Intro to Anthropology Exam 1

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Food production occurred ______

12,000-10,000 years ago

Which of the following examples illustrates how "Culture Is Symbolic"?

A national flag that stands for a particular country

Establishing dates in numbers or ranges of numbers is known as ______

Absolute dating

Establishing dates in numbers or ranges of numbers: ______

Absolute dating

An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact is known by the term ______

Acculturation

The developmental study of anthropologist Noah Coburn that emphasized the problem of ignoring local culture took place in ______

Afganistan

The highest global rates of HIV and AIDS related deaths are in ______

Africa

A naturalist who is less credited with his discoveries that relate to the theory of evolution: ______

Alfred Russel Wallace

The developmental problem that arose I the caee of anthropologist Noah Coburn related to ______

An electric kiln

One of the groups heavily involved in the case of Makah was ______

Animal rights groups

According to Carol Taylor, a(n) _____ may benefit the operations of large organizations, such as hospitals and corporations

Anthropologist-in-residence

______ is the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors

Anthropology

The field known as _____ focuses on the study of students in the context of their family, peers, and enculturation

Anthropology and education

The measurement of human body parts and dimensions: ______

Anthropometry

Bathroom habits, bathing and dental care, and waste elimination were discussed in the chapter as examples of ______

"Culture and Nature."

Molecular anthropology most closely works with ______

DNA

Who is the thinker most closely connected tot he theory of evolution?

Darwin

Racial classification based on phenotype raises the problem of ______

Deciding which trait should be primary

The dating method that would be best suited for studying wood and charcoal is ______

Dendrochronology

The site known as Çatalhöyük was studied using which method of dating?

Dendrochronology

The combination of manual dexterity and ______ allows monkeys, apes, and humans to pick up small objects, half them in front of their eyes, and appraise them

Depth perception

The case of indigenous models that was discussed by Kottak emphasized the anthropological concept of ______

Descent

______ is the field that examines the sociocultural dimensions of economic development

Development anthropology

The borrowing of cultural traits between societies is called ______

Diffusion

Long-term selection of the same traits: ______

Directional selection

A scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen is a ______

Disease

Who was the anthropologist who defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, laws, and any other capabilities and habits acquired as a member of society"?

E. B. Tylor

Sarah Tishkoff and her associates discovered that the alleles behind lactose tolerance in _____ people differ from those of lactose-tolerant Europeans

East African

The study of the interrelations among living things in an environment is called ______

Ecology

The process by which a child learns his or her culture: ______

Enculturation

What is the name for the process by which a child learns his or her culture?

Enculturation

In many instances of developmental anthropology, the author indicated that _____ often arise

Ethical dilemmas

______ in the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging outsiders

Ethnocentrism

The term that cultural anthropologists use to describe fieldwork in a particular cultural setting is ______

Ethnography

______ is the study of sociocultural differences and similarities based on data gathered in different societies

Ethnology

The term transformism is mostly connected to ______

Evolution

The difference between evolution and intelligent design is that ______

Evolution is a scientific theory and also a fact

Anthropology, as comped to the natural sciences ______

is scientific, but is a "humanistic science"

An example of cultural adaptation to high adaptation to high altitude would be ______

pressurized airplane cabins with oxygen masks

True or false: Most contemporary applied anthropologists see their work as closely connected to the colonial enterprise

False

True or false: Noses tend to be bigger in areas with higher mean annual temperatures

False

True or false: Races are biologically distinct

False

True or false: The Makah are a group of 10,000 nomadic people who live in Kenya

False

True or false: The biocultural view studies only the biological sides of humanity

False

True or false: The discussion of what was called "practical anthropology" was connected to the work of Clifford Geertz

False

True or false: The field that studies the genetics of breeding populations is called directional selection

False

True or false: The idea of culture is not considered to be a central concern to anthropologists

False

True or false: The study of nutrition, growth and development through the measurement of human body parts and dimensions is called primatology

False

True or false: There are generally or ideally adaptive alleles and perfect phenotypes

False

The process of perfecting the fit between organisms and their environments is ______

Gradual

A lineage or branch of a genetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutation is ______

Halogroup

Cultural anthropology, as compared to sociology ______

Has tended to focus less on the use of statistical methods and has studied traditional, nonliterate societies

Beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illnesses is ______

Health care systems

What did the cases of people living in the Andes, Tibet, and the Ethiopian Highlands relate to?

High altitude adaptation

Focuses on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions: ______

Human rights

The idea of ______ focuses on morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions

Human rights

We refer to ______ as consisting of what people say they should do and what they say they do

Ideal culture

A condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual is a ______

Illness

Linguistic anthropology studies ______

Language in its social and cultural context across space and time

Outside the tropics, skin color tends to be ______

Lighter

Which of the following is true of the characteristic American notions that people should "make up their own minds" and "have a right to their opinion"?

Little of what we think is original or unique

More efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from "thin air": ______

Long-term physiological adaptation

Alleles that were once maladaptive may ______

Lose their disadvantage if the environment shifts

______ refers to larger scale or more significant genetic changes in a population or species, usually over a longer period of time, resulting in speciation

Macroevolution

The key example discussed by Kottak in the case of indigenous models was ______

Madagascar

Cultural resource management focuses on ______

Managing the preservation of archeological sites that are threatened by modern development

Which of the following is a difference between humans and other primates?

Mating patterns

The discussion of culturally appropriate marketing focused on the case of ______

McDonalds

The comparative, bicultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems is ______

Medical anthropology

Refers to "natural sunscreen" and is responsible for pigmentation

Melanin

______ refers to genetic changes in population or species over a few, several, or many generations, but without speciation

Microevolution

Modern-day creationists sometimes use a misunderstanding of the contrast between ___________________to critique evolution

Microevolution and macroevolution

One of the most important pieces of legislation that relates to archaeological sites is ______

NAGPRA

Among contemporary humans, average tooth size is the largest among ______ hunters and gatherers

Native Americans

What is the name for the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment to do so in greater numbers than others in the population?

Natural selection

Thompson's nose rule relates to the association between ______ and ______

Nose form and temperature

Realistic developmental policies promote change but not ______

Overinnovation

Trying to achieve too much: ______

Overinnovation

Cultural anthropology, as compared to psychology, has some ______ with psychology

Overlap

What is the name for the study of hominin, hominid, and human life through the fossil record?

Paleoanthropology

What is the name for the study of ancient life through the fossil record?

Paleontology

The study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites: ______

Paleopathology

What is the name for the study of ancient plants and environments through pollen samples?

Palynology

What is the name for an organism's "manifest biology?"

Phenotype

We speak of ______ when adaptive changes occur during a person's lifetime

Phenotypical adaptation

The study of human biological variation in time and space: ______

Physical/biological anthropology

The _____ turned out to be a jaw of a young orangutan attached to the skull of a modern human

Piltdown Man

What is the name for the field that studies the genetics of breeding populations?

Population genetics

The dating method that relates to the reheating of rocks and the subsequent measurement of escaping gas is ______

Potassium-argon

The dating method that would be best suited for studying material older than 500,000 years is ______

Potassium-argon

The approach known as ______ recognizes that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives and different degrees of power and influence

Practice theory

DNA serves two significant life functions. The first is to copy itself, forming new cells and replacing old ones. The second is to ______

Produce the sex cells or gametes

According to Jablonski and Chaplin, variation in skin color is a bit of a balancing act between ______ and ______

Protection against UV hazards and maintaining inadequate supply of vitamin D

______ studies cross-cultural similarities and differences in psychological traits and conditions

Psychological anthropology

The name of the branch of anthropology that includes activities such as cultural resource management, public educational programs, contract archeology, and historic preservation is ______

Public anthropology

Another name for public anthropology discussed in the chapter was _______

Public interest anthropology

One significant study in which cultural anthropologists and sociolinguists worked side by side in education focused on ______ parents

Puerto Rican

Long periods of stability with occasional evolutionary leaps describes ______

Punctuated equilibrium

The attempt to assign humans to discrete categories based on common ancestry

Racial classification

A change in allele frequency that results not from natural selection but from chance: ______

Random genetic drift

What is the name for genetic variation due to chance?

Random genetic drift

We refer to _____ as consisting of the actual behavior of people as observed by the anthropologist

Real culture

What is the term for a genetic trait masked by a dominant one?

Recessive

Sociolinguistics investigates ______

Relationships between social and linguistic variation

Establishing a time frame in relation to other strata or materials is called ______

Relative dating

Establishing a time frame in relation to other strata or materials: ______

Relative dating

______ refers to the use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the ground

Remote sensing

______ refers to vitamin D deficiency marked by bone deformation

Rickets

One of the groups that challenges assumptions about race is the ______, whose skin color ranges from brown to yellow

San

We call a field that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world _______

Science

A health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures is ______

Scientific medicine

In _____, certain traits of one sex are selected because of advantages they confer in winning mates

Sexual selection

Increased heart rate and hyperventilation, as discussed in the case study of adaptation to high altitudes, was which type of adaptation?

Short-term physiological adaptation

In ______, select forces work to maintain variety due to alleles maintaining constant frequency in a population over time

Stabilizing selection

Starch grain analysis is especially useful in archeology because ______

Starch gain preserves well in areas, especially in humid tropics

The study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers or strata refers to ______

Stratigraphy

Speciation refers to ______

The formation of new species

One advantage of light skin color is ______

The increased production of vitamin D

One disadvantage of dark skin color is ______

The increased susceptibility to rickets and osteoporosis

An example of globalization as ideology and policy might be ______

The protests against the WTO

One advantage of dark skin color is ______

The reduction of certain disease susceptibility

The postpartum taboo is used as an example of ______

The scientific method being used to hypnotize the origin of a social customs

A cultural anthropologist might study ______

The social attributes about consumption in the US

An example of globalization as fact might be ______

The spread and connectedness of production, communication, and technologies throughout the world

The American Anthropological Association has a project called ______

the RACE Project

Holism refers to ______

The study of the whole of the human condition

Before the sixteenth century, most of the world's very dark-skinned peoples lived in ______

The tropics

A ______ is a framework of logically connected ideas

Theory

Why are early colonial-era applied anthropology efforts now seen as problematic?

They aided and abetted the subjugation and control of non-western cultures

What is true regarding chromosomes?

They are arranged in matching or homologous pairs

True or false: The American Anthropological Association (AAA) has raised strong ethical objections to applying anthropology in war zones and military intelligence

True

True or false: The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today refers to globalization

True

True or false: The field of anthropology and education is one whose research extends from classrooms into homes, neighborhoods, and communities

True

True or false: The last case of small pox was reported in the 1970's

True

True or false: The process of matching ring patterns among trees and assigning rings to specific calendar years is called crossdating

True

True or false: The study of bone as a biological issue is called bone biology

True

W. F. Loomis was known for the study of ______

UV radiation

The fallacy of ______ is planners' tendency to view "the less-developed countries" as more alike than they are

Underdifferentiation

Measures fission tracks produced during the decay of radioactive uranium: ______

Uranium series dating

Helping people deal with urban institutions, such as legal and social services, is the important role of a(n) ______ anthropologist

Urban

The term movimento relates to the study of ______

Urban anthropology

Surprisingly, according to Kottak, in some instances developmental anthropology projects have actually ______

Widened wealth disparities

The largest extinction occurred ______ million years ago

245

Many people have the belief that there are _____ major races

3

The percentage of the world's population living in cities surpassed ______ percent for the first time in 2008

50

The analysis os DNA indicates that ______ percent of human genetic variation occurs within so called "races"

94

Humans and chimpanzees have more than _____ of DNA in common

98 percent

Reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains: ______

Archeology

The four fields of anthropology include ______

Archeology, physical/biological, linguistic, cultural

A(n) _____ refers to covariation of variables

Association

In _____, alleles maintain a constant frequency in a population over time

Balanced polymorphism

True or false: It may be easier to look at racial classification as a series or combination of physical traits

False

The relation between body weight and temperature is summarized in ______

Bergmann's rule

______ examines structure, function, and changes in DNA

Biochemical genetics

Anthropology's _____ provides knowledge and an outlook on the world that are useful in many kinds of work.

Breadth

The idea of "practical anthropology" was connected with the work of ______

Bronislaw Malinowski

The dating method that would be best suited for studying organic materials is ______

Carbon-14

Who developed the first comprehensive and still influential classification, or taxonomy, of plants and animals?

Carolus Linnaeus

In the view of ______, fires, floods, and other catastrophes, including the biblical flood, destroyed earlier species and led to God creating new ones

Catastrophism

Also known as the "Father of Geology" and who suggested the idea of uniformitarianism: ______

Charles Lyell

Uniformitarianism is related to the work of ______

Charles Lyell

What is the name for a mismatch of chromosomes resulting from rearrangement that can lead to speciation?

Chromosomal rearrangement

Archeologists who focus on the literate civilizations of the old world, such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt, practice ______ archeology

Classical

The anthropologist _____ defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols

Clifford Geertz

What is the name for the gradual shift in gene (allele) frequencies between neighboring populations?

Cline

True or false: In the discussion of the four types of high-altitude adaptation, "technology" (a form of adaptation) was considered a "biological" type of adaptation

False

The urge to _____ appears to be innate and basic in human society and culture

Cooperate

In the case of _____, anthropologists succeeded only when they harnessed preexisting local-level communal institutions

Cooperatives

True or false: Intellectual property rights refer to rights vested in religious and ethic minorities and indigenous societies

False

True or false: In the chapter, the main case of phenotypical adaptation was schistosomiasis

False

An example of something that has accompanied urban living and that could be classified as a growing social concern is ______

Crime and pollution

The comparative, cross-cultural study of human society and culture: _______

Cultural anthropology

Our own __________ depends on the uniquely developed human capacity to use symbols

Cultural learning

A(n) ______ is a trait or feature of culture that is not generalized or widespread, rather, it is confined ti a single place, culture, or society

Cultural particularity

_____ is "the idea that behavior should be evaluated not by outside standards but in the context of the culture in which it occurs."

Cultural relativism

______ in some cases allows for the destruction of sites if they are not significant

Cultural resource management

Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and in indigenous societies are best described as ______

Cultural rights

The example of koro was used to describe ______

Culturally specific syndromes

______ are patterns of unusual behavior confined to a single culture or group related cultures

Culturally specific syndromes

What is described as traditions and customs transmitted through learning and that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them?

Culture

"Birds of a feather flocking together" was used in the text as an example of ______

Culture is shared

What is the name for an individual who diagnoses and treats illness (shaman)?

Curer

True or false: The ABO blood groups have figured in human resistance to small pox

True

What is the name for digging through layers of a site?

Excavation

Archaeologists who are interested in replicating ancient techniques and processes, like toolmaking undertake _____ archaeology

Experimental

The concept of uniformitarianism suggests that ______

Explanations for past events should be sought in the long-term action of ordinary forces that still operate today

What is a common fate for a species living in an environment that suddenly rapidly shifts?

Extiction

True of false: The idea of overinnovation is a reduction in absolute poverty, with more even distribution of wealth

False

True or false: "Hominins" refers to chimps and gorillas

False

True or false: A cultural relativist would have no problem with using his or her own values or cultural understanding to judge another culture

False

True or false: A species is a group of unrelated organisms whose members cannot interbreed to produce offspring that can live and reproduce

False

True or false: A systemic survey refers to the use of fossils to determine the age of an archeological site

False

True or false: An example of "culture is all-encompassing" might be the shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations that link people who grow up in the same culture

False

True or false: An example of applied anthropology from the subfield of linguistic anthropology might be "developmental anthropology"

False

True or false: An example of globalization as fact might be the protests against the WTO

False

True or false: An example of national culture might be soccer or basketball

False

True or false: Balanced polymorphism is the selection of traits that enhance mating selection

False

True or false: Carbon-14 is a dating method that determines how much argon has accumulated in rocks since they were last noticed

False

True or false: Cultural resource management would not study the impact of pending construction and its potential effects on an archeological site

False

True or false: Dendrochronology measures fission tracks produced during the decay of radioactive uranium

False

True or false: Ethnography is a key part of biological/physical anthropology

False

True or false: Holism refers to traditions and customs transmitted through learning

False

_____ due to drift is more rapid in small populations

Fixation

Jablonski and Chaplin found that a key factor explaining the geographic distribution of skin color involves the effects of UV on ______

Folate

______ in the eighteenth and nineteenth century raised doubts about creationism

Fossil discoveries

In the early twentieth century, the anthropologist _____ described changes in skull shape among the children of Europeans who had migrated to North America

Franz Boas

People often use culture to fulfill psychological needs, such as ______

Friendship, companionship, and approval

What is the term for the exchange of genetic material through interbreeding?

Gene flow

What is th tern for all the genetic material in a breeding population?

Gene pool

Anthropology as a whole, or the four fields: ______

General anthropology

The name for a culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies is ______

Generality

Larger, "barrel chests" of native highlanders: _______

Genetic adaptation

An incorrect understanding of Darwinian explanations of natural selection might propose that ______

Giraffes developed long necks as a result of their ancestors straining their necks to reach higher trees.

According to the case related to the "Columbian Exchange", ______ continues to be a major factor in the spread of diseases today

Globalization

The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today is referred to by the term ______

Globalization

The goal of science is to ______

Increase understating by explaining things

A reduction in absolute poverty with more even distribution of wealth: ______

Increased equity

One disadvantage of light skin color is ______

Increased risk of skin cancer

Urban living has ______ since the Industrial Revolution

Increased steadily

As farming and herding spread about 10,000 years ago, _____ posed a mounting risk

Infectious diseases

A foundation of research in which people agree to take part only after being fully informed about the research is called ______

Informed consent

An indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications: ______

Intellectual property rights

What is the name for an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications?

Intellectual property rights

General anthropology is a North American concept because ______

Interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together the four fields of anthropology

Pizza was discussed in the textbook as an example of

International culture

How is meiosis different from mitosis?

It only occurs in sex cells

The famous discovery in Washing state that related to a challenge between indigenous groups and archeologists was ______

Kennewick Man

______ is an example of anthropologists being involved in legal cases

Kennewick Man

In the chapter, the main case of phenotypical adaptation was ______

Lactose tolerance

What is the term for different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same nation?

Subculture

One of the most significant ways in which culture is learned is through ______

Symbols

The study of settlement patterns over a large area: ______

Systematic Survey

Pressurized airplane cabins with oxygen masks: ______

Technology

What is true of the AAA's Code of Ethics?

The AAA does not advise anthropologist to avoid taking stands on issues

What does the text compare the AAA's code of ethics to?

The Hippocratic oath

The WTO refers to ______

The World Trade Organization

The concept of industrial melanism was related to ______

The case study of the peppered moth

World events, according to the case study related to globalization, are experienced by people ______

Through the media

The examples of Coca-Cola Classic and New Coke were used by Kottak to emphasize ______

Top-down change as opposed to locally based demand

One thing that might benefit Western medical systems is ______

Treatment that emulates the non-Western curer-patient-community relationship

Dendrochronology is a dating method in archeology that most closely utilizes ______

Trees

What group of diseases leave crater-like markings on the skull and shinbones that are swollen and pitted in skeletons?

Treponemal

True of false: A "cultural particular" is a trait of feature of culture that is not generalized or widespread, rather, it is confined to a singe space, culture, or society

True

True or false: "Garbology" was discussed as a part of the subfield of archeology

True

True or false: A physical anthropologist might study the field known as primatology

True

True or false: A universal is something that exists in every culture

True

True or false: Another name for evolution is transformism

True

True or false: Anthropology is uniquely holistic and comparative science

True

True or false: Applied anthropology is the use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems

True

True or false: Applied anthropology refers to the application of anthropological data, methods, and theories to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems

True

True or false: Core values are those values that are key, basic, or central to a culture

True

True or false: Developmental anthropology is the field that examines the sociocultural dimensions of economic development

True

True or false: Food production refers to the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

True

True or false: Gene flow is important in the study of the origin of species.

True

True or false: Genetic evolution refers to the change in gene (allele) frequency in a breeding population

True

True or false: Human biology changes constantly, even without genetic change

True

True or false: Humans can adapt to environmental changes through both biology and culture

True

True or false: In many areas and topics, anthropology and sociology are now converging

True

True or false: In the case of innovation and local cultures, people are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have

True

True or false: In the text, the study of culturally appropriate marketing focused on McDonald's

True

True or false: Microorganisms evolve similarly to how other organisms do

True

True or false: One advantage of light skin (outside the tropics) is that it admits UV light

True

True or false: One example of acculturation is "pidgin"

True

True or false: One of the most important aspects of anthropological research ethics is informed consent

True

True or false: Paleoecology looks at the ecosystems of the past

True

True or false: People with A or AB blood are more susceptible to small pox

True

True or false: Phenotypical adaptation is made possible by biological plasticity

True

True or false: Remains of ancient life are called fossils

True

True or false: Stabilizing selection tends to favor a balanced polymorphism

True

True or false: Taphonomy is the study of processes affecting the remains of dead animals

True


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