ir 371

(Trajectory 1: Competition)

increasing chinese assertiveness and acquisition of high end military capabilities, would provoke enough anxieties among Japanese so that anti militarist attitudes would weaken. More than 1% of Japanese gdp is military. Japan has good relations with US.

Chinese Volunteer Army

the armed forces deployed by China during the Korean War. Belonged to the People's Liberation Army, but was separately formed in order to avoid any official war with the U.S.

Kim Jong-un

the oh-so-unpredictable Supreme Leader of North Korea, recently took over rule after his father died, and hasn't been terrifically shy of the nuclear trigger

"One China" Principle

the position that there is only one legitimate Chinese state. (Either PRC or ROC) Both China and Taiwan adhere to this position, they just disagree as to which state is the legitimate one.

software

intelligence gathering; personnel, training, communication, cyberware.

ISR

intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

exclusive economic zone

is a seazone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind. It stretches from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles from its coast. Extends beyond a state's territorial waters, which are 12 nautical miles from coast. Becomes complicated when two nations' 200 miles overlap, e.g. China and Japan (and Taiwan) over Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands.

Quemoy Island and Matsu Island

island controlled by Taiwan in 1945-55, China starts to shell the island to which Taiwan responds with force (remember guys? this is the thing where they had an agreement to alternate shelling between either side that lasted over 20 YEARS!; these islands are still controlled by Taiwan but they're not militarized whatsoever

Chiang Kai-Shek

leader of the KMT during the Chinese civil war; lost, and ruled over Taiwan as a military dictator until his death;

Taiwan Strait

lots of trade goes through here, has been source of past conflicts between ROC and China; China's increased militarized presence in the region has alarmed Taiwan

First Island Chain

(p 254 Contest for Supremacy) "Leave Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and points east on one side, and the Korean peninsula, Taiwan, and the South China Sea on the other". (Pera) ; encompasses Taiwan and primarily focuses on how to maintain sovereignty over the island in the case of Taiwan declaring independence

Second Island Chain

(p 254 Contest for Supremacy) Leave Guam as the westernmost outpost of American power in the Pacific.

confrontation

(p. 252 Contest for Supremacy) An openly confrontational posture toward China could look like it did in the 50s-60s "suspending diplomatic ties, imposing sanctions and embargoes, unleashing a major military buildup, or initiation a deliberate campaign to destabilize Beijing Regime". Too extreme to trigger confrontation in order to prevent China from rising to power.

appeasement

(p. 254 Contest for Supremacy) Objections to appeasement (making political concessions to avoid conflict) are if China's growth falters and its behavior becomes erratic, there would be pressure for the US to remain engaged in China.

enhanced engagement

(p. 255 Contest for Supremacy) US intensify engagement, while holding steady or cutting back on anything that appears intended to counted Chinese power (done during Obama's first couple years). Approach is still favored by many American analysts.

Kuomintang (KMT)

Ruling political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Was the sole party of the Republic of China until the 1990s. Currently the ruling party of Taiwan. Supports the eventual unification with the mainland.

NK's nuclear missile tests (3)

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Pakistan

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Phillipines

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cooperative engagement with soft hedge

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wasted assets

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Korean War

1950-53: So, Korea was Japan's. After WWII it was divided between the US and Russia. Kim il Sung eventually becomes the communist leader of N. Korea and desires to unite all of Korea but is not allowed because Stalin doesn't want to provoke the US. 1950 Kim Il Sung invades S. Korea with limited military capacity. US enters in for S. and china for the N. (5 million people die and no peace agreement is ever reached). China is irritated with the N. Koreans because if the NKs fall then they will have the US on their border. It took two years to just reach an armistice. 1954 the US and S. Korea sign a mutual security agreement agreeing to support one another if they are attacked by outside forces. S. Korea and American military are significantly integrated. In 2015 will be led by S. Korean command. US has 28,500 troops in South Korea.

alignment

A change in US policy towards China (1969-1989); the PRC was recognized; Cold War was occurring and US supported China against USSR

antiship cruise missiles

A cruise missile is a missile that flies at a relatively constant velocity parallel to the ground as it approaches its target. Cruise Missiles of the antiship variety typically fly very low above the surface of the sea making them harder to shoot down.

Democratic Progressive Party

A progressive and liberal political party in Taiwan, the first meaningful opposition party. Promotes Taiwanese independence, and human rights.

kill-chain strategy

A strategy (most often used by the US Air Force) that describes a command and control process for targeting and destroying enemy forces in order to make it most difficult for an enemy to continue in battle. Ex) Iraq, Operation Desert Storm: targeted command bases and communications networks, subsequently cut-off ground units in field, lacking order, quickly losing the will to fight. In cyber realm, involves dismantling censors, introducing malware to major command fields; the goal of a kill chain defense is to break one or more stages in the attack chain to stop the progress of the attack and force the opponent to start over. Problems with this strategy: Suggests the US should launch the attack first (much less able to do this if China attacks first)-- Offensive First Strategy (increased probability of conflict) Main target is China itself (not some remote territory) Technology still favors AAAD Would deepen fears about US intentions (feeds security dilemma), justifying China to preempt attack How would this conflict end? (we're not going to invade...)

Taiwan Relations Act

Act of legislation that has since defined the relations between the U.S and the unofficial state of Taiwan. Passed in 1979 under the carter administration, this legislation required the U.S executive branch to continue to provide Taiwan with the hardwire it needed in order to defend itself attack or coercion by the PRC. This was more than a mere symbolism. Instead it directly contradicted the normalizing communique that leaders between the U.S and China had just signed. In effect the U.S was making the statement that it intended for Taiwan to remain separate from mainland China.

Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in South China Sea (DoC)

An agreement regarding the South China Sea that was signed by the 10 ASEAN countries in 2002. The parties resolved to settle the current disputes without resorting to violence and exercise self-restraint with activities that could complicate or escalate disputes, including from refraining from inhabiting uninhabited islands, reefs, shoals, and cays.

strong, democratic China

An alternative China discussed in Friedberg's book Goals/values shared by the US Realists: dem. China not much different from current state Element of instability/ new uncertainties Nationalism ^: driven by popular emotions, more assertive, impatient, belligerent, even aggressive (?) Turbulent transition Relations will improve with time Real competition Secure legitimacy, (reduced) fear, resistance of world's democracies Get along with Japan, India, SK, Taiwan (dem. China will have little to gain keeping conflict alive) US presence in Asia, less necessary

weak, unstable China

An alternative China discussed in Friedberg's book Less predictable, more aggressive → more dangerous Inward focused/ internal weakness More accommodating/ conflict averse Or, seek confrontation with foreign enemies to rally domestic support Sensitivity to public criticism Paranoia: foreign forces behind episodes of domestic unrest Willingness to take extraordinary risks to fend off disaster

Article 9

An article in the constitution of Japan that renounces forever offensive military capabilities, allowing for a defense force but nothing beyond that.

Paracel Islands

Another set of islands in the S. China Sea that are disputed between China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

Air Defense Identification Zone

Anyone flying into China's airspace must identify themselves (including over the Senkaku Islands)

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian nations, a geopolitical and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia. Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, cultural development, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully. Also, kind of useless.

ballistic missiles

Ballistic missiles are missiles that travel in an arc (also known as a ballistic trajectory) to their target. Most ballistic missiles tend to stay within the atmosphere, however those with longer range spend time outside of the atmosphere as they travel to their target. Used for stationary targets such as military installations due to being unable to change its trajectory once launched.

"win without fighting"

Beijing's preference for "shaping," or creating favorable conditions in the strategic surroundings so as to achieve important goals without resorting to force, stems from the fact that armed conflict is risky, can squander resources needlessly, while even victorious war can provoke the vanquished into seeking vengeance—perhaps undoing the victory. Sun Tzu, whose writings are a staple of Chinese strategic discourses, proclaims that the "acme of skill" is to win without fighting. China seeks to displace the US as the dominant power in the Asian region without going to war.

green vs blue water navy

Blue water navy is the label for naval forces that have capabilities to sustain operations all across the ocean. These are the strongest and most wide-reaching naval forces, and this is the type of navy China wants to have but does not yet. Green water navies are a step below blue water. They mostly have capabilities to defend the coast of their country well, but not to maintain full operations on the open seas.

multipolarity

China is very enthusiastic about multipolarity and international law, believes it is necessary for global stability. Sees US as ultimate obstacle to such goals; Friedberg says "a world of 'extensive unilateral US supremacy' may be replaced by one in which China and the United States are each dominant in different domains"

situational awareness

China's ability to monitor what is going on in their region. About your system of surveillance, communication, satellite systems.

Third Plenum

China's third plenum is the third meeting of the new president with his Central Committee. They are the ones people look to for China's plan for the term because the first meetings are usually an introduction of the president and the second deals with internal party affairs. Traditionally, the third plenum has focused mainly on economic affairs. They are not always big news, but there have been several historic third plenums that have created change within China's economy.

(Trajectory 2: Accomodation)

Chinese behavior and strategic intentions, despite shrinking military capabilities, are perceived by Japanese to be benign. there would be no incentive to increase defense spending for Japan. If US stops military presence, then Japan will accommodate China. Less than 1% of jap gdp is military.

Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty

Commonly referred to as the NPT, this international treaty is signed by 189 countries. Non-parties include India, Pakistan, Israel, DPRK, and South Sudan. The treaty has three main ideas or pillars: non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear power.

Democratic Party of Japan

Current opposition party in Japan, Centre-left party; their times in power were unproductive due to LDP control of the upper house of the Diet (Japan's legislative branch).

anti-access/aerial denial (a2/ad)

Defense strategy employed by China to prevent the US from entering/traversing China's territory. Chinese anti-access capacity includes large ballistic missile force, counter-maritime and air systems, and extends to space and cyber domains. Controversial strategy in relation to Taiwan issue.

(Trajectory 3: Independence)

Dynamic similar to competition. Increase in China's capabilities to provoke anxiety among Japanese. Result - japan revises its constitution. There is not good relationship with US and China. They are Independent of both China and US. "a hollowing out of US Japan alliance"

"the propensity of things"

French philosopher Francois Julien's conclusion that Eastern strategic thought is more improvisational and less deterministic. The successful strategist is the one who best grasps the essence of the situation, the "propensity of things" or the direction in which events are tending and exploits this understanding to his advantage. China doesn't have elaborate plan over future...takes it as it goes; constant study of the present. makes it difficult for the US to figure out what they're thinking. (LK) ; leads to a more flexible and open-ended approach to strategic thinking and planning; Chinese "propensity of things" seeks to answer: What are the dominant trends in today's world? What is the distribution of power within the contemporary international system? What are the sources of the most important challenges or threats confronting China?

Spratly Islands

Group of islands in the South China Sea that lay off the coast of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Southern Vietnam. Control of the islands is disputed by a number of countries in the region, especially China. The islands are important because they offer fishing grounds, are suspected to contain oil and gas reserves, and are crucial to establishing international boundaries. China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia retain limited military forces on some of the islands. Brunei also claims control of some of the islands.

South Korea

Has ambivalent relations with China. On the one hand they have a strong trade relationship with China; China is South Korea's biggest trading partner. On the other hand, strategic suspicions and China's ties with North Korea cloud their relationship. South Korea has grown impatient with China's unwillingness to publicly condemn North Korea.

"peace and development"

In 1985 top Chinese officials (including Deng) declared that "peace and development" were the "great issues" or most important trends in the world, it is Beijing's desire for closer, strategic alignment with the US; after the Cold War, globalization was seen as a major factor supporting continued peace and development; t his theme was mostly concerning China's economic growth but the question is...is this true today, considering threats to national security and foreign policy? China insists that peace and development still exists...

IAEA

International institution that reports to the UN General Assembly and Security Council about the developments of nuclear power and energy throughout the world. They encourage the peaceful development of such technology and perform routine inspections of nuclear facilities.

Japanese Self Defense Force

Japanese military: under constitutional restraints not to initiate war, but may act in self defense (and if there is an imminent threat)

Kim il Sung

Leader of North Korea for nearly half a century. (1948-1994) Kim Il-Sung was a communist activist early in life and was arrested and jailed in Manchuria. In 1945, the Soviet Union designated Kim as the premier of North Korea. After communist rule was established in 1949, Kim began a series of economic and political reforms, where he sought to establish a command economy and complete totalitarian rule. Over the course of his leadership, it is reported that over 1 million people died from concentration camps, forced labor, and executions. By 1990, Kim ensured that North Korea had no contact with the Western World, only maintaining trade relations with China, the Soviet Union, Cuba, and Vietnam. Today, Kim Il-Sung is viewed as almost a God-like figure. There are over 500 statues of him in the country, particularly at universities, stadiums, and public transportation locations. When newlyweds marry, it is traditional to lay flowers at the nearest statue of Kim Il-Sung.

South China Sea

Like we all already know, the South China Sea is responsible for ⅓ of the world's shipping transit making it very important for the international economy. The mostly uninhabited islands are under dispute between many countries including Japan, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam etc

ASEAN WAY

Not forcing its incredibly diverse and mutually suspicious members into legally binding standards to move members toward cooperation, creating manifestations of goodwill and the slow winning and giving of trust.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)

Of the ministries and ministerial agencies in China, the most important is the ministry of foreign affairs. The ministries authority has been diluted over the past, but the MFA is still remains the principal organ for both formulating and implementing China's foreign policy. Increased activity of international institutions, media, and non-state actors has been challenging to the MFA.

Sunshine Policy

President Roh, of South Korea, pursued the "sunshine policy" during his presidency of 2003-2008, but this foreign policy began in 1998. The three basic principles were 1) no armed provocation by the north will be tolerated 2) the South will not attempt to absorb the North in any way and 3) the south actively seeks cooperation. South Korea's goal in regards to North Korea was peaceful coexistence rather than regime change. The policy also called for a separation of politics and economics on behalf of both countries

Uighurs

Pronounced "we-gurh," the Uighurs are a minority in China residing in the Xinjiang province. Xinjiang and the Uighurs have been one of China's most restless province in terms of wanting independence due to the presence of the East Turkestan Independence Movement. The presence of this movement has led to restriction of travel to and from Xinjiang and on the Uighur people as well as severe repression in general. Uighurs are often blamed for unrest issues in China, see the recent Tiananmen Square attacks.

"open door" policy

Referring to US policy towards Asia (focused on China) starting in 1949. wanted to prevent the domination of Asia by a nation or coalition of nations capable of exploiting the region for its own purposes

Sino-Soviet bloc

Referring to how the US viewed the USSR and China relationship before China and the US entered into relationship against the USSR. The US saw the two countries as communist allies joined at the hip by their ideology (only perpetuated US policies of containment)

Chimera

Referring to the connections between the US and Chinese economies which are deep and numerous (the two as having become effectively fused into a single organism)

Hard Hedge

Refers to policies of promoting a multilayered regional economic and security architecture that constrains China, reinterpret the constitution to allow collective self-defense, increase defense budgets, and mainly prioritizes the Trans-Pacific Partnership over free trade agreements with China. More than 1% towards defense budget.

Shinzo Abe

Right winged, nationalistic Japanese prime minister and leader of the LDP; while he has been in office, the power of the prime minister has augmented

Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement

Signed in June 2010. A preferential trade agreement between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan that aims to reduce commercial tariffs and barriers between both sides.

ASBM

Stands for Antiship Ballistic Missile. Has a similar flight path as a regular ballistic missile, however it makes corrections following the highest point of its arc to make sure it is on target. This ability to correct its flight path makes it effective for destroying moving ships.

India

Strengths Large economy/growing economy, Military spending is growing/nuclear power, Large Population, Cheap labor, young population, Democratic, English speaking, Technology, strong sector, Innovation Challenges/problems Oppression and poor women's rights (50% women over 15 can't read or write),Education needs, Corruption and political fragmentation of the system, Low voter turnout, Pollution and water scarcity, Dried up rivers (almost one million women die each year to water pollution), Poor infrastructure, Rising population, Religious and ethnic tensions, Tensions with Pakistan and China, Military—very clear lack of strategic thinking, Lack of civilian knowledge, Foreign ministry is weak (1//5 the size of china), Lack of staffing and resources, Lack of concern for the common good Struggles with China o Geopolitical elements: both want to be regional hegemons India certainly does not want to be subservient to china o Growing and important economic ties as they become bigger trading partners § Problematic because of the major trade imbalance (for every dollar exported/India imports 3 dollars) o Territorial disputes [the big issue] China should get the oxichen part because is connects Tibet (Haas)

Kim Jong-il

Supreme Leader of North Korea from 1994 to 2011. Kim Jong-Il is accused of heading a severely oppressive regime, gross mismanagement of economic policies, and leading a cult of personality. North Korean media continually purports a series of wild exaggerations about Kim and his abilities. During his time in power, Kim Jong-Il continued to pursue and maintain nuclear weapons. Was succeeded by his son Kin Jong-Un after his death two years ago.

Six party talks

Talks involving the DPRK, China, United States, South Korea, Japan, and Russia with the goal of peacefully finding a solution to a nuclear armed DPRK. There have been six rounds of talks and any progress made during the talks has not stuck due to the DPRK backtracking on the deals struck.

UN Convention on Law of the Sea (UNLCOS)

The Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. Major component of this treaty was that it instituted Exclusive economic zones (EEZ) to nations (look above for more information on EEZ. Also, not ratified by US, interestingly enough.

Line of Actual Control (LAC)

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is a demarcation line that separates Indian-ruled lands from Chinese-held territory.[1] It is the effective border between India and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The LAC is 4,056-km long and traverses four Indian states. On the Chinese side, the line traverses the autonomous province of Tibet. The demarcation existed as the informal cease-fire line between India and China after the 1962 conflict till 1993, when its existence was officially accepted as the 'Line of Actual Control' in a bilateral agreement.[3] However, Chinese scholars claim that the Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai first used the phrase in a letter addressed to Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru dated 24 October 1959.

Malacca Dilemma

The Malacca Strait is a narrow channel of water separating the Malaysian Peninsula from the island of Sumatra, and it is one of the world's busiest shipping lanes, where China receives 70% of its energy, and is indirectly controlled by the United States. China is now seeking a different place, which is freaking Malaysia and Thailand out.

President Roh

The President of South Korea from 2003-2008. Pursued the "Sunshine policy" in relation to North Korea. Roh received much criticism throughout his presidency from the Grand National Party and media. Many of his policies were attacked and made no progress. Minor detail--Roh committed suicide in May of 2009 by jumping from a mountain cliff behind his home...he left a suicide note on his personal computer. Police say that in his note he apologized for "making too many people suffer" and he asked that his body be cremated. (Note: This probs has no relevance to any exam material)

Liberal Democratic Party

The dominating party of Japan. Conservative, pursuing free-trade/market competition, cooperation with the United States, and now administrative reform.

Ministry of Defense

The largest organ of the Japanese government, recently kind of important, completely subordinate to civilian authority. Recently became a cabinet-level ministry position, which should tell you how important the Japanese view this particular ministry.

PLAN

The naval branch of the PRC's military forces. They have been acquiring aircraft carriers and other equipment over time, making the US and surrounding neighbors nervous. It is a key element in operating between the first and second island chains and is needed for the A2/AD strategy.

1992 Consensus

The outcome of a meeting in 1992 between members of PRC and ROC (China and Taiwan) they say there is a consensus and both sides recognize there is only one China. Both agree that the interpretation of that is up for grabs.

better-balancing

This is a term used by Friedberg and is made in reference to the relationship between China and the US. He believes that integrating Asian democracies would be a balancing force for the US against China.

Air Sea Battle

This is the US response to the Chinese military and Anti-Access/Area Denial (never specifically mentions China but everyone knows it's about China). The US would launch physical and cyber-attacks to destroy China's radar, sensors, and missiles (called the "kill-chain"). The problems are that this is an offensive-first strategy, meaning that it only works if the US attacks first, and it is essentially declaring war on China which is BAD.

joint communique of 1979

U.S.-CCP agreement that established there was "one China" but did not state whether that China was Taiwan or Mainland. Allowed the U.S. and the Mainland Chinese to reopen formal diplomatic ties and drew Mao into a de facto alliance with the U.S. against the U.S.S.R.; Henry Kissinger was the main architect behind the communique

containment

US policy towards China from 1949-1969. Wanted to isolate and contain china, to weaken it without becoming too involved -- all competition, no cooperation

congagement

US policy towards China from 1989-Now, a mix of containment and alignment. At end of cold war decided to not sell more weapons to China, engaged in more trade and diplomacy, US bolstering regional ties

Tianxia

Zhao Tingyang's philosophy of a global approach to governance. Literally means "all under heaven" and is meant to be a way for all nations to get along. Three parts: Geography, "All the people", and World institutions. Geography refers to the global mindset and the importance of not focusing on your own nation specifically. "All the people" refers to the idea that enemies can always be transformed into friends and that we are all a global family. Democracy does not work because it is too focused on individual interests. Need a "Confucian Leninist" approach. Finally, world institutions refers to the top-down approach to governance. Legitimacy comes from being effective. No practical application advice for implementing this today though.

East Turkestan Islamic Movement

a Waziri based group. Its stated goals are the independence of East Turkestan. China calls it a violent separatist movement and often blames it for incidents in Xinjiang

strategic reassurance

a policy of strategic reassurance toward China and America involves avoiding deeds and words that might heighten regional insecurity and/or mistrust.

Senkaku/Diaoyu Island

a small set of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea that is claimed by Japan, China, and Taiwan. Although the islands don't have any people or diamonds in them, there might be oil underneath them and since both China and Japan are already kind of sensitive about sovereignty issues, this particular territorial dispute is quite dicey.

Confidence Building Measure (CBM)

actions taken to reduce fear of attack by both (or more) parties in a situation of tension with or without physical conflict. The term is most often used in the context of international politics, but is similar in logic to that of trust and interpersonal communication used to reduce conflictual situations among human individuals. CBMs emerged from attempts by the Cold War superpowers and their military alliances (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the Warsaw Pact) to avoid nuclear war by accident or miscalculation. However, CBMs also exist at other levels of conflict situations, and in different regions of the world although they might not have been called CBMs. Aka (demilitarized zones, acceptable and unacceptable military activities, communication systems) (Haas)

hardware

actual arms and weapons, ballistic missiles, air-craft.

Dynamic Defense Force

allows Japanese military to operate effectively in the gray area between war and peace which characterizes modern military operations. Applies to overseas missions in places like Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, etc. Affirmed in 2010

Taiwan

also known as the Republic of China, Taiwan claims and was recognized as the real China until the '80s. The PRC views Taiwan as its legal territory, a claim Taiwan rejects with vigor. The PRC would like to lure Taiwan back into the PRC in a system like Hong Kong (1 Country, 2 Systems), but the people living in Taiwan are beginning to see themselves as Taiwanese instead of Chinese, and the best situation for both parties at the moment is the status quo

Opium War

also known as the anglo-Chinese wars over economic and diplomatic issues between the Brits and the Chinese in the mid-1800s. The British were selling opium to the Chinese that they did not necessarily want

responsible stakeholder

being a good citizen of the international community, contributing to global public goods. China is often accused of being a "free-rider", not contributing enough relative to its power/weight but there is increased participation in international institutions

President Ma Ying-jeo

current president of Taiwan; increased economic ties to the mainland, but is still a member of the KMT and prone to pro-independence sentiment;

Hong Kong

has its own currency, you don't need a visa to visit countries with a Hong Kong passport whereas you do with a Chinese passport, Hong Kong officials are supposed to be elected by universal suffrage, currently, 1200 person committee elects executive with approval for Beijing (TP) Also, an example of One Country, Two Systems

General Douglas MacArthur

received the Medal of Honor during the Philippines Campaign, and was the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during the 30s. Was the Supreme Commander for the Allied Forces in Japan and helped Japan rebuild itself. During Korean War, MacArthur named Commander-in-chief of the UN Command, all South Korean forces placed under his command. When MacArthur wanted to invade China, Truman eventually removed him from his command.

non-recognition policy

referring to the US blatantly ignoring the legal existence of the communist government in Beijing from 1949-1979 when its containment policy also ended towards China

Soft Hedge

related to Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and their level of engagement towards China. Promote regional free trade arrangements between Japan and China and S. Korea, promote trilateral confidence building mechanism, strengthen the U.S. Japan alliance while being sensitive to Chinese security interests, enhance Coast Guard. Basically, means that Japan should try and peacefully incorporate China into the global sphere. Less than 1% towards defense budget.

Yalu River

the river on the border between North Korea and China. Advance of UN troops toward the Yalu during the Korean War prompted Chairman Mao Zedong to involve China in the war for fear of American invasion. River is frequently crossed by North Koreans fleeing into China since the 1990s.

Japan-US Treaty Article V

this article says that if an attack should occur against either the US or Japan in Japan's territory, then they can act in retaliation. This is where the "self-defense" policy of Japan comes from. The article also says that the actions taken must cease as soon as peace has been restored

38th parallel

this is the pre Korean war boundary between North and South Korea, and was the border of the brief administrations areas of the Soviets and the U.S. after WWII. It was one of the most tense fronts during the Cold War and now serves as the demilitarized border between North and South Korea.

President Truman

took office after Roosevelt died in 1945. Authorized the use of atomic bombs on Japan. Truman supported the creation of the United Nations, implemented the Truman Doctrine--which formalized a policy of containment against the USSR, and supported the Marshall Plan, aimed to rebuild postwar Europe. Korea: urged the UN to intervene and sent General MacArthur in charge, later took MacArthur out of power because Truman did not want to invade China..this is seen as one of the least politically popular decisions in presidential history.

one country, two systems

used to be British, in 1997, land of Hong Kong became leased to British for 99 years under the conditions Hong Kong should enjoy high degree of autonomy except for defense for next 50 years