Introduction to Corrections 1-4 quizzes study guide exam 1

Which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community? administrative supervision regular supervision minimum supervision intensive supervision

minimum supervision

Which term describes the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders? intensive supervised probation shock probation net widening community corrections

net widening

What is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime? law punishment correctional system penal code

penal code

Which is not an alternative to bail? collateral preventive detention personal recognizance third-party custody

preventive detention

What is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follow certain rules and commit no further crimes? probation deferred sentencing community corrections parole

probation

What is the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control? the Neoclassical School the Positive School the Classical School the hedonistic calculus

the Positive School

What is a plea bargain? The defendant agrees to a reduced sentence after a trial. The defendant pleads not guilty and goes to trial. The defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence without going to trial. The defendant waives a jury trial in exchange for a trial by a judge.

the defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence without going to trial.

Which is not a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions? tightening of state budgets an increase in prison overcrowding unhappiness with regular probation supervision the rise in the number of plea-bargains

the rise in the number of plea-bargains

About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons? twice as many three times as many five times as many just as many

three times as many

Each year, jails admit about four times as many offenders as all other correctional components combined. True False

true

Offenders can pay restitution through community service. True False

true

Over the last 30 years, the number of criminal offenders with mental illness has risen. True false

true

Over the past 50 years, the sentencing options available to judges have increased. True False

true

The high volume of jail admissions and releases often results in mistakes. True False

true

The nation's jails employ less than half as many staff as state and federal prisons. True False

true

This is a form of restitution in which offenders repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense. victim compensation victim costs fines offender restitution

victim compensation

The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following? separation working with other inmates silence reformation of inmates

working with other inmates

Who might be confined in a modern jail? individuals held for the military probation, parole, and bail bond violators mentally ill people all of the above

All of the above

Who might be found in an early English jail? displaced persons the mentally ill the poor all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following does not define a pretrial diversion program? The accused participates on a volunteer basis only. It occurs between the formal filing of charges and the final judgment of guilt. It offers people charged with crimes alternatives to traditional criminal justice proceedings. All of the above define pretrial diversion programs.

All of the above define pretrial diversion programs.

This 18th-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology. Cesare Lombroso Jeremy Bentham Cesare Beccaria Voltaire

Cesare Beccaria

Which constitutional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment?" Eighth Fifth Sixth Fourth

Eighth

A crime that is punishable by less than one year of incarceration is a felony. True False

False

A little fewer than half of the counties in the United States have a jail. True False

False

Community residential center placement rarely occurs after probationers are failing under their current supervision requirement. True False

False

Community supervision officers do not visit offenders' residences or places of employment. True False

False

Drug courts are usually a unit outside the court system. True False

False

In the distant past, PSIs were shorter, factual without opinion, and designed to avoid legal challenges by the defense. True False

False

Jail classification systems have no major problems, and plenty of information is available about jail inmates. True False

False

Jails are designed to hold sentenced offenders for very long terms of confinement. True False

False

Mental health courts are merely drug courts handling the mentally ill. True False

False

The PSI is not intended to assist courts in the sentencing decision. True False

False

The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes. True False

False

The United States has a single, nationwide system of corrections. True False

False

The amount of money directed to criminal justice agencies has decreased greatly in recent years. True False

False

The number of face-to-face contacts that officers have with probationers never varies, regardless of caseload size and type of supervision. True False

False

The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and parole has decreased significantly. True False

False

The number of people in the nation's jails has not risen significantly over the past 20 years. True False

False

The suicide rate in the community is much higher than in prison or in jails. True False

False

In 1973, this Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation. Bell v. Wolfish United States v. Birnbaum Gagnon v. Scarpelli Mempa v. Rhay

Gagnon v. Scarpelli

This was an early English term for a jail. workhouse gaol lockup jail

Gaol

The stages of this system were solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave. Auburn system Irish system Pennsylvania system none of the above

Irish system

Which is not an advantage of a diversionary treatment program? Offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction. They cost considerably less than criminal justice processing. They reduce the demands on the court and prosecutors to process the case as a criminal activity. It increases a defendant's appearances before the court.

It increases a defendant's appearances before the court.

This theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act. Cesare Beccaria Gabriel Tarde Cesare Lombroso Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham

Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing? Morrissey v. Brewer Mempa v. Rhay United States v. Birnbaum Gagnon v. Scarpelli

Mempa v. Rhay

Which best describes typical jail inmates? Most have previously been on probation or in jail or prison. They are predominantly female. Few are drug users. Most do not drink alcohol.

Most have previously been on probation or in jail or prison

This correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future. Rehabilitative Era Reformatory Era Industrial Prison Era Retributive Era

Reformatory Era

Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which era of corrections? Recidivist Reintegrative Rehabilitative Retributive

Rehabilitative

What is a reason that states have adopted sentencing guidelines? It was believed that judges were too harsh on offenders. Judges weren't providing written explanations for their decisions. Sentencing guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences. all of the above

Sentencing guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.

What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes? AIDS homicide suicide drugs

Suicide

Which is a problem with the system of bail as a requirement for release? Bail does not allow freedom to be bought. The availability of financial resources and the ability to "make bail" is closely related to the risk of the offender. The bail process discriminates against the poor. all of the above

The bail process discriminates against the poor.

Which is a primary reason for new jail construction over the past decade? Building new jails is a good move for politicians. The number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased. Jails are relatively inexpensive to build and staff. Local citizens like new jails.

The number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased.

Which is a standard condition of probation? The probationer must live at a halfway house. The probationer must remain employed. The probationer may not operate an automobile. The probationer must give anti-crime talks at schools.

The probationer must remain employed.

Which is not one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems? They provide a guide for separating violent, predatory inmates from potential inmate victims. They provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape. They provide a guide for identifying and managing inmates with special emotional or mental needs. They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.

They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.

Which is not a goal of mental health courts? Increase treatment to mentally ill individuals To stop the use of communities to treat mentally ill individuals Improve the quality of life for participants Increase public safety by reducing criminal activity by mentally ill individuals

To stop the use of communities to treat mentally ill individuals

By the beginning of the 20th century, preparation for release was considered to be important, and correctional systems provided programs to prepare inmates for the community. True False

True

During a revocation hearing, a probationer may be represented by legal counsel and have the opportunity to testify. True False

True

During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective. True False

True

From 1991 to 2000, crime decreased significantly. True False

True

General deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments. True False

True

Most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers. True False

True

Most probationers are placed on regular supervision. True False

True

Most states require PSIs for felony cases that allow the possibility of probation. True False

True

Pretrial diversion programs are sometimes referred to as "deferred prosecution" or "probation without adjudication." True False

True

Public attitudes have consistently supported rehabilitating criminal offenders. True False

True

Recently, the principle of restoration of the damage resulting from crime has increased in importance. True False

True

The amount of money that criminal justice agencies receive has expanded exponentially. True False

True

Until the late 1960s, probation and parole supervision focused on restoring offenders to the community. True False

True

Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system? It was expensive. It had low productivity. It made inmates mentally ill. all of the above

all of the above

Jail inmates may only have non-contact visits. What type of visitor is the exception? family attorneys close friends spouses

attorneys

The major component of this alternative to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work. boot camp house arrest minimum-security prison intensive supervised probation

boot camp

Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations? intensive-supervision probation public-safety probation special conditions of probation broken-windows probation

broken-windows probation

What may the PSI also be used for? setting up plea bargains classifying offenders to determine program needs in prison determining the amount of bail all of the above

classifying offenders to determine program needs in prison

These are sentences that run at the same time. consecutive sentences indeterminate sentences concurrent sentences determinate sentences

concurrent sentences

Jails are exciting places, and inmates have plenty to do. True False

false

The average length of stay in a jail is 30 months. True False

false

What type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration? misdemeanor felony both felonies and misdemeanors neither felonies nor misdemeanors

felony

What did the Quakers' criminal code include? capital punishment for the most serious crimes bloody corporal punishments instead of imprisonment the use of stocks and pillories instead of detention free food and lodging for inmates

free food and lodging for inmates

This is sometimes referred to as "community control." house arrest intensive supervised probation electronic monitoring asset forfeiture

house arrest

What happens to the number of clients processed and managed by the criminal justice system each year? it decreases it increases it remains the same it varies widely

it increases