INTRO A&P Chapter 3 Learn smartbook

What are the forces that drive active transport?

- ATP - Cellular energy

What are general characteristics or roles of the cell membrane?

- It facilitates signal transduction - It is only visible with an electron microscope. - It is selectively permeable.

Indicate characteristics of vesicles.

1. Contain substances that have just entered the cell 2. Are membranous sacs 3. Contain substances that have been produced by other organelles

Identify the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

1. It functions in the synthesis of lipids. 2. It functions in the synthesis of proteins. 3. It provides attachment for ribosomes.

What conditions are necessary for diffusion of a substance to occur across a membrane?

1. Membrane permeability 2. A concentration gradient

List components of the cell membrane. 1. Phospholipids 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic acids 4. Cholesterol 5. Carbohydrates

1. Phospholipids 2. Proteins 4. Cholesterol 5. Carbohydrates

Which two of the following are general characteristics of the cell membrane? a) it is thin and flexible b) it is the powerhouse of the cell c) it is selectively permeable d) it synthesizes ATP

1. it is thin and flexible 2. it is selectively permeable

The integral proteins in the cell membrane can be receptors which are involved in ______.

1. signal transduction 2. cell adhesion 3. cell communication

In order for a molecule to move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration using an active transport mechanism, energy is require. The common molecule for that energy called __________________.

ATP

The type of transport mechanism in which large molecules, small particles or liquid are conveyed by a vesicle into the cell is called

Endocytosis

The passive transport mechanism in which molecules, due to pressure differences, are forced through a membrane from regions of higher hydrostatic pressure toward regions of lower hydrostatic pressure is known as ___________________

Filtration

During ______ phase of Interphase the genetic material is replicated.

S

Which of the following is an example of simple diffusion?

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood.

How would the phospholipids orient themselves if the cytosol and extracellular fluid were made of oil instead of water?

The tails would face outward, toward the cytosol and ECF, and the heads would face inward, toward each other Reason: If the ICF and ECF were oily, the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids would be attracted to them, so their orientation would be reversed as compared to a normal situation.

What is a function of glycoproteins?

To identify the cell as being "self" or foreign

____________________ are membranous sacs containing substances that recently entered or were produced in the cell.

Vesicles

In an aqueous solution (water based) if the phospholipids were unable to form a bilayer they would form ______.

a single layered ring structure with tails in and heads out

What are functions of the cell membrane? a) It is the site of signal transduction. b) It is the site of protein synthesis. c) It is a selectively permeable barrier.

a) It is the site of signal transduction. c) It is a selectively permeable barrier.

Microfilaments are tiny rods of the protein _______________________.

actin

In ____________________ transport, a carrier molecule (sometimes called a pump) transports substances from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration.

active

The process of cellular specialization is called ___________.

differentiation

The process of _______ utilizes a vesicle to move substances into the cell.

endocytosis

During the process of _____________, vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, releasing the contents outside the cell.

exocytosis

The passive transport mechanism in which molecules or ions move via carrier proteins from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called ________________ ___________________.

facilitated diffusion

The process that involves membrane protein carriers to transport glucose or amino acids across the cell membrane down a concentration gradient is called _________ _________.

facilitated diffusion

What transport mechanism moves smaller molecules through a porous membrane from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure?

filtration

In comparing two solutions of the same volume, the one with more solutes has _____ water than the one with fewer solutes.

less

The higher the concentration of solute in a solution the _________________(less or more) water is present in the solution.

less

Active transport is a process that moves particles through a membrane from a region of ____ concentration to a region of ____ concentration.

low; higher

In muscle cells ______ aggregate forming myofibrils.

microfilaments

All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a ______. a) neurotransmitter b) cell wall c) nucleus

nucleus

The ______________ is a relatively large, usually spherical, structure that contains the genetic material which directs the activities of the cell.

nucleus

In what process does water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute?

osmosis

________________ is the name the transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute (one that cannot cross the membrane).

osmosis

Both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are ______ transport mechanisms that move molecules ______ a concentration gradient.

passive; down

The cell membrane is composed mostly of a bilayer of ______.

phospholipids

Active mechanisms of transport _________ energy.

require

Organelles called ____ are the site of protein synthesis.

ribosome

Membranous sacs, ________________________ called , are essential to store or transport material into or out of a cell.

vesicle or vesicles

The _______________________ molecules in the cell membrane, which have a relatively rigid structure, help to stabilize the cell membrane. Listen to the complete question

cholesterol

The molecules indicated in the figure by red arrows are ______ molecules.

cholesterol

The prefix _____ means "cell."

cyt-

The molecules within the cell membrane that function in cell recognition are the ______.

glycoproteins

Indicate the characteristics of the cell membrane: a) It carries out important metabolic reactions b) It enables communication and interaction c) It carries out synthesis of proteins d) It functions as a boundary for the cell

1. It carries out important metabolic reactions. 2. It enables communication and interaction. 3. It functions as a boundary for the cell.

Which of the following are the results of apoptotic cell death? 1. Removal of extra brain cells. 2. Sculpting of organs from overgrown tissues. 3. Death of tissue by mechanical injury. 4. Carving away webbing between developing fingers and toes.

1. Removal of extra brain cells. 2. Sculpting of organs from overgrown tissues. 3. Carving away webbing between developing fingers and toes.

Solutions A and B are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Solution A has more solutes than solution B. In what direction will osmosis occur?

From B to A

The ______ is a stack of five to eight flattened membranous sacs that resemble pancakes.

Golgi apparatus

The organelle that acts like "FedEx" for the cell by handling the packaging and shipping of proteins is the ______.

Golgi apparatus

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs is an example of what process?

Simple diffusion

What is the function of ribosomes?

Site of protein synthesis

_______________ cells are currently under investigation as a form of therapy for almost every degenerative disease and for replacement of damaged organs because they can differentiate into replacements for what is lost.

Stem

What is cytosol?

The liquid part of the cytoplasm.

Moving down a concentration gradient is the movement from _______.

an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

There are two types of cell death, necrosis which happens as a result of external damage and _______________ which is a controlled programmed cell death.

apoptosis

The smallest unit of organisms like humans that is considered to be alive is a(n) __________.

cell

Which of the following is the correct meaning of the prefix "cyt-"?" a) Cell b) Nucleus c) See d) Tissue

cell

the smallest unit of life is a _____________.

cell

The series of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it finishes dividing is called ______.

cell cycle

The term that describes the series of changes that a cell undergoes, including its growth and division is _______________ ________________

cell cycle

In Anaphase and Telophase, the process that results in the division of the cytoplasm is called _________________________

cytokinesis

The liquid portion of cytoplasm is called ____________________.

cytosol

The membranous organelle that is the site of synthesis of proteins and lipids is the:

endoplasmic reticulum

Ions that use specific protein channels in the membrane use a process called _____ to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.

facilitated diffusion

The process that involves membrane protein carriers to transport glucose or amino acids across the cell membrane down a concentration gradient is called _______________ ________________________.

facilitated diffusion

What is the transport mechanism in which molecules, that are not able to pass through the cell membrane, move via membrane proteins from a regions of higher concentration to a regions of lower concentration?

facilitated diffusion

True or false: When molecules move down a concentration gradient it means that there is a net movement of particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.

false Reason: Molecules move down a concentration gradient when they move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

The water-soluble ________________ of the phospholipids form the intracellular and extracellular surfaces of the membrane.

heads

Simple diffusion is a passive process that requires no input of energy, and is the movement of molecules from areas of _____ concentration to areas of _____ concentration.

high;low

The phase that begins after cytokinesis and ends at prophase is called ______.

interphase

The active period of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, DNA replicates, and new organelles form, is called _______________________. It terminates when the cell begins mitosis.

interphase or G1

The type of cell division that results in the new cells having 23 chromosomes, half of the original cell, is called ________________

meiosis

All human cells have a phospholipid bilayer that makes up the cell ______________.

membrane

Somatic cells divide by the 4-stage process of ______ which produces two daughter cells from an original cell. The new cells are genetically identical, each with a full complement of 46 chromosomes.

mitosis

__________________ is a passive mechanism of transport allows for the movement of water across the membrane to areas of impermeable solute.

osmosis

Diffusion is ______________________ a process which depends on concentration gradients.

passive

The basic framework of the cell membrane is a bilayer of ____________ molecules.

phospholipid

The cell membrane is _____ permeable.

selectively

The term used to describe the cell membrane because only certain substances can enter or leave the cell is ______________________.

selectively permeable, semipermeable, or differentially permeable

This figure depicts the process of:

simple diffusion

True or false: The cell membrane is not simply a boundary, but an actively functioning part of the cell. It is the site of important metabolic reactions and it also enables communication and interaction with other cells.

true

Organelles called transport __________________ are membranous sacs containing substances that were produced in the cell like neurotransmitters or hormones.

vesicles

Exocytosis uses _____ to move substances _____ the cell.

vesicles; out of

Osmosis is the diffusion of _____.

water