Intro Anthropology Answer
Sedentary
(adj.) characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place. Or Living in groups permanently in one place. & In cultural anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time. The invention of agriculture led to sedentism in many cases, but the earliest sedentary settlements were pre-agricultural.
Oldowan
A Lower and Middle Pleistocene culture of East Africa characterized by crude pebble choppers, scrapers, and hand axes. The term Oldowan is taken from the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the first Oldowan stone tools were discovered by the archaeologist Louis Leakey in the 1930s.
Cuneiform
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. & With cuneiform, writers could tell stories, relate histories, and support the rule of kings. Cuneiform was used to record literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh—the oldest epic still known. Furthermore, cuneiform was used to communicate and formalize legal systems, most famously Hammurabi's Code. Or A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Or Mesopotamia is located in the region now known as the "Middle East," which includes parts of southwest Asia and lands around the eastern Mediterranean Sea. & The wheel, plow, and writing (a system which we call cuneiform).
Adaptation
An adaptation is any variation that can increase one's biological fitness in a specific environment; more simply it is the successful interaction of a population with its environment. The biological changes that occur within an individual's lifetime are also referred to as functional adaptations. An example is the adaptation of horses' teeth to grinding grass. Grass is their usual food; it wears the teeth down, but horses' teeth continue to grow during life.
Diagnostic Artifact
An artifact that provides clues to the function or date of a feature or site (alternative: an item that is indicative of a particular time period and/or cultural group) Or They allow archeologists to pinpoint relatively specific time periods during which they were produced.
What has the discovery of the 20,000+ year old human footprints in New Mexico led archaeologists to think regarding the so-called Clovis culture that was believed to represent the oldest human cultures in the Americas? While they don't have all of the answers, what does this major discovery mean to archaeologists studying the first people to settle in this part of the world?
Archaeologists will always debate when and how did the human print were in America. These footprints that were discovered in New Mexico will have the archaeologists thinking and rethinking about how old is really the ages of the footprints. They also have to remember time falls in last glacial maximum period of time. That estimate that oldest footprints were from 11,000 to 13,000 thousand years old. Now the Bering Land Bridge was under the ice, before this discovery. To my opinion it will open a lot of questions about how humans travel across the Bering Land Bridge and we can finally have some of this question answered.
What are its four fields?
Archaeology, Bioanthropology, Linguistic Anthropology, & Social-Cultural Anthropology
Artifact and Diagnostic Artifact/Ecofact/Feature
Artifact & Diagnostic: An item that is indicative of a particular time and/or cultural group; a computer would be a diagnostic artifact of our time and culture. Artifact example: Stone tools, pottery vessels, metal objects such as weapons, coin, and items of personal adornment such as buttons, jewelry and clothing. Diagnostic example: An emissions test on a car. Ecofact example: Wheat seeds, sheep bones, or seashells at inland sites. Feature example: Feature is a nose.
Stone Tools - How did stone tools change the world?
As technology progressed, humans created increasingly more sophisticated stone tools. These included hand axes, spear points for hunting large game, scrapers which could be used to prepare animal hides and awls for shredding plant fibers and making clothing. Not all Stone Age tools were made of stone. Most important is that stone tools provide evidence about the technologies, dexterity, particular kinds of mental skills, and innovations that were within the grasp of early human toolmakers.
Assimilation vs. Acculturation
Assimilation is a two-way process, and the majority culture is changed as well as the minority culture. Acculturation occurs when the minority culture changes but is still able to retain unique cultural markers of language, food and customs.
Creationism
Belief that all life was created by God. Or Creationism, the belief that the universe and the various forms of life were created by God out of nothing (ex nihilo). It is a response primarily to modern evolutionary theory, which explains the diversity of life without recourse to the doctrine of God or any other divine power.
Biological Determinism: What does this mean? Think about what this idea implies and why it's controversial. Think about this idea in light of what we know about anthropology today.
Biological determinism, also called biologism or biodeterminism, the idea that most human characteristics, physical and mental, are determined at conception by hereditary factors passed from parent to offspring. The ideas that implies are determined at conception by hereditary factors passed from parent to offspring. & Individuals have no internal control over their behavior and dispositions, and thus are devoid of responsibility for their actions". Anthropology is the study of what makes us human.
Cahokia
Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States, beginning more than 1,000 years before European contact.
Class vs. Status
Class is a group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status. Status is indicate the level of respect and honor associated with a person's position in society.
Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal.
Culture Shock
Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own.
Charles Darwin
Darwin's revolutionary theory was that new species arise naturally, by a process of evolution, rather than having been created—forever immutable—by God.
Diglossia
Diglossia is the coexistence of two varieties of the same language throughout a speech community.
Discrimination, Prejudice, Stereotypes
Discrimination is an action or practice that excludes, disadvantages. Prejudice is an adverse or hostile attitude toward a group or its individual members. Stereotypes are rigid clusters of overly simplified social and cultural characteristics conjoined into a single, imagined identity or schematic theory.
Last Ice Age
Ends about 10,000yrs ago, beginning of Neolithic revolution, New stone age develops, Climates starting to get warmer. Or The latest ice age peaked about 20,000 years ago, when global temperatures were likely about 10°F (5°C) colder than today. At the Pleistocene Ice Age's peak, massive ice sheets stretched over North America and Eurasia. & Fagan says there's strong evidence that ice age humans made extensive modifications to weatherproof their rock shelters.
Essentialism
Essentialism is the idea that people and things have 'natural' characteristics that are inherent and unchanging.
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the cultural or ethnic bias—whether conscious or unconscious.
Experimental Replication
Experimental replication or Reproducibility is one of the main principles of the scientific method, and refers to the ability of a test or experiment to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else working independently. Replicated findings can then contribute to a scientific consensus in the area.
BERING LAND BRIDGE
Former ice age link between Siberia and Alaska. & The Bering land bridge, also called Beringia, connected Siberia and Alaska during the late Ice Age. It was exposed when the glaciers formed, absorbing a large volume of sea water and lowering the sea level by about 300 feet.
Historical Linguistics
Historical Linguistics is a discipline with strong interdisciplinary connections to sociocultural anthropology, ethnohistory, and archaeology.
Identity
Identity is a contested one, dealing with the question of who we are in relation to others.
Evolution/Natural Selection/Adaptation
In evolutionary theory, adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment. The idea of natural selection is that traits that can be passed down allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species.
Religion and Magic
Interaction with supernatural (God and saints) -Social organization: Roles, duties, leadership, etc. -Morality and social counter -Healing -Ontology: understanding of reality -Epistemology: knowledge system, way of knowing or serve emotional and cognitive needs. Magical thinking in various forms is a cultural universal and an important aspect of religion. Magic is prevalent in all societies, regardless of whether they have organized religion or more general systems of animism or shamanism.
Kinship/Family Structure (Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Patriarchal, Matriarchal, etc.)
Kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans. Family Structure is matrifocal. Patrilineal is a line of descendants through the male line. Matrilineal is usually determines who will inherit property on a person's death. Patriarchal is a social system in which men hold primary power and predominate. Matriarchal is hypothetical social system in which the mother or a female elder has absolute authority over the family group.
Kinship Ties & Family Structure (Marriage Practices, Taboos, Descent/Lineages)
Kinship ties are connections between individuals, established either through marriage or through the lines of descent that connect blood relatives (mothers, fathers, siblings, offspring, etc.). Marriage may be defined as a socially acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult individuals.
Language Loss
Language Loss is when a shift to English occurs in indigenous populations.
Lexicon
Lexicon is the total stock of words in a language. syntax. the rules of combining words to create meaningful words.
Linguistic Determinism
Linguistic Determinism is the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought.
Malinowki and Functionalism
Malinowki was a Polish-British anthropologist whose writings on ethnography, social theory, and field research have exerted a lasting influence on the discipline of anthropology. Functionalism is a theory stressing the importance of interdependence among all behavior patterns and institutions
Marriage Practices and Incest Taboos
Marriage is a socially approved union that united two or more individuals as spouses. Incest taboo is any cultural rule or norm that prohibits sexual relations between certain members of the same family,
The First 'Americans'
Native Americans. & Native Americans, also known as American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Americansand other terms, are the Indigenous peoples of the United States; sometimes including Hawaii and territories of the United States, and other times limited to the mainland.
Natufians and Sumerians
Natufians refer to most hunter-gatherers and Sumerians refer to the people of southern Mesopotamia. The Natufians went on to cultivate figs and other plants and develop advanced irrigation. Sumerians means they invented the first form of writing, a number system, the first wheeled vehicles, sun-dried bricks, and irrigation for farming.
Petra and Pompeii
Petra is an ancient city that lies in present-day Jordan and dates back to the fourth century B.C. Ruins of the once-great metropolis and trading center now serve as an important archeologic site and tourist attraction. & The city of Pompeii is famous because it was destroyed in 79 CE when a nearby volcano, Mount Vesuvius, erupted, covering it in at least 19 feet (6 metres) of ash and other volcanic debris. The city's quick burial preserved it for centuries before its ruins were discovered in the late 16th century.
Phenotype & Clines: Why do we look different? How does the concept of clines differ from the idea of race?
Phenotype: Physical expression of the genotype, can be influenced by the environment. Clines: To represent a geographical gradient in a particular trait across a species. We look different because we all come from different parents, who have different genes. In a character.
Race vs. Cline
Race examines the often disregarded intersectionality of genes, biology, and culture in the formation of race. Clines are gradations in biological features over geographic space.
Racism
Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes.
Lithics
Relating to the use of stone implements in a specified cultural periodNeolithic. Example: Agate, Basalt, Chalcedony, Chert, Diorite, Flint, Greenstone, and Jadeite. All kind of rocks
Petroglyphs
Rock carvings & Reflect the complex societies and religions of the surrounding tribes. Or Petroglyphs are rock carvings (rock paintings are called pictographs) made by pecking directly on the rock surface using a stone chisel and a hammer-stone. .Archaeologists have estimated there may be over 25,000 petroglyph images along the 17 miles of escarpment within the monument boundary. Petroglyphs are powerful cultural symbols that reflect the complex societies and religions of the surrounding tribes. Petroglyphs are central to the monument's sacred landscape where traditional ceremonies still take place. Some are religious entities and others show who came to the area and where they went.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis/Linguistic Relativity
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is that different cultures understand and appreciate the world in different ways and that language is the vehicle to express that difference. Linguistic Relativity is the notion that the diversity of linguistic structures affects how people perceive and think about the world has been a canonical topic of American linguistic anthropology.
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of individuals in settings of language exchange.
THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION AND THE MAJOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENTS AND INNOVATIONS THAT TOOK PLACE
The Neolithic Revolution, also called the Agricultural Revolution, marked the transition in human history from small, nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements and early civilization. Shortly after, Stone Age humans in other parts of the world also began to practice agriculture.
Jericho and Catalhoyuk
The ancient cities of Jericho and Çatalhöyük are two of the earliest trading towns and the first large ancient cities. Both Jericho and Çatal Hüyük were very large Neolithic proto-city settlements, which existed from approximately 7100 BCE to 5700 BCE, and flourished around 7000 BCE.
What is anthropology?
The attempt to view other systems from the ground level is the basis of anthropology's distinctive contribution to the human/social sciences.
All religious movements have a conception of a single divine being. That is universal.
The correct answer is 'False'.
Creationism is widely advocated in anthropology as the most scientific and evidence-supported theory regarding the origins and development of this universe and of human life.
The correct answer is 'False'.
Petra, in western Italy, is regarded as a unique, ancient, architectural marvel because it is the oldest still-standing city preserved by a natural disaster that struck it in 79 CE.
The correct answer is 'False'.
Race is rooted in scientific fact. Various races of human beings exist at the biological level, which explains why various racial groups across the planet behave and live differently. In other words, there are absolute biological differences between people of different skin tones and phenotype (external, visible, physical traits). TRUE or FALSE?
The correct answer is 'False'.
True or False: Anthropologists are primarily concerned with conducting cross-cultural comparisons of different communities in order to make a determination over which one is more developed, better and/or more modern.
The correct answer is 'False'.
In some societies, women may have multiple socially-recognized male mating partners quite similar to men who are in polygamous relationships (with multiple female mating partners). TRUE or FALSE?
The correct answer is 'True'.
The Last Ice Age ended nearly 12,000 years ago. As a result, homo sapiens (human beings) were able to travel and settle around the world, but the massive change in climate as well as human interference in various ecosystems (think of animals like the woolly mammoth and saber toothed tigers) led to the extinction of many different species.
The correct answer is 'True'.
A cline _____________.
The correct answer is: A genetic or phenotypic marker shared by a population that is distributed along a geographic gradient.
Language loss can occur as a result of:
The correct answer is: All of these
Social hierarchies often translate into:
The correct answer is: All of these
Which statement about culture is true?
The correct answer is: All of these
_________________________ refers to the process whereby people of one culture adapt to the ways of the majority culture, oftentimes resulting in the loss of their previous culture and language.
The correct answer is: Assimilation
______________________refers to the idea that all human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other genotypic attributes rather than cultural or social forces.
The correct answer is: Biological Determinism
The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another is known as:
The correct answer is: Cultural Relativism
_____________________ refers to the unjust or prejudicial treatment (personal or institutional) of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, religious affiliation, or gender.
The correct answer is: Discrimination
If I judge another person's or group's cultural practices, beliefs and values according to the standards of my own, I am being:
The correct answer is: Ethnocentric
Changes in the characteristics of a species over several generations, which relies on the process of natural selection is referred to as:
The correct answer is: Evolution
Which of the following are examples of marriage taboos in the United States? i.e. things that are regarded as socially unacceptable as they relate to who one can or cannot marry.
The correct answer is: Incest and Polygamy
The emphasizing of freedom of action and personal self-expression popular in the United States but not in several other parts of the world where social conformity is encouraged, is known as:
The correct answer is: Individualism
In what modern-day country were the world's first cities constructed in?
The correct answer is: Iraq
The ruins of the world's first cities today lie in which modern-day country?
The correct answer is: Iraq
_____________ is widely considered to be home to the world's oldest known major human settlement.
The correct answer is: Jericho
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is an important concept in which branch of anthropology?
The correct answer is: Linguistic
The following region was home to some of the world's earliest civilizations, including the first cities:
The correct answer is: Mesopotamia
The paleo-anthropological hypothesis that says that after Homo erectus arrived in the various regions in the world hundreds of thousands of years ago, they slowly evolved into modern humans is known as the:
The correct answer is: Multi-regional Theory
__________________ __________________ asserted that individuals have physiological needs (reproduction, food, shelter) and that social institutions exist to meet these needs. This theory is known as _______________________.
The correct answer is: None of these
In the Tim Wise video on the origins of race, what does he ascribe the invention of race to? In other words, how did the concept of 'race' emerge and for what purpose?
The correct answer is: Race was essentially created as a mechanism to maintain economic power by manufacturing dissent between slaves/servants of European and African background on the basis of their skin tone. The idea was to prevent slave revolts and it had the effect of creating a new social hierarchy that advantaged white people over black people.
In regard to kinship ties, affinity refers to:
The correct answer is: Relations based on marriage
Measuring human skulls and trying to control which populations and communities have offspring together/reproduce are both examples of:
The correct answer is: Scientific Racism
____________________________ examines the relationship between language, status, class, ethnicity and gender.
The correct answer is: Sociolinguistics
Which statement best sums up the difference between class and status?
The correct answer is: Status is symbolic and is based on social prestige, while class is economic.
Lexicon refers to:
The correct answer is: The "dictionary" of all the morphemes in a language.
What facilitated the migration of humans to what we today dub North, Central and South America?
The correct answer is: The Last Ice Age created a world that was frozen and colder, which led to people to seek warmer climates.
The Neolithic Revolution was transformational. Two major developments occurred during this time which would change humanity forever:
The correct answer is: The domestication of plants and animals and the emergence of the first major human settlements
The Natufians, who lived in the Levant (along or near the Mediterranean Sea) represent the:
The correct answer is: The world's first farmers/agriculturalists.
French anthropologist Pierre Bordeau saw language as:
The correct answer is: a form of symbolic, political, and economic capital that has the potential to provide or deny access in society.
Changes in the anatomy, phenotype (i.e. color, external features), and/or behavior of a species so that it is better suited to survive in an environment/ecosystem is referred to as (an):
The correct answer is: adapation.
The 'Fertile Crescent' refers to the:
The correct answer is: area in West Asia/Middle East where the world's first agricultural settlements emerged.
A broken piece of pottery would be considered a/an:
The correct answer is: artifact
The Urban revolution has its roots in ancient Mesopotamia, when:
The correct answer is: clusters of farming villages gradually converged, and transformed into large-scale settlements that became major population centers we know as the world's first cities about 5,500 years ago.
In his book, 'On the Origins of Species', Charles Darwin argued that the numerous traits and adaptations that differentiate species from each other also explain how species changed over time and gradually diverged. In other words, species undergo a lengthy process scientifically known as _________________________.
The correct answer is: evolution
Cuneiform was developed by the ancient Sumerians:
The correct answer is: initially as a counting system to maintain inventory and numerical data, then gradually morphed into a complete writing system based on wedge-shaped designs etched into clay.
Paleoanthropology:
The correct answer is: is concerned with the study of human ancestors (namely early and later hominins through an examination of their fossils).
Race means:
The correct answer is: is non-biological, but rather a social reality created in 1600s North America.
My name, clan membership, and family inheritance have been passed through my mother's family line. My society is:
The correct answer is: matrilineal
Marriage to multiple partners is known as:
The correct answer is: polygamy
__________________ involves making mutually beneficial exchanges with other people. The rules that govern such exchanges differ from culture to culture and may consist of very different things.
The correct answer is: reciprocity
Ethnicity differs from race in that it:
The correct answer is: refers to a group with a shared culture, language, history, who generally come from the same region (but not always).
Stratigraphy:
The correct answer is: refers to an analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains (shows what came before what, chronologically).
Which of the following is NOT an example of MATERIAL CULTURE?
The correct answer is: religious beliefs
Pompeii:
The correct answer is: represents a rare instance for archaeologists in that it was a Roman city (in modern-day Italy) that was almost entirely preserved by a volcanic eruption some 2,000 years ago.
Archaeology is the:
The correct answer is: study of past societies and their artifacts.
Like 'classism', 'ethnocentrism', 'capitalism', or 'communism', 'racism' is an ideology and refers to a:
The correct answer is: system that has wide-reaching economic, social, and political consequences for people based on their skin tone or other phenotype.
Like 'classism', 'ethnocentrism', 'capitalism', or 'communism', 'racism' is an ideology and refers to a:
The correct answer is: system that has wide-reaching economic, social, legal, financial, and political consequences for people based on their skin tone or other phenotype.
In archaeology, there is great emphasis on:
The correct answer is: the study of material culture in order to better understand past societies
Humans have only really had writing systems for the past:
The correct answer is: ~5,000 years
Which of the following is an artifact:
The correct answer is: A stone tool
A trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection is known as an:
The correct answer is: Adaptation
The fertile crescent refers to:
The correct answer is: An area of the Middle East where early agriculture was developed
__________________ refers to the belief that the earth's geography (including its physical makeup and appearance) has been impacted by often sudden, violent natural occurrences as a way to explain why it looks the way it does. It contrasts with the concept of 'uniformitarianism.'
The correct answer is: Catastrophism
Mesopotamia (the Fertile Crescent region) is often referred to as the:
The correct answer is: Cradle of Civilization
Which major events/processes occurred during the Neolithic Revolution?
The correct answer is: Domestication of plants and animals
Geology influenced the ideas of Darwin by:
The correct answer is: Emphasizing the importance of slow, but constant change over time
The term 'Mesolithic' period refers to which of the following pre-historical periods:
The correct answer is: Middle Stone Age
The theory that argues that Homo sapiens evolved from several different groups of Homo erectus in several places throughout the world is also known as the:
The correct answer is: Multiregional View
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring is known as _______________________________.
The correct answer is: Natural Selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring is known as:
The correct answer is: Natural Selection
One of the earliest Clovis sites (and the site where Clovis gets its name) is located in:
The correct answer is: New Mexico
The archaeological term used to refer to the earliest known stone tool industry in prehistory is:
The correct answer is: Oldowan
Clovis refers to:
The correct answer is: One of the earliest North American cultures
The general term for inscriptions, drawings, or other artistic representations found on rock/stone, is:
The correct answer is: Petroglyph
The external, visible traits of a human are collectively referred to as his/her:
The correct answer is: Phenotype
The Neolithic period in Mesopotamia ultimately led to the development of:
The correct answer is: Uruk (one of the world's first cities)
Which of the following is NOT true according to evolutionary theory:
The correct answer is: We are directly descended from chimpanzees.
I moved to a new country and adopted the cultural norms, values, attire/clothing style, and language dominant in that country and I have detached myself from my previous culture, language, etc. In anthropology, this process is called
The correct answer is: assimilation
The Bering Land Bridge during the Last Ice Age was used:
The correct answer is: by humans to cross from Asia to North America.
______________ is often referred to as the mutual and willing entry into a formal and culturally-sanctioned relationship, but sometimes the individuals involved do not willingly enter such a relationship agreement.
The correct answer is: marriage
Belief in the supernatural or in some other cosmological forces or faith in some 'higher power' is generally referred to as:
The correct answer is: religion
According to your readings, there is no such thing as race at the biological level. It is only a Answer _____________ created by people in power and represent arbitrary categories that aim to promote the idea of absolute differences based solely on our phenotypic characteristics.
The correct answer is: social construct
Identify/select any and all of the important developments of the Neolithic Revolution that transformed human life in a near universal, global way? Select all that apply.
The correct answers are: Domestication of plants (farming), Domestication of animals, People begin to develop settlements rather than remaining nomadic hunter-gatherers.
Psychological distress caused by unfamiliar exposure to unfamiliar cultural norms is also referred to as:
The correct answers are: cultural determinism, culture shock
Stereotyping people can lead to: ***SELECT ANY THAT APPLY***
The correct answers are: discrimination against individuals or people belonging to a particular group or community, violence against a community or family of a particular cultural, religious, ethnic, etc. background, mistreatment of a person or group of people, hatred against people or individuals based on the assumption that all of the group's members have certain beliefs or partake in certain acts and behaviors that you may disagree with.
The Bering Land Bridge, essential to global human migration, connected the following contemporary countries or regions:
The correct answers are: Siberia with Alaska, None of these
Ethnicity: Be able to define this term. Does ethnicity differ from race? How so?
The cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. Ethnicity" is linked with cultural expression and identification.
Homo Habilis - Why is HH so important to understanding our ancestry? What was HH like in relation to modern humans/homo sapiens?
The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools. Homo Habilis was short and had disproportionately long arms compared to modern humans; however, it had a reduction in the protrusion in the face. It is thought to have descended from a species of australopithecine hominid. Its immediate ancestor may have been the more massive and ape-like Homo rudolfensis.
Clovis Culture
The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point. & The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleoamerican culture, named for distinct stone tools found in close association with Pleistocene fauna at Blackwater Locality No. 1 near Clovis, New Mexico, in the 1920s and 1930s. Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Reciprocity
The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties. Reciprocity is a "direct exchange of goods or services" while redistribution refers to the movement of goods or services from a central authority to the members of the society. There are three types of reciprocity: generalized, balanced, and negative.
Homo Erectus - Think about how HE is connected to modern humans and what about HE is relatable. Consider HE's achievements.
The extinct ancient human Homo erectus is a species of firsts. It was the first of our relatives to have human-like body proportions, with shorter arms and longer legs relative to its torso. It was also the first known hominid to migrate out of Africa, and possibly the first to cook food.
Human Origins (Out of Africa Theory vs. Multiregional Theory)
The first, the multiregional hypothesis suggests that humans evolved from Homo erectus outside of Africa. The second hypothesis, or the African replacement hypothesis, suggests that Homo sapiens left Africa and then inhabited the rest of the Old World, replacing primitive humans that had already left Africa.
Bipedalism - What are the advantages associated with it? Why did it happen? What changes facilitated this?
The host of advantages bipedalism brought meant that all future hominid species would carry this trait. Bipedalism allowed hominids to free their arms completely, enabling them to make and use tools efficiently, stretch for fruit in trees and use their hands for social display and communication. The possible reasons for the evolution of human bipedalism include the freeing of the hands to use and carry tools, threat displays, sexual dimorphism in food gathering, and changes in climate and habitat (from jungle to savanna).
Race: What does anthropology have to say about race? What did the founder of American Anthropology, Franz Boas say about race? Is race a biological reality? If not, then what is it
The idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups on the basis of inherited physical and behavioral differences. Most anthropologists believe that categorizing human groups by race has no biological basis. His theory of cultural relativism held that all cultures were equal. No, I race is not a biological reality. In the biological and social sciences, the consensus is clear: race is a social construct, not a biological attribute.
Culture (think about the various components of culture and how cultures are different)
The major elements of culture are symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts. The study of human cultures.
Mesolithic Era
The middle part of the Stone Age; marked by the creation of smaller and more complex tools. Or The Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, is an archaeological term describing specific cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. While the start and end dates of the Mesolithic Period vary by geographical region, it dated approximately from 10,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE. & The Mesolithic was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age.
Urban Revolution
The processes by which agricultural village societies developed into socially, economically, and politically complex urban societies. & The process by which small, kin-based, nonliterate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies.
HUMAN MIGRATION (WHERE DID HUMANS GO AND WHERE DID THEY SETTLE AFTER LEAVING AFRICA?)
The recent African origin paradigm suggests that the anatomically modern humans outside of Africa descend from a population of Homo sapiens migrating from East Africa roughly 70-50,000 years ago and spreading along the southern coast of Asia and to Oceania by about 50,000 years ago. & As the gaps are filled, the story is likely to change, but in broad outline, today's scientists believe that from their beginnings in Africa, the modern humans went first to Asia between 80,000 and 60,000 years ago. By 45,000 years ago, or possibly earlier, they had settled Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia.
Stratigraphy
The study of rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect. Or Stratigraphy, scientific discipline concerned with the description of rock successions and their interpretation in terms of a general time scale. It provides a basis for historical geology, and its principles and methods have found application in such fields as petroleum geology and archaeology.
Archaeology
The study of the past based on what people left behind. Or Archaeology originated in 15th and 16th century Europe with the popularity of collecting and Humanism, a type of rational philosophy that held art in high esteem. The inquisitive elite of the Renaissance collected antiquities from ancient Greece and Rome, considering them pieces of art more than historical artifacts.
Material Culture
The totality of physical objects made by a people for the satisfaction of their needs especially. Those articles requisite for the sustenance and perpetuation of life.
ARDI and LUCY - Consider the various qualities of theirs that distinguish them from modern humans
They were similar to modern humans in that they were bipedal (that is, they walked on two legs), but, like apes, they had small brains. Their canine teeth were smaller than those found in apes, and their cheek teeth were larger than those of modern humans. longer fingers/ shoulder blades (more adapted to tree climbing than us and jaws are like apes.
Civilizations
the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced. Or A civilization is a complex human society, usually made up of different cities, with certain characteristics of cultural and technological development.
