ISDS705: ISMG Chapter 12: A Manager's Guide to the Internet and Telecommunications
What is hypertext markup language?
".html". html is the language used to create and format (render) Web pages
(T/F): Satellite systems show promise in providing high-speed access to underserved parts of the world, but few satellite broadband providers have been successful so far.
True
(T/F): TCP/IP doesn't care about the transition media. This allows networks of different types—copper, fiber, and wireless—to connect to and participate in the Internet.
True
Name the two dominant 3G standards. What are the differences between the two? Which firms in your nation support each standard?
3G standards can be narrowed down to two camps: those based on the dominant worldwide standard called GSM (global system for mobile communications) and the runner-up standards based on CDMA (code division multiplex access). Most of Europe and a good chunk of the rest of the world use GSM. In the United States, AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM-based 3G. Verizon Wireless and Sprint use the CDMA 3G standard. Typically, handsets designed for one network can't be used on networks supporting the other standard. CDMA has an additional limitation in not being able to use voice and data at the same time.
How can 4G technology help cable firms? Why might it hurt them?
4G could also rewrite the landscape for home broadband competition. If speeds increase, it may be possible for PCs, laptops, and set-top boxes (STB) to connect to the Internet wirelessly via 4G, cutting into DSL, cable, and fiber markets.
Name the two dominant 4G standards. Which firms in your nation will support the respective standards?
4G technologies also fall into two standards camps: LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). LTE looks like the global winner. In the United States, every major wireless firm, except for Sprint, is betting on LTE victory. Bandwidth for the service rivals what we'd consider fast cable a few years back. Average speeds range from 5 to 12 Mbps for downloads and 2 to 5 Mbps for upload, although Verizon tests in Boston and Seattle showed download speeds as high as 50 Mbps and upload speeds reaching 25 Mbps
In 2009, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) redefined broadband as having a minimum speed of?
768 (roughly 14 times the speed of those old 56 Kbps modems).
Does a file need to be html?
A file, however, doesn't need to be .html; Web servers can deliver just about any type of file: Acrobat documents (.pdf), PowerPoint documents (.ppt or .pptx), Word docs (.doc or .docx), JPEG graphic images (.jpg), even malware programs that attack your PC. At some Web addresses, the file displays content for every visitor, and at others (like amazon.com), a file will contain programs that run on the Web server to generate custom content just for you. You don't always type
What is Amdahl's Law?
A system's speed is determined by its slowest component.
What is NAT (network address translation)?
A technique to help delay the impact of the IP address drought. NAT (network address translation) uses a gateway that allows multiple devices to share a single IP address. But NAT slows down Internet access and is complex, cumbersome, and expensive to administer.
Why would you load a default host?
so you can often eliminate the host name if you want to go to the most popular host on a site (the default host is almost always named "www")
What are fiber-copper hybrids?
Cable firms are also creating so-called fiber-copper hybrids that run higher-speed fiber-optic lines into neighborhoods, then use lower-cost, but still relatively high-speed, copper infrastructure over short distances to homes (Hansell, 2009). Those are fast networks, but they are also very expensive to build, since cable firms are laying entirely new lines into neighborhoods instead of leveraging the infrastructure that they've already got in place.
What is GEO satellites?
GEO satellites circle the earth in a fixed, or stationary, orbit above a given spot on the globe, but to do so they must be positioned at a distance that is roughly equivalent to the planet's circumference. That means signals travel the equivalent of an around-the-world trip to reach the satellite and then the same distance to get to the user. The "last mile" became the last 44,000 miles at best. And if you used a service that also provided satellite upload as well as download, double that to about 88,000 miles. All that distance means higher latency (more delay)
What is Broadband?
High-speed last-mile technologies are often referred to as broadband Internet access
What advantages could broadband offer to underserved areas of the world? Is Internet access important for economic development? Why or why not?
Higher employment and reduced isolation. Depends on the area you live in.
What is an IP address?
Internet Protocol. A device gets its IP address from whichever organization is currently connecting it to the Internet. Connect using a laptop at your university and your school will assign the laptop's IP address. Connect at a hotel, and the hotel's Internet service provider lends your laptop an IP address. Laptops and other end-user machines might get a different IP address each time they connect, but the IP addresses of servers rarely change. It's OK if you use different IP addresses during different online sessions because services like e-mail and Facebook identify you by your username and password. The IP address simply tells the computers that you're communicating with where they can find you right now. IP addresses can also be used to identify a user's physical location, to tailor search results, and to customize advertising.
If the network at your university, your employer, or in your home has Internet access, where does it connect?
Internet service provider (ISP). *ISPs are big telecommunications companies like Verizon, Comcast, and AT&T. These providers connect to one another, exchanging traffic, and ensuring your messages can get to any other computer that's online and willing to communicate with you.
What is UDP (user datagram protocol)?
Packets are small enough that if one packet doesn't arrive, you can ignore it and move on to the next without too much quality disruption. A protocol called UDP (user datagram protocol) does exactly this, working as a TCP stand-in when you've got the need for speed, and are willing to sacrifice quality. If you've ever watched a Web video or had a Web-based phone call and the quality got sketchy, it's probably because there were packet problems, but UDP kept on chugging, making the "get it fast" instead of "get it perfect" trade-off.
What is the coaxial cable or coax?
Roughly 90 percent of U.S. homes are serviced by a cable provider, each capable of using a thick copper wire to offer broadband access. That wire (called a coaxial cable or coax) has shielding that reduces electrical interference, allowing cable signals to travel longer distances without degrading and with less chance of interference than conventional telephone equipment.
What Connects the Routers and computers?
Routers are connected together, either via cables or wirelessly. A cable connecting a computer in a home or office is probably copper (likely what's usually called an Ethernet cable), with transmissions sent through the copper via electricity. Long-haul cables, those that carry lots of data over long distances, are usually fiberoptic lines—glass lined cables that transmit light (light is faster and travels farther distances than electricity, but fiber-optic networking equipment is more expensive than the copper-electricity kind). Wireless transmission can happen via Wi-Fi (for shorter distances), or cell phone tower or satellite over longer distances. But the beauty of the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) is that it doesn't matter what the actual transmission media are. As long as your routing equipment can connect any two networks, and as long as that equipment "speaks" IP, then you can be part of the Internet.
What does the "s" in "https" stand for?
Secure. That means that communications between your browser and server will be encrypted for safe transmission.
What is the only long-term solution to help with the IP Address Drought?
Shifting to a new IP scheme. Fortunately, one was developed more than a decade ago. IPv6 increases the possible address space from the 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses used in the current system (called IPv4) to a new theoretical limit of 2128 addresses, which is a really big number—bigger than 34 with 37 zeros after it. But not all the news is good. Unfortunately, IPv6 isn't backward compatible with IPv4, and the transition to the new standard has been painfully slow. This gives us the equivalent of many islands of IPv6 in a sea of IPv4, with translation between the two schemes happening when these networks come together. While most modern hardware and operating systems providers now support IPv6, converting a network to IPv6 currently involves a lot of cost with little short-term benefit (Shankland, 2009). Upgrading may take years and is likely to result in rollout problems. David Conrad, a general manager at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), the agency that grants permission to use IP addresses, has said, "I suspect we are actually beyond a reasonable time frame where there won't be some disruption. It's just a question of how much" (Arnoldy, 2007)
What is TCP/IP?
Sometimes referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP and IP are built into any device that a user would use to connect to the Internet—from handhelds to desktops to supercomputers—and together TCP/IP make Internet working happen.
(T/F): Routers are special computing devices that forward packets from one location to the next. Routers are typically connected with more than one outbound path, so in case one path becomes unavailable, an alternate path can be used.
True
What is "the last mile problem" in cable?
The "last mile" is a phrase used by telco/cable TV/Internet industries to refer to the final leg of the networks delivering communications connectivity to retail customers (the part that actually reaches the customer). The last mile is often stated in terms of the "last-mile problem" because the end link between consumers and connectivity has proved to be disproportionately expensive to solve.
What is the domain name service (DNS)?
The domain name service is a distributed database that looks up the host and domain names that you enter and returns the actual IP address for the computer that you want to communicate with. . It's like a big, hierarchical set of phone books capable of finding Web servers, e-mail servers, and more. These "phone books" are called nameservers—and when they work together to create the DNS, they can get you anywhere you need to go online.
What is the role of the http protocol?
The http protocol defines how Web browser and Web servers communicate and is designed to be independent from the computer's hardware and operating system. It doesn't matter if messages come from a PC, a Mac, a huge mainframe, or a pocket-sized smartphone; if a device speaks to another using a common protocol, then it will be heard and understood.
What is a hyper transfer protocol?
The http:// you see at the start of most Web addresses
What is VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)?
The increasing speed and reliability of the Internet means that applications such as Internet phone calls
What is the problem with fiber?
The problem with fiber is that unlike cable or DSL copper, fiber to the home networks weren't already in place.
What is a cache?
The system also remembers what it's done so the next time you need the IP address of a host you've already looked up, your computer can pull this out of a storage space called a cache, avoiding all those nameserver visits. Caches are periodically cleared and refreshed to ensure that data referenced via the DNS stays accurate.
What is the host?
Think of the host as the computer you're looking for on that network.
(T/F): An explosion of high-bandwidth mobile applications is straining 3G networks. 4G systems may alleviate congestion by increasing capacities to near-cable speeds. Fentocells are another technology that can improve service by providing a personal mobile phone hotspot that can plug into in-home broadband access.
True
(T/F): Cable firms and phone companies can leverage existing wiring for cable broadband and DSL service, respectively. Cable services are often criticized for shared bandwidth. DSL's primary limitation is that it only works within a short distance of telephone office equipment.
True
(T/F): Decentralization, fault tolerance, and redundancy help keep the network open and reliable.
True
(T/F): Every device connected to the Internet has an IP address. These addresses are assigned by the organization that connects the user to the Internet. An IP address may be assigned temporarily, for use only during that online session.
True
(T/F): Fiber to the home can be very fast but very expensive to build.
True
(T/F): Host and domain names are not case sensitive, so you can use a combination of upper and lower case letters and you'll still get to your destination.
True
(T/F): Many firms in the finance industry have developed automated trading models that analyze data and execute trades without human intervention. Speeds substantially less than one second may be vital to capitalizing on market opportunities, so firms are increasingly moving equipment into collocation facilities that provide high-speed connectivity to other trading systems.
True
(T/F): Net neutrality is the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally. Google and other firms say it is vital to maintain the openness of the Internet. Telecommunications firms say they should be able to limit access to services that overtax their networks, and some have suggested charging Google and other Internet firms for providing access to their customers.
True
(T/F): Registering a domain that uses someone else's trademark in an attempt to extract financial gain is considered cybersquatting. The United States and other nations have anticybersquatting laws, and ICANN has a dispute resolution system that can overturn domain name claims if a registrant is considered to be cybersquatting.
True
(T/F): TCP/IP, or the Internet protocol suite, helps get perfect copies of Internet transmissions from one location to another. TCP works on the ends of transmission, breaking up transmissions up into manageable packets at the start and putting them back together while checking quality at the end. IP works in the middle, routing packets to their destination.
True
(T/F): The ability to swap in new applications, protocols, and media files gives the network tremendous flexibility.
True
(T/F): The domain name system is a distributed, fault-tolerant system that uses nameservers to map host/domain name combinations to IP addresses.
True
(T/F): The slowest part of the Internet is typically the last mile, not the backbone. While several technologies can offer broadband service over the last mile, the United States continues to rank below many other nations in terms of access speed, availability, and price.
True
(T/F): The two major 3G standards (popularly referred to as GSM and CDMA) will be replaced by two unrelated 4G standards (LTE and WiMAX). GSM has been the dominant 3G technology worldwide. LTE looks like it will be the leading 4G technology.
True
(T/F): UDP is a replacement for TCP, used when it makes sense to sacrifice packet quality for delivery speed. It's often used for media streaming.
True
(T/F): URLs may list the application protocol, host name, domain name, path name, and file name, in that order. Path and file names are case sensitive.
True
(T/F): VoIP allows voice and phone systems to become an application traveling over the Internet. This is allowing many firms to save money on phone calls and through the elimination of old, inefficient circuit-switched networks. As Internet applications, VoIP phone systems can also have additional features that circuitswitched networks lack. The primary limitation of many VoIP systems is quality of service.
True
(T/F): We're running out of IP addresses. The current scheme (IPv4) is being replaced by IPv6, a scheme that will give us many more addresses and additional feature benefits but is not backward compatible with the IPv4 standard. Transitioning to IPv6 will be costly and take time.
True
(T/F): You don't buy a domain name but can register it, paying for a renewable right to use that domain name. Domains need to be registered within a generic top-level domain such as ".com" or ".org" or within a two character country code top-level domain such as ".uk," ".ly," or ".md."
True
(T/F): • A domain name represents an organization. Hosts are public services offered by that organization. Hosts are often thought of as a single computer, although many computers can operate under a single host name and many hosts can also be run off a single computer
True
(T/F): • The Internet is a network of networks. Internet service providers connect with one another to share traffic, enabling any Internet-connected device to communicate with any other.
True
What is the difference between TCP and UDP? Why would you use one over the other?
UDP packets are sent with no verification method while TCP packets require verification of receipt.
Would you recommend a VoIP phone system to your firm or University? Why or why not? What are the advantages? What are the disadvantages? Can you think of possible concerns or benefits not mentioned in this section? Research these concerns online and share your finding with your instructor.
VoIP allows voice and phone systems to become an application traveling over the Internet. This is allowing many firms to save money on phone calls and through the elimination of old, inefficient circuit-switched networks. As Internet applications, VoIP phone systems can also have additional features that circuitswitched networks lack. The primary limitation of many VoIP systems is quality of service.
If you want to communicate with another computer on the Internet then your computer needs to know the answer to three questions:
What are you looking for? Where is it? And how do we get there? The computers and software that make up Internet infrastructure can help provide the answers. Let's look at how it all comes together.
What is peering?
When different ISPs connect their networking equipment together to share traffic. Peering usually takes place at neutral sites called Internet exchange points (IXPs), although some firms also have private peering points.
What is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)?
Where you type an address into a Web browser (Called URL), you're telling your browser what you're looking for.
What is terrestrial wireless?
Wireless systems provided by earth-bound base stations like cell phone towers, but it is possible to provide telecommunications services via satellite
What's the difference between LEO satellite systems and the type of system used by O3b? What are the pros and cons of these efforts? Conduct some additional research. What is the status of O3b and other satellite broadband efforts?
Worcester Technical High BIOTECH BIOTECH 101 Q4 Research the status of Google Fiber Report updated findings to your class Q4 research the status of google fiber report updated SchoolWorcester Technical High Course TitleBIOTECH 101 Uploaded Byrooneyjared Pages5 Ratings 100% (1) This preview shows page 3 - 5 out of 5 pages. View full document See Page 1 4.Q4) Research the status of Google Fiber. Report updated findings to your class. Why do you suppose Google is becoming an ISP? What other Internet access experiments has thefirm been involved in?Google Fiber is known for being a new fiber-optic internet and television service from Google offered in select cities that provides up to 1Gbps internet speeds (both upload anddownload). According to Google, the Gigabit internet speeds are up to 100 times faster than the average broadband speeds in place today. Google Fiber is the 5th largest fiber-optic provider in the United States, offers service in 10 states (Kentucky, Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Texas, Utah, Kansas, Missouri, California) and operates in by offers service in 410 zip codes nationwide with a five hundred seventy one million dollar revenue. I believe that Google is becoming an ISP (Internet Service Provider) because obviously they are known for being one of the search engine titans dominating the online world, currently making their way into consumer houses with tablets, computers, AI assistants, and even phones. And with Googles only other visible way to make another impact/penetration in consumers' homes/market to not only stay relevant in consumer lives and have an advantage compared to other competition is to become their internet provider. In which they really have made the effort to operate in the different markets to generate as much revenue. Although this is not the first time that Google has made an internet access experiment as Google announced its Project Loon back in 2015. Its overall mission was being able to extend balloon flight times and add mobile connectivity to the service to remote and urban areas. As a result, Google's expectations are flying even higher than the 60,000-foot strata where its balloons live.5.Q5) What is the difference between LEO satellite systems and the type of system used by O3b? What are the pros and cons of these efforts? Conduct some additional research. What is the status of O3b and other satellite broadband efforts? The difference between GEO satellite systems and the type of system used by O3b is that:GEO satellite systems circle the earth in a fixed, or stationary, orbit above a given spot on the globe, but must be positioned at a distance that is roughly equivalent to the planets circumference, meaning that the signals travel the equivalent of around-the-world trip to reach the satellite and then the same distance to get to the user. And if you used a service that also provided satellite upload as well as download, all that distance means higher latency (delay) which is about forty-four thousand and eighty-eight thousand miles. In addition, many satellites systems require a "line-of-site dish, in which nothing can obstruct the path of the signal which weather has been known tobe a major obstruction. While O3b:O3b is a newer generation of satellite providers trying to overcome the weakness of the past. As it stands for "Other 3 Billion" known for the worlds population that lacks broadband internet access. As these "MEO" "Middle Earth Orbit" satellites will circlecloser to the earth to reduce "latency" to about five thousand miles compared to GEO satellites. And to maintain such low orbit, they orbit faster than the planet spins and with about 20 satellites they keep the region in a constant blanket of connectivity.Pros: GEO Satellites - Get high temporal resolution data, tracking of the satellite by its earth stations is simplified and satellite always in same position.Pros: O3b - more coverage, less delay due to shorter distance, and constant coverage if one satellite were to be down. Cons: GEO Satellites- Radio signals take approximately 0.25 of a second to reach andreturn from the satellite, incomplete geographical coverage, since ground stations at higher than roughly 60 degrees latitude have difficulty reliably receiving signals at low elevations. Satellite dish at such high latitudes would need to be pointed almost directly towards the horizon.Cones: O3b Satellites- Funding as O3b satellite telecom companies have had issues with initial backers and change of CEO's. As to a reason there are only a few compared to GEO Satellites. As for the current status of O3b and other satellite broadband efforts, it that O3b is from the research I have done, is that they have had success as launches have occurred as Tesla owner Elon Musk plans to exceed numbers in the following years.
Can Domains have different hosts?
Yes! For example, Yahoo!'s main Web site is served from the host named "www" (at the address http://www.yahoo.com), but Yahoo! also runs other hosts including those named "finance" (finance.yahoo.com), "sports" (sports.yahoo.com), and "games" (games.yahoo.com).
What is the Internet?
a network of networks
What is ICANN (internet Corporation for Assigning Names and Numbers)?
a nonprofit governance and standards-setting body. Each registrar may be granted the ability to register domain names in one or more of the Net's generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as ".com," ".net," or ".org." There are dozens of registrars that can register ".com" domain names, the most popular gTLD
What is a protcol?
a set of rules for communication—sort of like grammar and vocabulary in a language like English.
What are Web hosting services?
are able to run your Web site on their Internet-connected servers for a fee.
What are packets?
are like little envelopes containing part of the entire transmission—they're labeled with a destination address (where it's going) and a source address (where it came from).
How are IP addresses usually displayed?
as a string of four numbers between 0 and 255, separated by three periods.
How can you stake your domain name claim in cyberspace?
by going through a firm called a domain name registrar. You don't really buy a domain name; you simply pay a registrar for the right to use that name, with the right renewable over time.
Why is it important to understand how the Internet and networking works?
can help you brainstorm new products and services and understand roadblocks that might limit turning your ideas into reality. Examples: Marketing professionals who know how the Internet reaches consumers have a better understanding of how technologies can be used to find and target customers. Finance firms that rely on trading speed to move billions in the blink of an eye need to master Internet infrastructure to avoid being swept aside by more nimble market movers. And knowing how the Internet works helps all managers understand where their firms are vulnerable. In most industries today, if your network goes down then you might as well shut your doors and go home; it's nearly impossible to get anything done if you can't get online. Managers who know the Net are prepared to take the appropriate steps to secure their firms and keep their organization constantly connected.
What is File Transfer Protocol (FTP)?
developed to allow for file transfers between a client and a server. FTP is how most Web developers upload the Web pages, graphics, and other files for their Web sites.
How do you read a typical URL? http://www.nytimes.com/tech/index.html
http:// - Called Application transfer protocol www. - host name nytimes - Domain name .com - top-level domain /tech - path /index.html - file
When did the Internet really take off?
in the 1990s, when graphical Web browsing was invented, and much of the Internet's operating infrastructure was transitioned to be supported by private firms rather than government grants.
What is internet backbone?
is made of fiber-optic lines that carry data traffic over long distances. Those lines are pretty speedy. In fact, several backbone providers, including AT&T and Verizon, are rolling out infrastructure with 100 Gbps transmission speeds (that's enough to transmit a two-hour high-definition [HD] movie in about eight seconds)
What is ".edu" restricted to?
is restricted to U.S.-accredited, postsecondary institutions
What is Fiber to the home (FTTH)?
is the fastest last-mile technology around. It also works over long distances.
What is the potential weakness of cable technology?
lies in the fact that most residential providers use a system that requires customers to share bandwidth with neighbors
Assigning several computers to a host name offers what?
load balancing and fault tolerance, helping ensure that all visits to a popular site like http://www.google.com won't overload a single computer, or that Google doesn't go down if one computer fails.
What is the wireless spectrum?
or airwave frequency space
What is bandwidth?
referring to data transmission speeds. Bandwidth is often expressed in bits per second, or bps.
What is cybersquatting?
registering a domain name to profit from someone else's firm name or trademark, which is illegal.
What is Digital subscriber line (DSL)?
technology uses the copper wire the phone company has already run into most homes. Even as customers worldwide are dropping their landline phone numbers, the wires used to provide this infrastructure can still be used for broadband. DSL speeds vary depending on the technology deployed. Worldwide speeds may range from 7 Mbps to as much as 100 Mbps (albeit over very short distances)
What is the file's purpose?
the file is the name of the file you're looking for.
What is the domain name?
the name of the network you're trying to connect to
What does the path do?
the path maps to a folder location where the file is stored on the server
What was the Internet designed to be?
to be redundant and fault-tolerant—meaning that if one network, connecting wire, or server stops working, everything else should keep on running.
What is the job of IP (Internet protocol)?
to route the packets to their final destination, and those packets might have to travel over several networks to get to where they're going. The relay work is done via special computers called routers, and these routers speak to each other and to other computers using IP (since routers are connected to the Internet, they have IP addresses, too. Some are even named). Every computer on the Internet is connected to a router, and all routers are connected to at least one (and usually more than one) other router, linking up the networks that make up the Internet.
What is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)?
works its magic at the start and endpoint of the trip—on both your computer and on the destination computer you're communicating with. Let's say a Web server wants to send you a large Web page. The Web server application hands the Web page it wants to send to its own version of TCP. TCP then slices up the Web page into smaller chunks of data called packets (or datagrams). The packets are like little envelopes containing part of the entire transmission—they're labeled with a destination address (where it's going) and a source address (where it came from).
