Intro to Anthropology Exam 1
Food production occurred ______
12,000-10,000 years ago
Which of the following examples illustrates how "Culture Is Symbolic"?
A national flag that stands for a particular country
Establishing dates in numbers or ranges of numbers is known as ______
Absolute dating
Establishing dates in numbers or ranges of numbers: ______
Absolute dating
An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact is known by the term ______
Acculturation
The developmental study of anthropologist Noah Coburn that emphasized the problem of ignoring local culture took place in ______
Afganistan
The highest global rates of HIV and AIDS related deaths are in ______
Africa
A naturalist who is less credited with his discoveries that relate to the theory of evolution: ______
Alfred Russel Wallace
The developmental problem that arose I the caee of anthropologist Noah Coburn related to ______
An electric kiln
One of the groups heavily involved in the case of Makah was ______
Animal rights groups
According to Carol Taylor, a(n) _____ may benefit the operations of large organizations, such as hospitals and corporations
Anthropologist-in-residence
______ is the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
Anthropology
The field known as _____ focuses on the study of students in the context of their family, peers, and enculturation
Anthropology and education
The measurement of human body parts and dimensions: ______
Anthropometry
Bathroom habits, bathing and dental care, and waste elimination were discussed in the chapter as examples of ______
"Culture and Nature."
Molecular anthropology most closely works with ______
DNA
Who is the thinker most closely connected tot he theory of evolution?
Darwin
Racial classification based on phenotype raises the problem of ______
Deciding which trait should be primary
The dating method that would be best suited for studying wood and charcoal is ______
Dendrochronology
The site known as Çatalhöyük was studied using which method of dating?
Dendrochronology
The combination of manual dexterity and ______ allows monkeys, apes, and humans to pick up small objects, half them in front of their eyes, and appraise them
Depth perception
The case of indigenous models that was discussed by Kottak emphasized the anthropological concept of ______
Descent
______ is the field that examines the sociocultural dimensions of economic development
Development anthropology
The borrowing of cultural traits between societies is called ______
Diffusion
Long-term selection of the same traits: ______
Directional selection
A scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen is a ______
Disease
Who was the anthropologist who defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, laws, and any other capabilities and habits acquired as a member of society"?
E. B. Tylor
Sarah Tishkoff and her associates discovered that the alleles behind lactose tolerance in _____ people differ from those of lactose-tolerant Europeans
East African
The study of the interrelations among living things in an environment is called ______
Ecology
The process by which a child learns his or her culture: ______
Enculturation
What is the name for the process by which a child learns his or her culture?
Enculturation
In many instances of developmental anthropology, the author indicated that _____ often arise
Ethical dilemmas
______ in the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging outsiders
Ethnocentrism
The term that cultural anthropologists use to describe fieldwork in a particular cultural setting is ______
Ethnography
______ is the study of sociocultural differences and similarities based on data gathered in different societies
Ethnology
The term transformism is mostly connected to ______
Evolution
The difference between evolution and intelligent design is that ______
Evolution is a scientific theory and also a fact
Anthropology, as comped to the natural sciences ______
is scientific, but is a "humanistic science"
An example of cultural adaptation to high adaptation to high altitude would be ______
pressurized airplane cabins with oxygen masks
True or false: Most contemporary applied anthropologists see their work as closely connected to the colonial enterprise
False
True or false: Noses tend to be bigger in areas with higher mean annual temperatures
False
True or false: Races are biologically distinct
False
True or false: The Makah are a group of 10,000 nomadic people who live in Kenya
False
True or false: The biocultural view studies only the biological sides of humanity
False
True or false: The discussion of what was called "practical anthropology" was connected to the work of Clifford Geertz
False
True or false: The field that studies the genetics of breeding populations is called directional selection
False
True or false: The idea of culture is not considered to be a central concern to anthropologists
False
True or false: The study of nutrition, growth and development through the measurement of human body parts and dimensions is called primatology
False
True or false: There are generally or ideally adaptive alleles and perfect phenotypes
False
The process of perfecting the fit between organisms and their environments is ______
Gradual
A lineage or branch of a genetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutation is ______
Halogroup
Cultural anthropology, as compared to sociology ______
Has tended to focus less on the use of statistical methods and has studied traditional, nonliterate societies
Beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illnesses is ______
Health care systems
What did the cases of people living in the Andes, Tibet, and the Ethiopian Highlands relate to?
High altitude adaptation
Focuses on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions: ______
Human rights
The idea of ______ focuses on morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions
Human rights
We refer to ______ as consisting of what people say they should do and what they say they do
Ideal culture
A condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual is a ______
Illness
Linguistic anthropology studies ______
Language in its social and cultural context across space and time
Outside the tropics, skin color tends to be ______
Lighter
Which of the following is true of the characteristic American notions that people should "make up their own minds" and "have a right to their opinion"?
Little of what we think is original or unique
More efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from "thin air": ______
Long-term physiological adaptation
Alleles that were once maladaptive may ______
Lose their disadvantage if the environment shifts
______ refers to larger scale or more significant genetic changes in a population or species, usually over a longer period of time, resulting in speciation
Macroevolution
The key example discussed by Kottak in the case of indigenous models was ______
Madagascar
Cultural resource management focuses on ______
Managing the preservation of archeological sites that are threatened by modern development
Which of the following is a difference between humans and other primates?
Mating patterns
The discussion of culturally appropriate marketing focused on the case of ______
McDonalds
The comparative, bicultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems is ______
Medical anthropology
Refers to "natural sunscreen" and is responsible for pigmentation
Melanin
______ refers to genetic changes in population or species over a few, several, or many generations, but without speciation
Microevolution
Modern-day creationists sometimes use a misunderstanding of the contrast between ___________________to critique evolution
Microevolution and macroevolution
One of the most important pieces of legislation that relates to archaeological sites is ______
NAGPRA
Among contemporary humans, average tooth size is the largest among ______ hunters and gatherers
Native Americans
What is the name for the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment to do so in greater numbers than others in the population?
Natural selection
Thompson's nose rule relates to the association between ______ and ______
Nose form and temperature
Realistic developmental policies promote change but not ______
Overinnovation
Trying to achieve too much: ______
Overinnovation
Cultural anthropology, as compared to psychology, has some ______ with psychology
Overlap
What is the name for the study of hominin, hominid, and human life through the fossil record?
Paleoanthropology
What is the name for the study of ancient life through the fossil record?
Paleontology
The study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites: ______
Paleopathology
What is the name for the study of ancient plants and environments through pollen samples?
Palynology
What is the name for an organism's "manifest biology?"
Phenotype
We speak of ______ when adaptive changes occur during a person's lifetime
Phenotypical adaptation
The study of human biological variation in time and space: ______
Physical/biological anthropology
The _____ turned out to be a jaw of a young orangutan attached to the skull of a modern human
Piltdown Man
What is the name for the field that studies the genetics of breeding populations?
Population genetics
The dating method that relates to the reheating of rocks and the subsequent measurement of escaping gas is ______
Potassium-argon
The dating method that would be best suited for studying material older than 500,000 years is ______
Potassium-argon
The approach known as ______ recognizes that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives and different degrees of power and influence
Practice theory
DNA serves two significant life functions. The first is to copy itself, forming new cells and replacing old ones. The second is to ______
Produce the sex cells or gametes
According to Jablonski and Chaplin, variation in skin color is a bit of a balancing act between ______ and ______
Protection against UV hazards and maintaining inadequate supply of vitamin D
______ studies cross-cultural similarities and differences in psychological traits and conditions
Psychological anthropology
The name of the branch of anthropology that includes activities such as cultural resource management, public educational programs, contract archeology, and historic preservation is ______
Public anthropology
Another name for public anthropology discussed in the chapter was _______
Public interest anthropology
One significant study in which cultural anthropologists and sociolinguists worked side by side in education focused on ______ parents
Puerto Rican
Long periods of stability with occasional evolutionary leaps describes ______
Punctuated equilibrium
The attempt to assign humans to discrete categories based on common ancestry
Racial classification
A change in allele frequency that results not from natural selection but from chance: ______
Random genetic drift
What is the name for genetic variation due to chance?
Random genetic drift
We refer to _____ as consisting of the actual behavior of people as observed by the anthropologist
Real culture
What is the term for a genetic trait masked by a dominant one?
Recessive
Sociolinguistics investigates ______
Relationships between social and linguistic variation
Establishing a time frame in relation to other strata or materials is called ______
Relative dating
Establishing a time frame in relation to other strata or materials: ______
Relative dating
______ refers to the use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the ground
Remote sensing
______ refers to vitamin D deficiency marked by bone deformation
Rickets
One of the groups that challenges assumptions about race is the ______, whose skin color ranges from brown to yellow
San
We call a field that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world _______
Science
A health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures is ______
Scientific medicine
In _____, certain traits of one sex are selected because of advantages they confer in winning mates
Sexual selection
Increased heart rate and hyperventilation, as discussed in the case study of adaptation to high altitudes, was which type of adaptation?
Short-term physiological adaptation
In ______, select forces work to maintain variety due to alleles maintaining constant frequency in a population over time
Stabilizing selection
Starch grain analysis is especially useful in archeology because ______
Starch gain preserves well in areas, especially in humid tropics
The study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers or strata refers to ______
Stratigraphy
Speciation refers to ______
The formation of new species
One advantage of light skin color is ______
The increased production of vitamin D
One disadvantage of dark skin color is ______
The increased susceptibility to rickets and osteoporosis
An example of globalization as ideology and policy might be ______
The protests against the WTO
One advantage of dark skin color is ______
The reduction of certain disease susceptibility
The postpartum taboo is used as an example of ______
The scientific method being used to hypnotize the origin of a social customs
A cultural anthropologist might study ______
The social attributes about consumption in the US
An example of globalization as fact might be ______
The spread and connectedness of production, communication, and technologies throughout the world
The American Anthropological Association has a project called ______
the RACE Project
Holism refers to ______
The study of the whole of the human condition
Before the sixteenth century, most of the world's very dark-skinned peoples lived in ______
The tropics
A ______ is a framework of logically connected ideas
Theory
Why are early colonial-era applied anthropology efforts now seen as problematic?
They aided and abetted the subjugation and control of non-western cultures
What is true regarding chromosomes?
They are arranged in matching or homologous pairs
True or false: The American Anthropological Association (AAA) has raised strong ethical objections to applying anthropology in war zones and military intelligence
True
True or false: The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today refers to globalization
True
True or false: The field of anthropology and education is one whose research extends from classrooms into homes, neighborhoods, and communities
True
True or false: The last case of small pox was reported in the 1970's
True
True or false: The process of matching ring patterns among trees and assigning rings to specific calendar years is called crossdating
True
True or false: The study of bone as a biological issue is called bone biology
True
W. F. Loomis was known for the study of ______
UV radiation
The fallacy of ______ is planners' tendency to view "the less-developed countries" as more alike than they are
Underdifferentiation
Measures fission tracks produced during the decay of radioactive uranium: ______
Uranium series dating
Helping people deal with urban institutions, such as legal and social services, is the important role of a(n) ______ anthropologist
Urban
The term movimento relates to the study of ______
Urban anthropology
Surprisingly, according to Kottak, in some instances developmental anthropology projects have actually ______
Widened wealth disparities
The largest extinction occurred ______ million years ago
245
Many people have the belief that there are _____ major races
3
The percentage of the world's population living in cities surpassed ______ percent for the first time in 2008
50
The analysis os DNA indicates that ______ percent of human genetic variation occurs within so called "races"
94
Humans and chimpanzees have more than _____ of DNA in common
98 percent
Reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains: ______
Archeology
The four fields of anthropology include ______
Archeology, physical/biological, linguistic, cultural
A(n) _____ refers to covariation of variables
Association
In _____, alleles maintain a constant frequency in a population over time
Balanced polymorphism
True or false: It may be easier to look at racial classification as a series or combination of physical traits
False
The relation between body weight and temperature is summarized in ______
Bergmann's rule
______ examines structure, function, and changes in DNA
Biochemical genetics
Anthropology's _____ provides knowledge and an outlook on the world that are useful in many kinds of work.
Breadth
The idea of "practical anthropology" was connected with the work of ______
Bronislaw Malinowski
The dating method that would be best suited for studying organic materials is ______
Carbon-14
Who developed the first comprehensive and still influential classification, or taxonomy, of plants and animals?
Carolus Linnaeus
In the view of ______, fires, floods, and other catastrophes, including the biblical flood, destroyed earlier species and led to God creating new ones
Catastrophism
Also known as the "Father of Geology" and who suggested the idea of uniformitarianism: ______
Charles Lyell
Uniformitarianism is related to the work of ______
Charles Lyell
What is the name for a mismatch of chromosomes resulting from rearrangement that can lead to speciation?
Chromosomal rearrangement
Archeologists who focus on the literate civilizations of the old world, such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt, practice ______ archeology
Classical
The anthropologist _____ defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols
Clifford Geertz
What is the name for the gradual shift in gene (allele) frequencies between neighboring populations?
Cline
True or false: In the discussion of the four types of high-altitude adaptation, "technology" (a form of adaptation) was considered a "biological" type of adaptation
False
The urge to _____ appears to be innate and basic in human society and culture
Cooperate
In the case of _____, anthropologists succeeded only when they harnessed preexisting local-level communal institutions
Cooperatives
True or false: Intellectual property rights refer to rights vested in religious and ethic minorities and indigenous societies
False
True or false: In the chapter, the main case of phenotypical adaptation was schistosomiasis
False
An example of something that has accompanied urban living and that could be classified as a growing social concern is ______
Crime and pollution
The comparative, cross-cultural study of human society and culture: _______
Cultural anthropology
Our own __________ depends on the uniquely developed human capacity to use symbols
Cultural learning
A(n) ______ is a trait or feature of culture that is not generalized or widespread, rather, it is confined ti a single place, culture, or society
Cultural particularity
_____ is "the idea that behavior should be evaluated not by outside standards but in the context of the culture in which it occurs."
Cultural relativism
______ in some cases allows for the destruction of sites if they are not significant
Cultural resource management
Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and in indigenous societies are best described as ______
Cultural rights
The example of koro was used to describe ______
Culturally specific syndromes
______ are patterns of unusual behavior confined to a single culture or group related cultures
Culturally specific syndromes
What is described as traditions and customs transmitted through learning and that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them?
Culture
"Birds of a feather flocking together" was used in the text as an example of ______
Culture is shared
What is the name for an individual who diagnoses and treats illness (shaman)?
Curer
True or false: The ABO blood groups have figured in human resistance to small pox
True
What is the name for digging through layers of a site?
Excavation
Archaeologists who are interested in replicating ancient techniques and processes, like toolmaking undertake _____ archaeology
Experimental
The concept of uniformitarianism suggests that ______
Explanations for past events should be sought in the long-term action of ordinary forces that still operate today
What is a common fate for a species living in an environment that suddenly rapidly shifts?
Extiction
True of false: The idea of overinnovation is a reduction in absolute poverty, with more even distribution of wealth
False
True or false: "Hominins" refers to chimps and gorillas
False
True or false: A cultural relativist would have no problem with using his or her own values or cultural understanding to judge another culture
False
True or false: A species is a group of unrelated organisms whose members cannot interbreed to produce offspring that can live and reproduce
False
True or false: A systemic survey refers to the use of fossils to determine the age of an archeological site
False
True or false: An example of "culture is all-encompassing" might be the shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations that link people who grow up in the same culture
False
True or false: An example of applied anthropology from the subfield of linguistic anthropology might be "developmental anthropology"
False
True or false: An example of globalization as fact might be the protests against the WTO
False
True or false: An example of national culture might be soccer or basketball
False
True or false: Balanced polymorphism is the selection of traits that enhance mating selection
False
True or false: Carbon-14 is a dating method that determines how much argon has accumulated in rocks since they were last noticed
False
True or false: Cultural resource management would not study the impact of pending construction and its potential effects on an archeological site
False
True or false: Dendrochronology measures fission tracks produced during the decay of radioactive uranium
False
True or false: Ethnography is a key part of biological/physical anthropology
False
True or false: Holism refers to traditions and customs transmitted through learning
False
_____ due to drift is more rapid in small populations
Fixation
Jablonski and Chaplin found that a key factor explaining the geographic distribution of skin color involves the effects of UV on ______
Folate
______ in the eighteenth and nineteenth century raised doubts about creationism
Fossil discoveries
In the early twentieth century, the anthropologist _____ described changes in skull shape among the children of Europeans who had migrated to North America
Franz Boas
People often use culture to fulfill psychological needs, such as ______
Friendship, companionship, and approval
What is the term for the exchange of genetic material through interbreeding?
Gene flow
What is th tern for all the genetic material in a breeding population?
Gene pool
Anthropology as a whole, or the four fields: ______
General anthropology
The name for a culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies is ______
Generality
Larger, "barrel chests" of native highlanders: _______
Genetic adaptation
An incorrect understanding of Darwinian explanations of natural selection might propose that ______
Giraffes developed long necks as a result of their ancestors straining their necks to reach higher trees.
According to the case related to the "Columbian Exchange", ______ continues to be a major factor in the spread of diseases today
Globalization
The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today is referred to by the term ______
Globalization
The goal of science is to ______
Increase understating by explaining things
A reduction in absolute poverty with more even distribution of wealth: ______
Increased equity
One disadvantage of light skin color is ______
Increased risk of skin cancer
Urban living has ______ since the Industrial Revolution
Increased steadily
As farming and herding spread about 10,000 years ago, _____ posed a mounting risk
Infectious diseases
A foundation of research in which people agree to take part only after being fully informed about the research is called ______
Informed consent
An indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications: ______
Intellectual property rights
What is the name for an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications?
Intellectual property rights
General anthropology is a North American concept because ______
Interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together the four fields of anthropology
Pizza was discussed in the textbook as an example of
International culture
How is meiosis different from mitosis?
It only occurs in sex cells
The famous discovery in Washing state that related to a challenge between indigenous groups and archeologists was ______
Kennewick Man
______ is an example of anthropologists being involved in legal cases
Kennewick Man
In the chapter, the main case of phenotypical adaptation was ______
Lactose tolerance
What is the term for different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same nation?
Subculture
One of the most significant ways in which culture is learned is through ______
Symbols
The study of settlement patterns over a large area: ______
Systematic Survey
Pressurized airplane cabins with oxygen masks: ______
Technology
What is true of the AAA's Code of Ethics?
The AAA does not advise anthropologist to avoid taking stands on issues
What does the text compare the AAA's code of ethics to?
The Hippocratic oath
The WTO refers to ______
The World Trade Organization
The concept of industrial melanism was related to ______
The case study of the peppered moth
World events, according to the case study related to globalization, are experienced by people ______
Through the media
The examples of Coca-Cola Classic and New Coke were used by Kottak to emphasize ______
Top-down change as opposed to locally based demand
One thing that might benefit Western medical systems is ______
Treatment that emulates the non-Western curer-patient-community relationship
Dendrochronology is a dating method in archeology that most closely utilizes ______
Trees
What group of diseases leave crater-like markings on the skull and shinbones that are swollen and pitted in skeletons?
Treponemal
True of false: A "cultural particular" is a trait of feature of culture that is not generalized or widespread, rather, it is confined to a singe space, culture, or society
True
True or false: "Garbology" was discussed as a part of the subfield of archeology
True
True or false: A physical anthropologist might study the field known as primatology
True
True or false: A universal is something that exists in every culture
True
True or false: Another name for evolution is transformism
True
True or false: Anthropology is uniquely holistic and comparative science
True
True or false: Applied anthropology is the use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems
True
True or false: Applied anthropology refers to the application of anthropological data, methods, and theories to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems
True
True or false: Core values are those values that are key, basic, or central to a culture
True
True or false: Developmental anthropology is the field that examines the sociocultural dimensions of economic development
True
True or false: Food production refers to the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals
True
True or false: Gene flow is important in the study of the origin of species.
True
True or false: Genetic evolution refers to the change in gene (allele) frequency in a breeding population
True
True or false: Human biology changes constantly, even without genetic change
True
True or false: Humans can adapt to environmental changes through both biology and culture
True
True or false: In many areas and topics, anthropology and sociology are now converging
True
True or false: In the case of innovation and local cultures, people are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have
True
True or false: In the text, the study of culturally appropriate marketing focused on McDonald's
True
True or false: Microorganisms evolve similarly to how other organisms do
True
True or false: One advantage of light skin (outside the tropics) is that it admits UV light
True
True or false: One example of acculturation is "pidgin"
True
True or false: One of the most important aspects of anthropological research ethics is informed consent
True
True or false: Paleoecology looks at the ecosystems of the past
True
True or false: People with A or AB blood are more susceptible to small pox
True
True or false: Phenotypical adaptation is made possible by biological plasticity
True
True or false: Remains of ancient life are called fossils
True
True or false: Stabilizing selection tends to favor a balanced polymorphism
True
True or false: Taphonomy is the study of processes affecting the remains of dead animals
True
