IoT 6

What are the components of smart homes?

1) Sensors measure home conditions and collect data. The non-internet protocol (IP) sensors are connected to a Local Area Network (LAN). The IP-enabled sensors can directly connect to the cloud. 2) Actuators execute commands (e.g., open a door). 3) Smart home servers and edge processors pre-process the sensors' data before sending it to the cloud for further and historical analysis. 4) The local server controls the sensors and actuators, answers queries, and executes the appropriate commands. 5) Application programming interfaces (APIs) offer software services to other external software. 6) Local databases may be required to store the pre-processed data generated by the IoT sensors. 7) Cloud services store, analyze, present, and visualize the data. The processed infor- mation can be stored in the attached database for historical analysis. Using the cloud services, the smart devices can be managed, upgraded, and controlled. 8) Smart home dashboards are used as the user interface to monitor and interact with smart devices.

What are non-vital signs monitoring?

1) blood pressure 2) blood oxygen

What are the five features of a smart factory that can help them improve production and make informed decisions?

1) connectivity 2) transparency 3) optimisation 4) agility 5) proactivity

What are the components of smart grid?

1) factories 2) renewable energy 3) homes 4) geothermal energy 5) electric vehicles 6) cities and offices

What services are provided by smart homes?

1) home condition monitoring 2) home appliances management 3) home access control

What do weather sensors do?

Weather sensors are used to monitor exterior conditions when scheduling the smart lawn sprinklers or conserve water if there is a chance of rain. These sensors can also be used to alert the user to close the windows if a storm hits the smart home.

What do window and door sensors do?

Window and door sensors are used for safety and energy efficiency purposes (when connected to smart lighting systems) and can notify the user when a door or window is left open for a long time.

What are the main production processes of a smart factory?

1) inventory 2) manufacturing 3) warehousing 4) quality 5) maintenance 6) environmental health and sagety

What IoT devices do vital signs monitoring?

1) pulse 2) respiratory rate 3) temperature

What are the benefits of smart grids?

1) reducing capital and operational expenditure 2) managing the demand 3) increasing renewable capacity

What technological applications does smart logistics rely on?

1) resource planning 2) warehouse management 3) transportation management 4) intelligent transportation 5) information security

What are the main components required for a successful smart factory?

1) technology 2) algorithms and data 3) people 4) process and governance 5) cybersecurity.

What smart devices are smart homes typically equipped with?

1) temperature sensors and smart thermostats 2) light sensors 3) motion sensors 4) leak detectors 5) window and door sensors 6) video doorbell 7) weather sensors 8) smoke and carbon monoxide sensors

Taxonomy of wearable healthcare IoT sensors: what are the two large groups?

Vital signs monitoring Non-vital signs monitoring

How can we digitalize maintenance?

• Assist maintenance personnel using augmented reality • Drive predictive and cognitive main- tenance analytics

How can we digitalise warehousing?

• Assist workers with pick-and-place tasks • Automatically execute warehouse operations

How can we digitalize environmental health and safety?

• Geo-fence hazardous material and equipment • Monitor environmental conditions for potential threats

How can we digitalise inventory?

• Localize and track equipment and assets in real-time • Automatically replenish the shelves

How can we digitalize manufacturing?

• Produce rapid prototypes (additive manufacturing) • Minimize waste and cycle time (advanced planning) • Effectively execute routine processes (autonomous robots) • Digitize operations and provide pre- dictive analyses (digital twin)

How can we digitalize quality?

• Use optical-based analytics for in- line quality testing • Predict a potential quality issue

What is a smart home?

A smart home can be defined as the residential extension of building automation. In smart homes, appliances, heating and air conditioning, security cameras, lighting, and entertainment systems can communicate with each other and are controlled remotely through the internet. A broad range of sensors, devices, and appliances from various vendors and manufacturers can be integrated into smart homes. This enhances the energy efficiency and security, lowers operating costs by monitoring home conditions, and provides convenience for the residents.

What does pro activity imply for a smart factory?

Analyzing the data captured from various IoT sensors in smart factories allows the sys- tems and employees to detect anomalies and predict any issue or failure in the equip- ment or processes before they occur. Moreover, analyzing the historical and real-time data enables smart factory employees and the system to predict future outcomes, pre- vent safety issues, and improve the quality of service and products.

How can computing tasks be accomplished in smart homes?

Computing tasks can run on resources in the smart home (i.e., servers and databases) or be outsourced to the cloud depending on the overhead trade-offs, availability and dependency of data, the amount of data, urgency of response, and security and con- nectivity considerations. To minimize response latency, time-sensitive tasks that need immediate action are performed on local home resources (i.e., smart home servers). Cloud computing can help minimize the capabilities of local and edge computing resources by storing and analyzing non-critical tasks.

What is intelligent transportation?

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) provide solutions, like electronic toll collection, traffic management systems, and transit signal priority, by adopting IoT and cloud com- puting technologies. These solutions can enhance logistics processes and increase a fleet's effectiveness. Managing the delivery areas for intelligent truck parking synchro- nization between various transport modes during different logistic operations are some examples of ITS.

What is warehouse management?

Different components of the smart logistics, such as RFID sensors and transports, can communicate information with the intelligent warehouse management system to opti- mize the processes. For instance, transporters can share their location and predicted arrival time with the warehouse management system so that it can select and prepare the proper docking station. Or, as another example, the communication of the RFID tags with the warehouse management system enables the autonomous robots to move items to the proper location and allocate storage space to the delivery specifics. The warehouse management system can use the data captured from the RFID tags to reduce the risk of out-of-stock situations by providing real-time visibility into inventory levels and making better data-driven decisions.

What do smoke and carbon monoxide sensors do?

Finally, these monitor air quality and differentiate between burned food and an actual house fire. Other sensors that are used in smart homes include sound detectors, vibration sen- sors, electricity usage sensors, and location sensors.

How do IoT devices help with safety?

For safety purposes, IoT devices, such as wearable fall detectors or fixed cameras, can constantly monitor a senior's posture, falling speed, or angular velocity to detect or predict accidental falls. Using such devices, seniors can feel secure that in case of a fall, the system will automatically contact their relatives or medical provider.

What do video doorbells do?

Homes that are equipped with doorbell video cameras can detect intruders, identify visitors, and announce package delivery.

How are IoT enabled factories different?

In IoT-enabled smart factories that go beyond automation, physi- cal machines and business processes are integrated into the supply chain to make data-driven decisions and create insights that enhance production efficiency and improve customer satisfaction. The intelligent factories are flexible systems that can self-optimize their performance in a global network of other production systems and supply chains.

What does optimisation imply for a smart factory?

In smart factories, the operations, processes, and energy consumption are optimized and reliable. In such factories, human interaction is minimized, workflow is automated, asset uptime is increased and synchronized, waste and costs are minimized, and the scheduling and tracking is improved.

What does connectivity imply for a smart factory?

In smart factories, the underlying processes and materials are connected to increase the efficiency of the supply network and enhance the collaboration between different departments. Assets are equipped with IoT sensors that continuously capture data from operations, business systems, suppliers, and customers to make real-time deci- sions.

How do smart grids work?

In smart grids, actionable intelligence is developed by analyzing data captured from thousands of data points, such as smart appliances, smart meters, and electric vehi- cles. The analyzed data are used to calculate and optimize the electricity usage and cost, reduce the power outage risk by detecting faulty devices, control appliances remotely, and make data-driven decisions on load distribution.

What do IoT rehabilitation devices do?

IoT rehabilitation devices enable patients with disabilities to improve their mental and physical abilities. For example, a physical therapy walker-based system can constantly monitor and evaluate the movement metrics of the walker, or a smart armband can be utilized to rehabilitate a stroke patient by measuring the bio-potential signals and ana- lyzing data. The processed data gives users insight and feedback about their muscle movements and enables them to adjust their walking pattern in real time with the assistance of a robot hand (Dian et al., 2020).

What do light sensors do?

Light sensors automatically turn lights on or off or adjust their brightness.

How do medical IoT devices help?

Medical IoT devices can constantly monitor a person's vital health signals, such as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and blood sugar, to check chronic illnesses, such as diabetes. Closed loop healthcare services can be provided when the collected data from medical IoT devices (usually wearables) are transmitted to a service center. The data stored in this center are accessible by the person's healthcare provider or physician who can monitor their health status remotely and give tele-medical advice. The figure below illustrates the classification of different use cases for non-invasive medical wearables (Dian et al., 2020). Note that implantable sensors are excluded.

What is home condition monitoring?

The IoT sensors measure the environmental parameters, such as humidity, temperature, light, and proximity, then send the data to the cloud for visualization.

How do IoT devices help with peace of mind?

Reminder services help seniors take their medicines on time and bring peace of mind to them and their relatives. Moreover, personal tracking systems allow the seniors to receive assistance with the push of a button wherever they are. For example, relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease can know the patient's location at any time.

What does agility imply for a smart factory?

Smart factories are agile and can configure the equipment and processes that allow them to quickly adapt to new trends and product or system changes with minimal human intervention. The agility feature increases the factory uptime and enables flexi- ble scheduling.

What is a smart grid?

Smart grid is an IoT-enabled self-sufficient distributed system of infrastructural, hard- ware, and software components that can communicate with each other to provide effi- cient and optimal power generation, transmission, and distribution in the supply chain (Digiteum, 2021). In a smart grid, which can be seen as a leading example of IoT in action, analyzing the data captured from smart IoT sensors and devices (e.g., smart meters) creates insights about the grid status. These insights range from real-time visi- bility and analysis of operations supporting efficient maintenance planning, to predic- tive analytics that enable more precise load balancing and generation planning (Donitzky et al., 2014).

What does increasing renewable capacity imply?

Smart grids enable utility companies to easily incorporate new residential and indus- trial renewable energy generation to the system and reduce carbon emissions. More predictive maintenance, minimized site visits, and effective remote fault diagnosis are also some advantages of using the insights created by the IoT devices in the smart grid.

What is information security?

Smart logistics, like any other IoT application, are vulnerable to security threats. Any major information breach or disturbance to the transportation, warehousing, or distri- bution system can cause devastating damage to businesses. Therefore, they are urged to implement strong security controls on their smart logistics to ensure the data are protected and that only authorized users can access it and the management systems.

What does managing the demand imply?

Smart meters create insight about the consumption patterns that can help the utility companies to better manage the demand and implement dynamic pricing. Using smart meters helps balance demands and supplies to minimize the peak load wastes.

What is resource planning?

Smart planning and managing of resources (i.e., human, equipment, and material) enhances the overall flexibility, productivity, and agility of any change in the supply chain, enabling businesses to optimize their resources and reduce their time to market.

How do IoT devices and intelligent asset training tools help in digital logistics?

The IoT devices and intelligent asset tracking tools in smart logistics bring end-to-end transparency to industries and businesses, allowing them to visualize and manage their goods at any time at a global scale. Smart logistics can significantly improve and optimize the inventory management, transportation, warehousing, distribution, infor- mation services, stock replenishment, and retail experiences. Smart logistics can also contribute to the development of smart cities by offering dynamic traffic management and making transportation more efficient, which can result in less environmental pollu- tion. An efficient, smart logistics relies on five technological applications: resource planning, warehouse management, transportation management, intelligent transporta- tion, and information security (Barreto et al., 2017).

What does transparency imply for a smart factory?

The IoT sensors installed on smart factory assets produce transparent data that can be visualized for humans or processed and converted into actionable insights to make autonomous decisions. Transparent data enables the organization to track and monitor the assets and processes in real time and provide the required notifications immedi- ately.

What is smart logistics?

The increased demand for individualized products and services in Indus- try 4.0 and the complex, continuous changes in future supply chains make it impossible to handle logistics with ordinary control and planning practices. Smart logistics, which is defined as a logistics system that can enhance flexibility and adapt to market changes, brings businesses closer to customer needs and improves the level of cus- tomer service, reduces storage space, and decreases production prices (Barreto et al., 2017)

What is ambient assisted living?

The purpose of the Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is to use innovative technological sol- utions to increase the safety and wellbeing of seniors and people with special needs and support them in their daily life. IoT can assist the elderly and improve their quality of life in terms of health, peace of mind, and safety (Dohr et al., 2010).

What are event processing systems?

The sensors implemented in advanced smart homes generate massive amounts of data flows that need to be processed by event processing systems to be able to respond to interruptions or value changes. In these systems, the event-triggered rules, including event conditions, patterns, and correlation-related information between different rules are defined by the smart home user. The user can also add, remove, or modify new event rules or patterns. The event processing engines can then detect anomalies and automatically respond to them by issuing a warning or preventing damaging actions. For example, when the home temperature is far below the set point and the furnace is not consuming power, the event processing system may issue a warning to let the user know or schedule a maintenance appointment for the heating system.

What is transportation management?

The transportation management system (TMS), an essential element of smart logistics, uses the IoT sensors and localization technologies to monitor freight movements, locate vehicles, consolidate shipments, and negotiate with carriers. The TMS, which is usually a cloud-based system, also enables the interactions among the order manage- ment systems and warehouse or distribution centers of a company to reduce the freight costs and improve the overall customer service.

What is home appliances management?

The user can remotely control the smart actuators, such as fans and lamps, that are connected to the cloud infrastructure.

What do motion sensors do?

These can be combined with surveillance cameras to be used for safety (e.g., to monitor children playing in the swimming pool area) and security purposes to catch intruders.

What do leak detectors do?

These sensors can detect water leakage in vulnerable areas (e.g., near the hot water tank) and save water bills. The leak sensors can trigger the automatic shut off valves to prevent damage to the building.

What do temperature sensors do?

These sensors measure the home temperature, adjust the smart thermostat, and turn it on or off. Some advanced smart thermostats can save more energy by adjusting an individual room temperature based on the current activity in that room.

What is edge computing?

This paradigm places the computational resources closer to sensors and data points to save band- width and reduce latency.

What does reducing capital and operational expenditure imply?

Using smart grids, utility companies can meet peak demands without increasing their power generation capacity and capital expenditure. They can also minimize the power transmission costs by optimizing the asset operation and ensuring the most efficient distribution paths.

What is home access control?

Using smart security systems, identification attributes, such as face or voice recogni- tion, fingerprints, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, and proximity identification cards of a person approaching the smart home, are collected using IoT devices. The captured identification attributes are compared with those of authorized people in the cloud database to allow access.