Intro to Interpreting- Final

In 1968 William C. Stokoe published an important linguistic study demonstrating that

-ASL is composed of phonemes and morphemes like all other languages -A language does not have to be spoken in order to satisfy the requirements of being categorized as a language -ASL is made up of identifiable building blocks and changes over time like all languages

An individual must have bilingual-bicultural skills in order to interpret. This means they must

-Be facile enough in both languages to recognize a range of semantic meanings -Use ASL and English effectively for technical topics, as well as general topics -Know how each language accomplishes various speech acts -Be familiar with the ways each culture accomplishes certain tasks such as attention-getting, turn-taking etc.

What is vicarious trauma?

-Can result from interpreting stories of brutalization experienced by Deaf clients while living in certain third world countries -Sometimes results from witnessing another person's traumatic experience -Can result in compassion fatigue -May result in a numbing of the emotions and an inability to interact with others with appropriate empathy

Currently RID awards the following certifications

-Certificate of Interpretation (CI) -Certificate of Transliteration (CT) -Certificate of Deaf Interpretation (CDI)

An interpreter can oppress deaf individuals by what?

-Imposing personal values and beliefs on a client -Always deferring to a hearing client during an interpreted event -Assuming the Deaf cultural experience is the same as the hearing cultural experience

Uninitiated hearing client may assume what?

-Interpreters convey 100% of everything being said or signed -The interpreter is a friend or family member of the Deaf individual -All Deaf people lip-read well -Deaf people are disabled

What is humor?

-Is sometimes used by minority groups to deal with the stresses inherent in being marginalized -Is a cruel and an unnecessary reverse discrimination -Should be expected by sojourners in minority language/culture groups -Often incorporates images of turning the tables on the majority group, proving the intelligence, resilience, perseverance and ultimate empowerment of the minority group -Is a tool interpreters can use to help them deal with their status in the Deaf community

Before being able to interpret, one must have what?

-Physical stamina — as interpreting is physically demanding -Emotional stability -Bilingual and bicultural knowledge and skills -Non-distractive physical characteristics and behaviors -Professional and personal integrity

Generally speaking, consecutive interpretation is more accurate than simultaneous interpreting. Why?

-Processing time is sufficient to make a full language and culture transition, supporting an equivalent message -The interpreter can make clarifications prior to beginning the interpretation into the target language

What is dynamic equivalence?

-Refers to maintaining the speaker's intended interaction with and impact on the audience -When accomplished, the speaker's goals and level of audience involvement is the same for both the audience who received the message in its original form and the audience who received the message through the interpreter

What is disenfranchisement?

-Refers to the systematic exclusion of individuals from identified minority groups based on negative stigma held by members of the "privileged" majority group -Is marked by "power over" rather than "power with" minority groups on the part of individuals in the majority group -Results in chronic unemployment and under-employment, lack of access to quality education and other forms of discrimination

Interpreters are frequently exposed to what?

-The challenge of having oppressive and insulting comments conveyed through their own voice/hands -Overt and subtle behaviors of exclusion and oppression directed toward Deaf clients -Encounters of the privileged and the disenfranchised, as well as conflict of cultures, norms and expectations

Interpreters are challenged by what?

-The need to be as fair-minded as possible while facilitating communication between individuals with different cultural schemata and experiential backgrounds -The reality that some interpreting jobs will trigger emotional "buttons" for them -The need to be fully human while being as professional as possible -The ethical use of the power inherent in their position as language- culture mediator

Modality refers to what?

-The physical channel through which a message is expressed -In the field of sign language interpretation refers specifically to the aural/oral channel or the visual/gestural channel

What is process time?

-The time used by an interpreter to complete the analysis of the source language utterance and to search for cultural and linguistic equivalents before producing an equivalent message in the target language -Fluctuates depending on the level of audience involvement and overall dynamic equivalence

AVLIC and RID are similar in the following ways

-They advocate on behalf of their members -Both are member-run organizations, led by an elected board of directors -Both require individuals to pass a written exam prior to taking a skills certification exam

When and where was RID established?

1964 at Ball State Teacher's College

The Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was established in ___________ at _________________________.

1964; Ball State

Because colleges and universities received federal dollars through financial aid, interpreting services for Deaf post-secondary students should have been required as early as:

1973

AVLIC was established in

1979 in Winnipeg

Members of an oppressed minority group often portray what characteristics?

A sense of powerlessness; Violence towards others in their minority group; and both positive and negative feelings about themselves and the characteristic that sets them apart from the majority

What physical characteristics and behaviors might be distracting in a visual communication environment?

A tic of the head, face, or eyes; extreme obesity; and swiping hair out of one's face

A case study is:

A type of research that examines a particular person or group.

When describing one's native language, what term can be used?

A-language

What term can be used when describing one's native language?

A-language or Mother tongue

Paralinguistic features of communication carry the majority of meanings and include things such as what?

Affect markers, vocal intntation/ sign inflection, and gestures and other nonverbal behaviors

What is the purpose of a register?

Allow speakers to modify the language in order to convey levels of formality or degree of familiarity between participants

Interpretersinthefieldofspokenlanguageinterpretationfindsimilar challenges to those encountered by sign language interpreters because both

Are setting up certification processes to insure quality interpretation and are required to mediate languages and cultures

Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1965

Authorized provision of interpreting services for deaf clients in vocational rehabilitation settings for the first time

Aninterpreterworkingfromthe______philosophicalframeismostlikely to incorporate linguistic and cultural expansions/reductions.

Bilingual-Bicultural

According to this researcher and interpreter, a complete and accurate interpretation involves both linguistic and social meaning,and is faithful to the goals of each speaker.

Bill Moody

Explain how US legislation has helped interpreters and the Deaf community in Canada.

Canada has been able to point to the laws enacted in the U.S. as legal precedents and as "models" for judges to consider in certain cases. Significant numbers of visitors come to Canada from the U.S. each year and bring with them certain expectations. After the passage of ADA legislation, for example, Deaf tourists expected TTYs and closed captioning to be available in Canadian hotels so the US legislation subtly influenced social changes in Canada.

AVLIC awards the following certification

Certificate of Interpretation (COI)

Defiine and describe the RID CMP.

Certification Maintenance Program Required of all RID certified interpreters to keep certification 8 CEUs every 4 years Monitor the continued skill development of certified interpreters It makes sure that practitioners keep their skill levels and are able to provide quality services

When a deaf person interacting with hearing individuals changes their form of communication to a more English-like form, this is called what?

Code switching

Concentrate, Represent, and Plan are the steps in this model:

Colonomos

Culture and what cannot be separated?

Communication, expectations, world view, roles, and language

This more accurate mode of interpreting requires that the source language message be fully delivered or paused before an interpretation is provided:

Consecutive interpretation

What is context and why is it critical to the interpreting process?

Context takes into consideration with whom the interaction is taking place and where the interaction is occurring. Taking context into consideration is important because it helps the interpreter better complete the job and task at hand. For instance, someone is not going to interpret a formal speech to a crowd of businesspeople in the same way s/he would interpret a conversation between two young friends at school. The physical, social, and linguistic environment where communication occurs. Influences meaning. Interpreters must analyze context to determine if they are qualified for the assignment. Interpreters must analyze context to help determine the overarching speaker goal, intent and register.

This interpreter's "Effort" model maintains that we have limited cognitive capacity that is divided into specific interpreting "efforts". Overloading any one of these efforts can impact the effectiveness of an interpretation.

Daniel Gile

Oppression can be defined as...

Discrimination on the basis of age, gender, race, ability to hear; based on racial differences alone; and excessive exercise of power which results in the marginalization of a minority group

Suppose a hearing person asks a Deaf person what time it is, and the interpreter answers the question instead of interpreting it. This is an example of:

Disempowerment

DIs are most commonly used in all the following situations, EXCEPT

Educational Interpreting

In the Demand-Control Schema, the 4 Demand Categories are:

Environmental Interpersonal Paralinguistic Intrapersonal

Culture is what?

Evolves over time; specific gender roles, norms, and expectations; includes values, rules of behavior, and traditions; and provides a frame for living within a specific group of people

Americans With Disabilities Act

Expands the concept of "equal access" to private businesses

In an interpreted interaction, interpreters should not be involved in the process of constructing meaning. True of false?

False

Hedging refers to what?

Fillers preceding or during an utterance and phrases such as "sort of" and "kind of"

Consider the following statements: I understand and participate in dinner conversations, and am never told that I will be filled in "later". I am not afraid to use my native language to express myself. In an emergency, I know I will be able to reach 911 and receive the help I need. No one ever tells me to change my language and culture because "After all, we live in a hearing world". These are examples of:

Hearing Privilege

Why and how do we use interpreting models in our profession?

Help us talk to each other Help us separate ourselves from our work Help us analyze our work Give us a picture of how our minds work while interpreting Give us the language to describe our work Give us strategies for how to approach our work

Educating Deaf children in the least restrictive environment is a mandate of:

I.D.E.A.

A Deaf presenter is on stage presenting to a hearing audience. The below picture represents 4 possible placements of the ASL-to-English interpreter. Which is the best placement for the interpreter?

In front of the audience

Reciprocal signs do what?

Include a set of head nods and eye behaviors used by individuals communicating to each other in ASL; and are required in some cultures for communication to take place

Greeting/leave-taking norms...

Include norms related to physical contact and eye gaze; are reflected in signs around the world; and are generally connected to linguistic phrases

_______________ register is used when participants have equal status. Sentences may be run-on or shortened, with slang frequently used. Physical touch is more likely, and physical distance is often fairly close.

Informal/Causal

The type of oppression that is most persuasive and subtle, resulting in the denigration of the minority group's language and culture is what?

Institutionalized

What are the 5 registers?

Intimate, Informal/Casual, Consultative, Formal, Frozen

The term hearing impaired...

Is considered by the media to be PC; was invented by members of the hearing majority; and is offensive and generally not accepted in the deaf and HOH communities

INTERPRETING requires one to work between two ________ whereas transliteration requires one to work between two _________.

Languages/forms of the same language

According to Dennis Cokley, interpreting as "my contribution":

Largely disappeared with the founding and growth of RID.

In platform settings, what physical factors should be considered and why?

Lighting and Background

Collectivist cultures...

Make up 70% of world cultures; tend to focus on process rather than product; and place less value on clock time

Education For All Handicapped Children Act

Mandates that children with disabilities be educated in the "least restrictive environment," which led to the widespread integration of disabled children in regular classrooms

Court Interpreter's Act (1978)

Mandates the use of Certified interpreters when non-English speaking litigants are involved in Federal court

Linguistic register refers to the way language is used to what?

Mark psychological distance between the participants in a communication event and mark the degree of formality inherent in the communication exchange

Interpreters do not work only for the d/Deaf client present in a communication event. This

Means interpreters are expected to provide quality service to both d/Deaf and non-deaf consumers

In cultures based on sight...

Members are irritated by visual noise; visual signs are used for attention getting; and once will encounter visual poetry

Hearing individuals often assume that Deaf people...

Miss music; wish they could hear; all lip-read well; want implants to be able to hear

Molly Wilson might advocate for which of the following?

More Deaf ITP Faculty

Characteristics of benefactors include what?

Need approval from members of the minority group; sense that members of the mirth group are child-like; a desire to learn the language of the marginalized group to teach at an institution; and an assumption that members of the minority group want be like the majority

What is the difference between one's B and C-language?

One comprehends both but only expresses her/himself fairly fluently in the B-language

Discuss the term "paternalism" and why we as interpreters need to avoid a paternalistic attitude.

Paternalism refers to members of the majority and in power group feeling the need to take members of the minority group under their wing, so to speak. This basically means the hearing community feels the need to somewhat "parent" the Deaf Community because of a flawed sense that the hearing population is more knowledgeable about life than the Deaf community. As interpreters, this attitude needs to be avoided because our job is to work WITH the Deaf Community, not FOR them. By working with them, we establish rapport and help further empower them. The Deaf Community do not see themselves as "broken" or disabled, so to carry on this paternalistic attitude would only emphasize the thought that they are broken and need our knowledge to be able to live and thrive in the world.

Individualist cultures...

Place greater value on individual accomplishment and more value on clock time

The question "Excuse me, I was wondering...if you don't mind...I mean, I don't want to impose but...could you help me?" is an example of what?

Powerless Speech

Audism refers to...

Privilege based on one's ability to hear and speak; stereotyping people based on this ability; and preferred treatment given to hearing people

Simultaneous interpretation means what?

Signing and speaking at the same time

When interpreting, an individual takes a message expressed in ______ and produces an equivalent message in ________.

Source language/ target language

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Stated that "handicapped individuals" had certain rights, including the right to accessible communication — this resulted in the provision of interpreters in post secondary education, criminal legal proceedings and other settings

Equivocal language refers to what?

Terms or phrases that can be interpreted in more than one way or used in order to mislead someone

A cultural expansion or reduction is made because

The concept being conveyed is not found in the target culture but is found in the source culture

A linguistic expansion or reduction is made because

The concept being conveyed requires greater or lesser explicit transmittal as compared to the source language o the client prefers ASL

Culture influences things such as what?

The distance one sits while communicating; Norms for eye contact; Expectations regarding conflict resolution; and what holidays all be celebrated

Consecutive interpreting means what?

The interpretation is provided after each segment of the source language presentation

When considering the context in which communication takes place, an interpreter must consider what?

The physical location of the interaction; The cultural values, norms, and practices of each participant; and The language preferences of each client present

Process time is what?

The time used by an interpreter to complete the analysis of the source language utterance and to search for cultural and linguistic equivalents before producing an equivalent message in the target language.

Give three reasons interpreters need to understand the impact of culture on communication.

They may make social/interpersonal errors They may misinterpret the meaning of words/phrases and behaviors They may fail to realize target language-culture equivalents

What turn-taking behaviors can be expected in one-on-one informal to consultative settings?

They will occur as needed by the parties involved, generally following a pause in the exchange which signals questions or changing speaker/signer is appropriate at that time

What are 5 communication goals from chapter 1?

To scold, describe, entertain, calm, or to demonstrate

Deafhood is a term coined by Deaf persons to encompass all of the positive aspects of Deaf culture. True or false?

True

In the Conduit philosophy of interpreting, interpreters portray themselves as "invisible" transmitters of linguistic meaning, relaying information from one receiver to another. True or false?

True

The term "hearing-impaired" is offensive and generally not accepted within the Deaf community. True of False?

True

If a client refers to himself as "Deaf," the interpreter might assume the client what?

Uses and values ASL; May or may not have enough hearing to talk on the phone; and socializes primarily within the Deaf community

Cultural identity...

Usually includes more than one's culture of origin; is based partially on individual choice; May include things such as gender, religion, and recreational interests; and influence's one's communication

Culture includes what?

Values and beliefs, art forms, language, rule of behavior and social interaction, and traditions and habits

Prior to the early 1960's, Indigenous sign languages were what?

Viewed as an inferior visual form of the country's dominant spoken language

Is the Deaf Community considered to be collectivist?

Yes

Deaf individuals often assume hearing people...

have a perfect mastery of English and know everything about everything

An effective interpreter incorporates ASL expansions

only when the context of the situation indicates that expansion is needed

Ethnocentrism refers to what?

the tendency to judge other cultural behaviors as wrong; and a belief that one's own culture is better than all others

The DPN Revolution at Gallaudet in 1988...

was felt by Deaf communities around the world and boosted Deaf Pride and strides toward greater equality and inclusion for members of the Deaf community