IPMATC

What are the 4 processes of mitosis

- prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase

PROPHASE

-DNA becomes visible -chromosomes now sister chromatid become shorter and thicker - nucleolus disappears - each sister chromatid is attached to the centromere - nuclear envelope fragments - centrioles have moved to opposite poles and spindle fibers extend fro, the centrioles

METAPHASE

-chromosome now sister chromatid are line up at the equator middle of the cell - spindles are attached to the centromeres

ANAPHASE

-chromosomes separate into their two chromosomes at the centromere and each chromosome moves to opposite poles -spindles shorten and thicken pulling the chromosomes apart

CYTOKINESIS

-division of the cytoplasm - in plant cell cell plate forms - animal cell - cleavage furrow -occurs near end of telophase -all necessary organelle are made equally and distributed equally

TELOPHASE

-opposite of prophase occurs -cleavage furrow forms - nucleolus reappears in each cell - nuclear membrane reforms - chromosomes are less coiled -spindle fibers dissolved

Differentiation

-very important prices that takes place after cell division - responsible for differences that occur among cells

How many us phases does interphase have name and explain

3 subphases G1- cellular contest excluding the chromosomes are duplicated S phase - synthesis each of 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell G2 - cell double checks for any error of the duplication and makes repairs if needed Chromosomes only duplicated in s phase During thing phase the cell grows by producing organelles

What is a cancer cell

A cell that divides uncontrollably

An undifferentiated cell

A cell that does not have a job yet

Metastasis

A process that lets cancer spread throughout the whole body invading new tissues

What are carcinogens

A substance capable of causing cancer

Stem cell

An undifferentiated cell that can divide for from specialized cells

Somatic cells

Any cell living in the organism other than the reproductive system

Benefits of embryonic specified stem cells

Can become any cell type present in the body Can divide forever Will not lose function overtime Useful for studying development Pluripotent

Benefits if tissue specific stem cell or adult stem cell or somatic stem cell

Can differentiated into any kind of cell for give tissues Found in all people widely available Multipotent

Pluripotent

Can give to any cells

Multipotent cell

Can give to my multiple different types of cells

cancer cell division

DNA is not replicated properly resulting in mutations Chemical signals are ignored Neighboring cells do not communicate with one another and tumors form

Normal Cell division.

DNA is replicated properly Chemical signals start and stop the cell cycle Neighboring cells communicate with each other

Embryonic stem cells source

Found in 5-7 day old embryo fertilized in a laboratory dish

Source of tissue specified stem cells

Found throughout the body I some kinds of tissues

Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) source

From mature bodily cells that have been reprogrammed genetically to resemble and embryonic stem cell

Where does cell division take place ?

Interphase and mitosis

Drawbacks of embryonic stem cells (esc)

Less available Requires destruction of lane fertilized eggs

Drawbacks of tissue specific stem cells

Limited capacity to be come different tissues Difficult to keep alive during lone persuade of time in laboratories

IPSC drawbacks

Most difficult of three to get A lot of research is still needs to develop these

Tissue stem cells (somatic stem cells, adult stem cells)

Multipotent Are only Able to differentiate into certain types of cells Are used to replace cells in many kinds of tissues as they wear out and die

Diploid

Number of chromosomes found in somatic cells all human somatic cells contain 46

When does mitosis occur?

Occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells, where the daughter cells are identical to each other in order for it to happen DNA of the parent cell must be duplicated and passed on to both daughter cells

Interphase

Phase before mitosis

Embryonic stem cells

Pluripotent Are able to differentiate into any kind of cell

IPSC benefits

Pluripotent can become any tissue Divide forever Not loose function over time Less controversial than esc Can re create diseases tissue for specific testing

Mutations maybe be cause by?

Pollutants Smoking Viruses Chemicals Radiation

What is regeneration?

Refers to the ability of tissue to repair Itself. Skin muscle and bone can regrow and heal after injury but not all regenerate completely ex nerve cell do not naturally regenerate completely

Mitosis only happens in body cells called?

Somatic cells

What percent of the cell cycle does interphase occupy?

The cell cycle spends 90% of the time in interphase

What is cancer the disease of

The disease of the cell cycle. The disease of mitosis

Cellular differentiation

The prices by which a cell become specialized to preform a specific function

To differentiate means?

To acquire a specific job and characteristics

What are benign tumors

Tumors that do not have the tendency to spread

What are malignant rumors

Tumors that have the tendency to spread