IPMATC
What are the 4 processes of mitosis
- prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase
PROPHASE
-DNA becomes visible -chromosomes now sister chromatid become shorter and thicker - nucleolus disappears - each sister chromatid is attached to the centromere - nuclear envelope fragments - centrioles have moved to opposite poles and spindle fibers extend fro, the centrioles
METAPHASE
-chromosome now sister chromatid are line up at the equator middle of the cell - spindles are attached to the centromeres
ANAPHASE
-chromosomes separate into their two chromosomes at the centromere and each chromosome moves to opposite poles -spindles shorten and thicken pulling the chromosomes apart
CYTOKINESIS
-division of the cytoplasm - in plant cell cell plate forms - animal cell - cleavage furrow -occurs near end of telophase -all necessary organelle are made equally and distributed equally
TELOPHASE
-opposite of prophase occurs -cleavage furrow forms - nucleolus reappears in each cell - nuclear membrane reforms - chromosomes are less coiled -spindle fibers dissolved
Differentiation
-very important prices that takes place after cell division - responsible for differences that occur among cells
How many us phases does interphase have name and explain
3 subphases G1- cellular contest excluding the chromosomes are duplicated S phase - synthesis each of 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell G2 - cell double checks for any error of the duplication and makes repairs if needed Chromosomes only duplicated in s phase During thing phase the cell grows by producing organelles
What is a cancer cell
A cell that divides uncontrollably
An undifferentiated cell
A cell that does not have a job yet
Metastasis
A process that lets cancer spread throughout the whole body invading new tissues
What are carcinogens
A substance capable of causing cancer
Stem cell
An undifferentiated cell that can divide for from specialized cells
Somatic cells
Any cell living in the organism other than the reproductive system
Benefits of embryonic specified stem cells
Can become any cell type present in the body Can divide forever Will not lose function overtime Useful for studying development Pluripotent
Benefits if tissue specific stem cell or adult stem cell or somatic stem cell
Can differentiated into any kind of cell for give tissues Found in all people widely available Multipotent
Pluripotent
Can give to any cells
Multipotent cell
Can give to my multiple different types of cells
cancer cell division
DNA is not replicated properly resulting in mutations Chemical signals are ignored Neighboring cells do not communicate with one another and tumors form
Normal Cell division.
DNA is replicated properly Chemical signals start and stop the cell cycle Neighboring cells communicate with each other
Embryonic stem cells source
Found in 5-7 day old embryo fertilized in a laboratory dish
Source of tissue specified stem cells
Found throughout the body I some kinds of tissues
Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) source
From mature bodily cells that have been reprogrammed genetically to resemble and embryonic stem cell
Where does cell division take place ?
Interphase and mitosis
Drawbacks of embryonic stem cells (esc)
Less available Requires destruction of lane fertilized eggs
Drawbacks of tissue specific stem cells
Limited capacity to be come different tissues Difficult to keep alive during lone persuade of time in laboratories
IPSC drawbacks
Most difficult of three to get A lot of research is still needs to develop these
Tissue stem cells (somatic stem cells, adult stem cells)
Multipotent Are only Able to differentiate into certain types of cells Are used to replace cells in many kinds of tissues as they wear out and die
Diploid
Number of chromosomes found in somatic cells all human somatic cells contain 46
When does mitosis occur?
Occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells, where the daughter cells are identical to each other in order for it to happen DNA of the parent cell must be duplicated and passed on to both daughter cells
Interphase
Phase before mitosis
Embryonic stem cells
Pluripotent Are able to differentiate into any kind of cell
IPSC benefits
Pluripotent can become any tissue Divide forever Not loose function over time Less controversial than esc Can re create diseases tissue for specific testing
Mutations maybe be cause by?
Pollutants Smoking Viruses Chemicals Radiation
What is regeneration?
Refers to the ability of tissue to repair Itself. Skin muscle and bone can regrow and heal after injury but not all regenerate completely ex nerve cell do not naturally regenerate completely
Mitosis only happens in body cells called?
Somatic cells
What percent of the cell cycle does interphase occupy?
The cell cycle spends 90% of the time in interphase
What is cancer the disease of
The disease of the cell cycle. The disease of mitosis
Cellular differentiation
The prices by which a cell become specialized to preform a specific function
To differentiate means?
To acquire a specific job and characteristics
What are benign tumors
Tumors that do not have the tendency to spread
What are malignant rumors
Tumors that have the tendency to spread