Intro Psychology Chapter 2

The__________is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.

pons

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep? Gamma-aminobutyric acid Norepinephrine Serotonin Acetylcholine

Correct! Serotonin

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex? The antidiuretic hormone The Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Melatonin Testosterone

Correct! The Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Which of the following structures in the brain is known to be connected with vigilance? The hypothalamus The amygdala The fornix The cerebral corte

Correct! The amygdala

Which of the following terms best describes the nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a molecular ladder? A synapse The genetic code The neural impulse A mutation

Correct! The genetic code

Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters. True or False

True Rationale: Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters. See 2-1: The Nervous System: On Being Weird

__________is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions.

acetylcholine

The__________refers to the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.

all -or-none-principle

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called prolactin, which regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats and stimulates production of milk in women. True or False

false: The pituitary gland secretes a hormone called prolactin, which regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats and stimulates production of milk in women. See 2-3: The Endocrine System

Which of these is a function of the medulla of the brain? It handles the regulation of body temperature and concentration of fluids. It serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation. It receives messages from skin senses all over the body. It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing.

Correct Answer It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing.

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case? Retrograde amnesia Epilepsy Wernicke's aphasia Broca's aphasia

Correct! Broca's aphasia

Which of the following brain imaging techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow? Electroencephalograph Positron emission tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Electrocardiography

Correct! Magnetic resonance imaging

Which of the following is a bulb-shaped structure at the end of axons? Terminal buttons Glial cells Dendrites Pons

Correct! Terminal buttons

Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture? The genotype The action potential The phenotype The corpus callosum

Correct! The phenotype

__________remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and form myelin.

Glial-cells

Peter took his bicycle for a ride one morning. He was not wearing a helmet and fell off a ridge, into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected it to be a blood clot. He advised Peter to get a(n)__________done to further investigate his injuries.

computerized-axial-tomography-scan

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of__________.

dopamine

Being left-handed has been associated with an above average probability of having__________.

dyslexia

Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her__________.

hippocampus

The__________minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently.

myelin-sheath Rationale: The myelin sheath minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently. See 2-1: The Nervous System: On Being Wired

According to the notion that the hemispheres of the brain are involved in very different kinds of intellectual and emotional functions and responses, left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual. True or False

True: Rationale: According to the notion that the hemispheres of the brain are involved in very different kinds of intellectual and emotional functions and responses, left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual. See 2-2: The Brain: Wider Than the Sky

John recently suffered a blow to the head. Since then, he has found it quite difficult to express his thoughts. Although his ability to think has not been impaired, he cannot find the right words to say what he wants to say. However, he speaks freely and with proper syntax. John most likely suffers from__________.

Wernicke-s-aphasia

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire? The all-or-none principle The resting potential A receptor site A refractory period

Correct! A refractory period

Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine? Multiple sclerosis Colitis Botulism Anemia

Correct! Botulism

Will was driving down a road one night. Suddenly, he noticed a man trying to cross the road just a little away from the car. Will felt an intense fear and immediately became alert and slammed the breaks down hard, missing the man by inches. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction? Prolactin Thyroxin Melatonin Epinephrine

Correct! Epinephrine Epinephrine intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement. Heredity refers to the transmission of non-biological cultural factors from one generation to another. Heredity factors include environmental factors such as the social environment of an individual. Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

Correct! Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.

Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation? It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal. It receives messages from skin senses all over the body. It serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation. It is vital in the regulation of body temperature, motivation, and emotion.

Correct! It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal.

Which of the following is a function of oxytocin? It inhibits production of urine when the body's fluid levels are low. It affects the rate at which the body uses oxygen and produces energy. It stimulates labor in pregnant women. It helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

Correct! It stimulates labor in pregnant women.

Which of the following terms is related to one's genotype? Nature Culture Atmosphere Environment

Correct! Nature

In the context of the limbic system, which of the following statements is true? People with hippocampal damage cannot retrieve old memories. Studies show that the amygdala is connected with passive behavior in animals. People with hippocampal damage cannot permanently store new information. The limbic system is fully evolved in all animals.

Correct! People with hippocampal damage cannot permanently store new information.

Which of the following causes Down syndrome? The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair The presence of more than 23 pairs of chromosomes The presence of only 22 pairs of chromosomes The presence of an extra chromosome on the 23rd pair

Correct! The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair Rationale: Most persons with Down syndrome have an extra, or third, chromosome on the 21st p

Which of the following is a difference between the thalamus and the hypothalamus? The thalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion, whereas the hypothalamus receives messages from skin senses all over the body. The thalamus receives messages from skin senses all over the body, whereas the hypothalamus regulates basic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion.

Correct! The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults? They experience stunted growth and mental retardation. They experience excitability, insomnia, and weight loss. They feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight. They feel an excess of euphoria under normal circumstances.

Correct! They feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight. Rationale: Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight. See 2-3: The Endocrine System

What is the purpose of a split brain operation? To enhance aesthetic and emotional responses To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex To integrate the functions of both the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex To modify the language functions of the brain

Correct! To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes. ​Culture ​Nurturing ​Environment Heredity

Correct! ​Heredity

​Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be _________. ​monogenic ​acquired ​non-inherent ​polygenic

Correct! ​polygenic Rationale: Complex psychological traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be polygenic—that is, influenced by combinations of genes. See "Evolution and Heredity" from chapter 2 for more information.

Dizygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between dizygotic twins are the result of nurture. True or false

False: Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between dizygotic twins are the result of nurture. See 2-4: Evolution and Heredity

The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils. True or False

False: Rationale: The automatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils. See 2-1: The Nervous System: On Being Weird

A(n)__________is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation.

Instinct

Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine? It is involved in general arousal and learning and memory. It lowers arousal and induces inactivity. It acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It slows down heartbeat.

It is involved in general arousal and learning and memory. Norepinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that speeds up the heartbeat and other body processes and is involved in general arousal and learning and memory, and eating. See 2-1: The Nervous System: On Being Wired

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question? Melatonin Oxytocin Vasopressin Thyroxin

Melatonin

Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese-American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is called__________.

Phenotype

In positron emission tomography, to trace the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n)__________is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream.

Tracer

Paul is a fifty-five-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of__________is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition.

acetylcholine

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through__________.

afferent-neurons

Norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands. True or false

false: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal gland.

Instinctive behavior is absent when an individual is reared in isolation from others of its kind. True or False

false: Instinctive behavior also appears when the individual is reared in isolation from others of its kind. See 2-4: Evolution and Heredity

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain imaging techniques. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brain while they are speaking or using a language. The pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennett's research would be to use__________.

functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging