Introduction to Corrections

The initial step of admission to jail is:

booking

The offenders most likely to fail on parole are:

chronic offenders.

According to the text, programs that attempt to improve the self-confidence of youth are called:

wilderness programs

The Fourth Amendment:

bars illegal searches and seizures.

Law is created by the ____________________ branch of government.

legislative

The predominant method of execution in the United States is:

lethal injection.

The amendment that guarantees a defendant the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial trial is:

the Sixth Amendment.

At what age do most states consider transferring juveniles to adult court for major felonies?

14 maybe 13

Truth-in-sentencing laws require inmates to serve what percentage of their sentence?

85 %

In 1780 BCE, the King of Babylon created the first formal legal code known as the:

Code of Hammurabi.

____________________ requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency.

Community service

Which private prison company houses the most inmates in the United States?

Corrections Corporation of America

Freedom of religion is a fundamental right guaranteed by the:

First Amendment.

Which Supreme Court case declared the death penalty unconstitutional?

Furman v. Georgia

The U.S. Supreme Court decision that later followed Furman v. Georgia and declared the death penalty constitutional if and only if certain conditions are met was

Gregg v. Georgia

Specialized courts differ from traditional courts in that they focus on one type of offender or offense, and because of their rehabilitative focus, tend to use which type of sentencing approach?

Indeterminate

___________ sanctions falling between probation and prison are used to spare people incarceration, even in cases involving death.

Intermediate

A major criticism of Federal Prison Industries is:

It exploits inmates by paying low wages.

Which type of facility is authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours?

Jails

Who was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform during the 1700s?

John Howard

The ____________________ is the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention.

Medical model

In an attempt to eliminate sexual victimization in prison, the ________ was passed by Congress in 2003.

PRE Act

Which early correctional model was based on the belief that most prisoners could benefit from the actual experience of incarceration?

Pennsylvania model

Which Supreme Court decision disallowed the execution of juveniles under the age of 18 who committed a capital crime?

Roper v. Simmons

Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release?

Walter Crofton

The trend worldwide is to:

abolish the death penalty worldwide.

Jails are constitutionally mandated to make available:

adequate health care.

The Fourteenth Amendment:

affirms that no state may deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

A supermax prison is commonly referred to a a(n):

all of these choices.

Federal penitentiaries have serious problems with which of the following?

all of these.

The number of prisoners on death row nationwide is:

approximately 3,000.

Searches conducted by prison officials:

are not unreasonable as long as they are not for the purpose of harassing or humiliating the inmate.

A ____________ bond is a money bond levied to ensure the return of a criminal defendant for trial, allowing the defendant to remain in the community prior to trial.

bail

One or more sentences imposed at the same time and served one after the other are called:

consecutive sentences.

Which of the following is considered to be an appropriate legal factor for a judge to consider prior to making a final sentencing decision?

defendant's prior record

Who is responsible for establishing that mitigating factors exist that should cause the jury to bring in a punishment recommendation other than death?

defense attorney

Sentences with a fixed term of years to serve are called:

determinate

Which goal of punishment is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes?

deterrence

The lowest end of the continuum of intermediate sanctions is:

fines

Linear/intermittent surveillance is a characteristic of a:

first-generation jail.

Nonsecure residences that provide counseling, education, job training, and family living are known as:

group homes.

Which goal of punishment promotes sentencing people to prison to restrain them physically, so that during the time they are confined society is protected?

incapacitation

The most widely used type of sentence today is:

indeterminate

If a jury trial is waived, the decision of guilt or innocence falls upon the:

judge

The interpretation of laws is done by the ____________________ branch of government.

judicial

What is the most widely used transfer mechanism when sending juveniles to adult court?

judicial waiver

Which position on punishment is most closely linked to retribution?

just deserts

Fines are more frequently used in cases involving:

misdemeanors and lesser offenses.

Direct or podular/direct supervision is a characteristic of a:

new-generation jail.

Who is eligible for drug court?

nonviolent offenders with substance abuse problems

Most inmates leave prison before the completion of their sentence and are placed:

on parole.

Jails have even fewer alternatives for dealing with the issue of _______ than do prisons.

overcrowding

A medieval English doctrine that sanctioned the right of the Crown to intervene in natural family relations whenever a child's welfare was threatened is known as:

parens patriae.

Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by:

paying for their crimes.

A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.

penitentiary

Argot is a term used to describe:

prison slang.

What level of proof is required in order to hold a parolee in custody prior to a revocation hearing?

probable cause

The most common form of criminal sanction during the 20th century was:

probation

The primary form of community treatment used by the juvenile justice system is:

probation

Some at-risk inmates are segregated into:

protective custody

Punishment that is based on "getting even" for violating the social contract is known as:

retribution

A formal procedure that takes place when a parole board decides that the parole must end because the offender committed a new crime or violated the conditions of parole is a:

revocation of parole.

The contemporary jail is usually under the authority of the:

sheriff

How many officers usually escort the condemned from their cells to the execution room?

six

According to the text, a juvenile who runs away from home is an example of what type of offender?

status

Which type of waiver to adult court automatically transfers perpetrators to adult court?

statutorial exclusion

A parolee who violates the conditions of parole, and who has not committed a new crime, is returned to prison on what type of violation?

technical

The amendment that bars excessive bail or excessive fines imposed, as well as cruel and unusual punishment, is:

the Eighth Amendment.

The principle source of prisoners' rights is based on:

the U.S. Constitution.

Jail officers' lack of knowledge of appropriate intervention strategies poses a problem when dealing with the:

the mentally ill.

The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 established:

the nation's first independent juvenile court.

The court actor who is responsible for bringing the state's case against the accused is:

the prosecutor.

The salient factor score places inmates in the risk categories of:

very good, good, fair, or poor.