IS 310 (Chapter 3)

Radix

Same as base; a multiplier that describes the difference between one position and the next in a numbering system

Octal Notation

a base-8 numbering system that uses digits from 0-7

Underflow

a condition that occurs when a value is too small to represent in floating point notation

Pointer

a data element containing the address of another data element

Double-Precision

a data format that combines two adjacent fixed-length data items to hold a single value; increases accuracy or numeric range

Record

a data structure composed of other data structures or primitive data elements

Class

a data structure containing both traditional (static) data elements and programs that manipulate data

Singly Linked List

a data structure in which each list element contains a pointer to the next list element

Doubly Linked List

a data structure in which each list element contains pointers to both the previous and the next list elements

Linked List

a data structure that uses pointers so that list elements can be scattered among non-sequential storage locations

Boolean Data Type

a data type that can store only the value true or false; requires only a single bit for storage

Unsigned Integer

a data type that stores positive integer values as ordinary binary numbers; its value is always assumed to be positive

Boolean Logic

a formal logic system in which statements can be evaluated only as true or false

Excess Notation

a format that can be used to represent signed integers with a fixed number of bits; essentially, it divides a range of ordinary binary numbers in half and uses the lower half for negative values and the upper half for nonnegative values

Bit String

a group of bits describing a single data value

Floating-Point Notation

a method for representing real numbers that consists of two parts: a mantissa and an exponent

Base

a multiplier that describes the difference between one position and the next in a numbering system

Twos Complement Notation

a notation system that represents positive integers as ordinary binary values and negative integers by adding 1 to the complement of the positive value

Binary Number

a number in which each digit can have only one of two possible values (0 or 1)

Real Number

a number that can contain both whole and fractional components

Hexadecimal Notation

a numbering system with a base value of 16; uses digits from 0-9 and letters from A to F which represent the decimal values 10-15

Data Structure

a related group of primitive data elements organized for some type of common processing; its defined and manipulated in software because the CPU can't manipulate data structures directly

String

a sequence of characters forming a meaningful word, phrase, or other useful group

File

a sequence of records on secondary storage; the common organization schemes for files are sequential and indexed

Unicode

a standard 16-bit or 32-bit character-coding method that assigns nonnegative integers to represent printable characters

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

a standard 7-bit coding method for character data and some device control codes

Byte

a string of 8 bits; generally the smallest unit of data that can be read from or written to a storage device

Character

a symbol in a written language, including letters, numerals, and punctuation marks

Integer

a whole number that is, a value that doesn't have a fractional part

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)

an IBM mainframe coding method for representing character data in an 8-bit format

Latin-1

an ISO standard character-coding table containing the ASCII-7 characters in the lower 128 table entries and most of the characters used by Western European languages in the upper 128 table entries

Segmented Memory Model

an approach to assigning memory address in which primary storage is divided into equal-sized segments called pages, identified by sequential nonnegative integers. (First part identifies the page and the second part identifies the byte in the page)

Flat Memory Model

an approach to assigning memory addresses in which memory locations are described by single unsigned integers corresponding to linear positions

Overflow

an error that occurs when the result of a processing operation exceeds the format's numeric range

Signed Integer

an integer that uses a sign bit to indicate whether the value is negative or positive

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

an international group with functions similar to those of the American National Standards Institute

Array

an ordered list of data elements, in which each element can be referenced by an index to its position

Bit

derived from the term binary digit, it represents one digit of a binary number and can have the value 0 or 1

Long Integer

double-precision representations of integers

Manipulation

in computer processing, refers to working with data by executing processor instructions, such as addition, subtraction, and equality comparisons

Index

in file organization, an array of pointers to records

Multinational Character

modified latin characters used by Western European languages other than English

Object

one instance, or variable, of a class

Method

programs for manipulating data items in a class

Low-Order Bit

same as Least Significant Digit (the rightmost byte in a multiple-byte data item containing digits of the lowest weight)

Radix Point

same thing as a decimal point

Machine Data Type

see Primitive Data Types

Truncation

the act of deleting bits that don't fit in a storage location

Primitive Data Type

the integer, real number, character, Boolean, and memory address data types that CPU's can manipulate directly

International Alphabet-5 (IA5)

the international equivalent of the ASCII coding method for character data

High-order Bit

the left most digit in a bit string that represents the greatest weight

Most Significant Digit

the leftmost digit in a bit string that represents the greatest weight

Address

the location of a data element in a storage device; often used in data structures

Least Significant Digit

the rightmost byte in a multiple-byte data item containing digits of the lowest weight

Numeric Range

the set of all data values that can be represented by a data-encoding method

Collating Sequence

the specific order for assigning numeric codes to characters or symbols