited or mismanaged due to the self-interest of individual actors. It highlights the challenge of coordinating actions for the common good when each individual prioritizes their own interests, often resulting in resource depletion and negative consequences for society as a whole.

What is the tragedy?

The "Tragedy of the Commons" in politics refers to the situation where shared resources, such as public land or the environment, are overexploited or mismanaged due to the self-interest of individual actors. It highlights the challenge of coordinating actions for the common good when each individual prioritizes their own interests, often resulting in resource depletion and negative consequences for society as a whole.

What does the "outsourcing of war" refer to?

The "outsourcing of war" refers to the practice of hiring private military contractors or mercenaries by governments to perform military functions traditionally carried out by regular armed forces.

What is the "prisoner's dilemma?"

The "prisoner's dilemma in politics" is a scenario in which two or more political actors face a choice between cooperation and self-interest. Each actor must decide whether to cooperate for mutual benefit or act in their own self-interest, potentially leading to a suboptimal outcome for all parties if they all choose self-interest. This concept is often used to analyze situations in international relations and domestic politics where trust, cooperation, and collective action are crucial but may be undermined by individual incentives for non-cooperation.

What is the International Criminal Court?

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent international tribunal established to prosecute individuals for the most serious international crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. The ICC aims to hold individuals accountable for grave crimes when national legal systems are unable or unwilling to do so. Membership 123 countries. Exists to complement national courts (of members unwilling or unable to investigate crimes. Cases are referred by member states or UN Security Council. Before the creation of ICC, UN created ad hoc courts. Member states choose (18) judges, determine budgets, and hire prosectors. Some countries like russia haven't joined the ICC because if a person is referred from that country, they have no say. Countries like Russia/ china/ USA have active foreign policies and the ICC discriminates towards them. Because they would join and then just veto. Referral comes from UN Security Council but their approval isn't needed.

Why is it so unique in the history of international relations?

The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) is unique because it is an international agreement aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It establishes a framework for nuclear cooperation while distinguishing between nuclear-armed states and non-nuclear-armed states, fostering global efforts to curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

What is the United Nations? What is its purpose? How has its purpose evolved? What are its specific parts? How is the UN Security Council organized? How many member states does it have? What are its duties?

The UN is an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II to promote international cooperation and maintain peace and security among nations. It is headquartered in New York City, USA. Purpose: Maintaining international peace and security. Promoting economic and social development. Fostering cooperation in solving international problems. Upholding and promoting human rights. Serving as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. Evolution of Purpose: The UN's purpose has evolved to address contemporary global challenges. While the organization was initially focused on preventing armed conflicts between states, its scope has expanded to include issues such as human rights, sustainable development, climate change, and humanitarian assistance. Specific Parts: The United Nations is composed of various bodies, agencies, and programs, including the General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice, and specialized agencies like UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO). UN Security Council: The UN Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It consists of 15 members, with five permanent members (P5) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. The P5 members are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These five have veto power, allowing them to block substantive resolutions. Member States: As of September 2021, the United Nations had 193 member states. Member states are organized by regions and vote on various issues within the UN, such as electing non-permanent members to the Security Council and passing resolutions in the General Assembly.

What is the World Bank? What is its purpose?

The World Bank is an international financial institution. Purpose: to provide financial and technical assistance for global development. Supports projects and initiatives in developing countries. Aims to reduce poverty, promote economic growth, and improve living standards. Provides loans, grants, and expertise for infrastructure, education, healthcare, and more. Strategic sometimes, prevented fall into communism, world bank was American born so America has a president (preferred side) Today's purpose is still to help finance, (states, nations, investors, pure help). If the bank invests the country will be able to contribute to globalization which is one of the bank's driving factors.

How has the definition of terrorism evolved?

The definition of terrorism has evolved over time, reflecting changing political, social, and legal perspectives. Initially often associated with state-sponsored violence, the focus shifted to non-state actors. In recent decades, definitions have emphasized the intentional use of violence to create fear, coerce populations, or influence governments for political, ideological, or religious motives

What's the lesson for international relations?

The lesson for international relations within the tragedy of the Commons is the importance of cooperation and the need for effective international governance. In a global context, shared resources and common issues, such as climate change, ocean pollution, or cybersecurity, require collaborative efforts among nations to prevent overuse and depletion. The tragedy of the commons underscores the necessity for international agreements, diplomacy, and mechanisms for collective action to address common challenges and promote the sustainable use of resources. It highlights the interdependence of nations and the shared responsibility for preserving the global commons.

What is the World Court?

The term "World Court" is often used as a colloquial or informal name for the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and is responsible for settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on legal questions. It is commonly referred to as the "World Court" because of its role in resolving international legal matters.

What kind of "new order" resulted after the war?

United Nations (UN): Established for international cooperation and conflict prevention. peacekeeping Unsuccessful when not welcomed by warring factions. Threat to Sovereignty? yes - Biggest critique: Vulnerable when authority/power fails to adjust to changing situations (peacekeeping vs. enforcement?). U.S. Role in UN Peacekeeping * Huge increase since 1990 of peacekeeping opportunities. * UN troops voluntarily provided by member states. U.S. provides tiny fraction. Most $? * "Command authority" of US troops ALWAYS the President's call. (Important stuff) * "Operational command" may be by "trusted ally" (i.e. NATO members). (Minor stuff) - No right to change mission. - No right to reorganize US units. - No right to discipline US troops. Weapon spending: Global spending more now than ever: The wealthy spend more, but poorer spend larger % of their GDP/budgets. - Largest % increases have been with poor nations. Weapon trading: since '01, imports around the world have exceeded $1 trillion. * 70% were to "developing" states. * U.S. dominant exporter (>40% of total) New media: communication always an important security variable. Printing press? Radio? * Press Radio TV SatelliteTV Internet * Internet / Social Media most difficult for government to regulate and control. - Organization and coordination. - Information and misinformation. - Recruitment, Money, and Foreign support.

Who uses terrorism?

Various groups, ranging from religious extremists and political organizations to separatist movements and individuals, employ terrorism as a means to achieve their goals through fear, intimidation, and coercion.

What is the WTO? What is its purpose?

WTO (World Trade Organization) is an international organization. Its purpose is to promote global trade by establishing rules, resolving disputes, and reducing trade barriers. Facilitates negotiations on trade agreements. Ensures fair and predictable trade practices. Promotes economic growth and development. Provides a platform for member countries to discuss trade-related issues. Works to reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Administers trade agreements like GATT and GATS. Handles trade disputes through the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Encourages transparency and information sharing among members.

Who spends more on their military? Richer or poorer nations? As a % of their respective budgets?

Wealthy spend more, but poorer spend larger % of their GDP/budgets. - Largest % increases have been with poor nations.

What did Eisenhower mean when he said "Beware the military-industrial complex?"

When Eisenhower warned of the "military-industrial complex," he cautioned against the undue influence and collaboration between the military establishment and defense industry. He was concerned about the potential for the arms industry to exert disproportionate power and influence over national policy, leading to increased militarization and the pursuit of conflicts for financial gain.

What is a "zero-sum" game?

Winners are always balanced out by the losers. As long as one state has the advantage over another, it has won. All about winning (inc, wins dec. losses). resulting in a fixed total outcome. This drives realists.

Are democracies more or less likely to attack their neighbors?

Yes, the Democratic Peace Thesis states the idea that democracies are less likely to go to war with one another. It suggests that democratic countries tend to resolve their disputes through peaceful means and are more inclined to engage in diplomacy and cooperation rather than armed conflict when dealing with other democracies.

What are examples of "carrots?"

define: development aid and assistance. Examples include economic aid, specific program/project aid, humanitarian aid, technical assistance, security assistance, providing military/weapons, etc.

What are some examples of economic sticks? What helps determine the success of economic sticks?

ecosticks Define: flexing economic/financial muscle. Examples include boycotts, trade embargos, sanctions, punitive tariffs, and travel/business restrictions. what determines the success: How trade-dependent is the target, how unique is the trade, domestic responses, avoiding blowback, unilateral or multilateral

What are some examples of "sticks?

military sticks, economic sticks, eco stick (uni/multilateral eco stick), etc.

What are the "second level of analysis" explanations for war?

second-level analyses of war focus on internal or systemic factors: Internal Factors: Leadership Decisions: Choices made by leaders in pursuit of national interests. Domestic Politics: Political dynamics and public opinion influencing war decisions. Economic Conditions: Internal economic challenges prompting leaders to use external conflict for diversion or resource acquisition. Systemic Factors: Balance of Power: Shifts in power relations between states leading to tensions. Alliance Systems: Entanglements and obligations within international alliances. International Institutions: Effectiveness or failure of global organizations in preventing conflicts.

What is the "iron law of oligarchy?"

suggests that in most organizations and societies, power tends to concentrate in the hands of a few individuals or a small elite group, even in ostensibly democratic or egalitarian structures. Hints of elitist nature. Only one small group has the power. Critical of global gov. And argue when people who support global gov say we can all be fair.

Who leads the world in weapons trading?

the United States, Russia, France, and China (in order of decrease) are among the leading countries in weapons trading.