Intro to Psychology Mid-term

What is a teratogen, and what role do teratogens play in birth defects, particularly alcohol? (pg 86)

- A harmful substance that can cause birth defects - fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) - a collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy

Explain Diana Baumrind's three parenting styles (pg 98-99)

- Authoritarian parents - Permissive parents - Authoritative parents

What are the basic ethical guidelines for psychological research? (pg 32 table 1.4)

- Do no harm - Describe risks accurately to potential participants - Ensure that participation is voluntary - Minimize any discomfort to participants - Maintain confidentiality - Do not invade privacy unnecessarily - Use deception only when absolutely necessary - Remove any misconceptions caused by deception - Provide results and interpretations to participants - Treat participants with dignity and respect

What is empirical evidence? (pg 18)

- Information from direct observation or experimental results - Dealing with different people and how it makes you feel

Identify the features associated with the four stages of sleep (pg 167)

- Light sleep - Sleep spindles - delta waves - Deep sleep

Review Mary Ainsworth's study on attachment and identify the three types of attachment. (pg 97)

- Secure attachment - Insecure-avoidant attachment - Insecure-ambivalent attachment

Psychology as a science began in what year, and who set up the first laboratory to study conscious experience? (pg 18-19)

- Started 1879 - Wilhelm Wundt the father of psychology

Describe the five basic principles that critical thinking is built on (pg 29-30)

1 - Few truths transcend the need for logical analysis and empirical testing 2 - Authority or claimed expertise does not automatically make an idea true or false 3 - Judging the quality of the evidence is crucial 4 - Critical thinking requires an open mind 5 - Critical thinkers often wonder what it would take to show that a "truth" is false

Explain the five emotional reactions to impending death identified by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (pg 94)

1.) Denial and isolation 2.) Anger 3.) Bargaining 4.) Depression 5.) Acceptance

How much is the life expectancy of the average cigarette smoker reduced by? (pg 179)

10 to 15 years

At what age do infants become able to recognize themselves in a mirror? (pg

18 months

What effect did functionalism contribute to the field of psychology? (pg 21)

A school of psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptations

What is a conditioned emotional response? (pg 195)

An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning

Define learning (pg 192)

Any relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that can be attributed to experience

Explain the effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deprivation psychosis (pg 169)

Deprivation - being prevented from getting desired or needed amount of sleep Psychosis - A major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about b sleep loss

What is a variable in a scientific experiment? (pg 36-37)

Is any factor or characteristic that can change (or vary) across people, situations, and/or time

What is meant by nature and nurture? (pg 84-86)

Nature - heredity, the transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes Nurture - environment - the sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning

Most dreams occur in what state of sleep? (pg 167)

REM

What do clinical, cognitive, and health psychologists do? (pg 16 table 1.1)

See table 1.1

What is meant by a single-blind and a double-blind experiment? (pg 39-40)

Single - research in which the subjects do not know which treatment they receive Double - Research in which neither the observer nor the subjects know which subject received which treatment

Explain the process of operant extinction (pg 199)

The weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response

Explain the placebo effect (pg 39)

a change in experience or behavior due to a participant's expectation that a drug or treatment will do something

What is vicarious classical conditioning? (pg ???

can be defined as learning by observing the reactions of others to an environmental stimulus that is salient to both the observer and the model. The saliency of the stimulus is characterized by its relevance (e.g., fear relevance) and ability to produce emotional arousal.

What is meant by random assignment? (pg 36)

is the use of chance to place subjects in experimental and control groups

Define psychology (pg 25)

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes