Intro to Psychology Mid-term
What is a teratogen, and what role do teratogens play in birth defects, particularly alcohol? (pg 86)
- A harmful substance that can cause birth defects - fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) - a collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy
Explain Diana Baumrind's three parenting styles (pg 98-99)
- Authoritarian parents - Permissive parents - Authoritative parents
What are the basic ethical guidelines for psychological research? (pg 32 table 1.4)
- Do no harm - Describe risks accurately to potential participants - Ensure that participation is voluntary - Minimize any discomfort to participants - Maintain confidentiality - Do not invade privacy unnecessarily - Use deception only when absolutely necessary - Remove any misconceptions caused by deception - Provide results and interpretations to participants - Treat participants with dignity and respect
What is empirical evidence? (pg 18)
- Information from direct observation or experimental results - Dealing with different people and how it makes you feel
Identify the features associated with the four stages of sleep (pg 167)
- Light sleep - Sleep spindles - delta waves - Deep sleep
Review Mary Ainsworth's study on attachment and identify the three types of attachment. (pg 97)
- Secure attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment - Insecure-ambivalent attachment
Psychology as a science began in what year, and who set up the first laboratory to study conscious experience? (pg 18-19)
- Started 1879 - Wilhelm Wundt the father of psychology
Describe the five basic principles that critical thinking is built on (pg 29-30)
1 - Few truths transcend the need for logical analysis and empirical testing 2 - Authority or claimed expertise does not automatically make an idea true or false 3 - Judging the quality of the evidence is crucial 4 - Critical thinking requires an open mind 5 - Critical thinkers often wonder what it would take to show that a "truth" is false
Explain the five emotional reactions to impending death identified by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (pg 94)
1.) Denial and isolation 2.) Anger 3.) Bargaining 4.) Depression 5.) Acceptance
How much is the life expectancy of the average cigarette smoker reduced by? (pg 179)
10 to 15 years
At what age do infants become able to recognize themselves in a mirror? (pg
18 months
What effect did functionalism contribute to the field of psychology? (pg 21)
A school of psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptations
What is a conditioned emotional response? (pg 195)
An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning
Define learning (pg 192)
Any relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that can be attributed to experience
Explain the effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deprivation psychosis (pg 169)
Deprivation - being prevented from getting desired or needed amount of sleep Psychosis - A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about b sleep loss
What is a variable in a scientific experiment? (pg 36-37)
Is any factor or characteristic that can change (or vary) across people, situations, and/or time
What is meant by nature and nurture? (pg 84-86)
Nature - heredity, the transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes Nurture - environment - the sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning
Most dreams occur in what state of sleep? (pg 167)
REM
What do clinical, cognitive, and health psychologists do? (pg 16 table 1.1)
See table 1.1
What is meant by a single-blind and a double-blind experiment? (pg 39-40)
Single - research in which the subjects do not know which treatment they receive Double - Research in which neither the observer nor the subjects know which subject received which treatment
Explain the process of operant extinction (pg 199)
The weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response
Explain the placebo effect (pg 39)
a change in experience or behavior due to a participant's expectation that a drug or treatment will do something
What is vicarious classical conditioning? (pg ???
can be defined as learning by observing the reactions of others to an environmental stimulus that is salient to both the observer and the model. The saliency of the stimulus is characterized by its relevance (e.g., fear relevance) and ability to produce emotional arousal.
What is meant by random assignment? (pg 36)
is the use of chance to place subjects in experimental and control groups
Define psychology (pg 25)
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes