Intro to Criminal Justice: Chapter 4

What is the probationary period?

A period of time at the beginning of a police officer's career during which she or he may be fired without cause.

What is double marginality?

The double suspicion that minority law enforcement officers face from their white colleagues and from members of the minority community to which they belong.

What term refers to the belief that members of a group have been hired or promoted to fill diversity requirements and have not earned their position?

tokenism

What percentage of local police departments require at least a degree from a two-year college as a minimum education requirement?

10 Percent

A hiring or promotion policy favoring those groups, such as women, African Americans, or Hispanics, who have suffered from discrimination in the past or continue to suffer from discrimination is known as what?

Affirmative action

What are the four primary criminal justice improvements accomplished by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968?

An Act to assist state and local governments in reducing the incidence of crime, to increase the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and criminal justice systems at all levels of government.

Who is the father of modern American policing?

August Vollmer

In 1851, ____ established the first detective division. Fill in the blank.

Boston

In instances when a court finds that discrimination occurred in a law enforcement agency, it will implement a ____, where the agency agrees to meet certain numerical goals in hiring women and members of minority groups. If the agency fails, it is punished with a fine or some other sanction. Fill in the blank.

Consent decree

____ jurisdiction refers to states, cities, or counties that must submit proposed voting changes to the U.S. Department of Justice because of their histories of discrimination against minority voters. Fill in the blank.

Covered Jurisdictions

The segment of a police recruit's training in which he or she is removed from the classroom and placed on the beat, under the supervision of a senior officer is known as what?

Field training

What are the three structural problems facing African Americans in the recruitment process?

First, a disproportionate number of black candidates fail police background checks, credit checks, and mental-health checks for reasons pertaining to poverty. Second, questions on written exams may be culturally biased in favor of white applicants. Finally, a perception in the African American community that the profession is tainted by racial prejudice.

Understand the Frankpledge system, tythings, and the hundredman.

Frankpledge: A system of policing that replaced the borh. A frankpledge included all boys and men age 12 or older from 10 households into groups referred to as tythings. Tything or tithing: A system of policing that replaced the borh. A tithing was a group of all boys and men 12 or older from 10 households. Hundred: Ten tythings grouped together into a collective for police and security purposes. A hundred was supervised by a leader know as a hundredman.

What term refers to the act introduced by Sir Roberty Peel, that established London's police force, marking the beginning of modern public policing?

Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

What term refers to a form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers and receives job-related "favors" in return?

Patronage system

What is the nickname of officers in Britain in honor of the Father of Modern Policing?

Peelers

In 1855, ____ established the first formal police department. Fill in the blank.

Philidelphia

What are shire reeves?

Precursors to sheriffs.

The process by which law enforcement agencies develop a pool of qualified applicants from which to select new employees is referred to as what?

Recruitment

What term refers to the policing group that originated in 1704 in South Carolina and consisted of a group of three to six White men who regulated the behavior of slaves and hunted down and punished escaped slaves?

Slave Patrol

What are the responsibilities of the different Federal Law Enforcement Agencies?

The Department of Homeland Security: coordinates national efforts to protect the US against international and domestic terrorism. US Customs and Border Protection: polices the flow of goods and people across the US international borders. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement has a broader mandate to investigate and enforce our country's immigration and customs laws. The US Secret Service: primarily responsible for combating currency counterfeiters and protecting the president of the US, president's family, vice president and the formal presidents.

According to Jack Greene and Carl Klockars, officers of the Wilmington Police Department spend approximately what percentage of their time enforcing the law or dealing with crimes?

The police spent about half of their time enforcing laws and the other half providing services to the community.

What was the name for men hired by victims to capture criminal offenders where once the offenders were captured, a bounty was paid? [Hint: The answer is a precursor to the bounty hunter.]

Thief takers

What is the term for the early (bow outlawed) method used by police officers that including brutalizing an individual in order to gather information?

Third degree

What term refers to the self-appointed distributors of justice according to their own rules that was especially active in 1765?

Vigilantes