Islam

6 articles of faith

1. Belief in Allah 2. Belief in Malaika (angels) 3. Belief in the divine books 4. Belief in the prophets 5. Belief in the coming judgement and resurrection 6. Belief in Allah's foreknowledge and supreme will

3 divine texts that preceded Qur'an? What do many Muslims believe about them?

Were Tawrat (torah), Zabur (songs/hymns of praise) and Injil (message of Isa to Jews) Muslims believe that the texts were misinterpreted but respect them

The Night Journey

divine dream encounter where Muhammad lead by Jibril with flying horse to Jerusalem + heaven Met Ibrahim, Musa, Isa

What does Allah mean + why does it matter that we know this

means "the g-d" + important b/c true name must not be written and Allah must not be drawn

Meaning of word hafiz

memorizer

Alevism

minority sect which may or may not be seen as Islamic diverse beliefs & loosely organized face persecution for undermining standard rituals before 20th century lived in isolation but now 1/3 live in Turkey

What are at least 4 significant contributions to world knowledge made by Muslim mathematicians, physicians, scientists, and inventors?

modern surgical instruments, making hospitals, understanding systems of human body, concept that Earth was round

Sharia

moral + religious law describes by religious texts. Has topics like prayer, hygiene, and dietary rules. Some Muslim-majority countries have sharia w/ their legal systems

Sunni Islam

most Muslims in world (85-90%) may trace lineage to those supported 1st caliph after Muhammad (Abu Bakr) Suni comes from sunna which means path Sunni Islam world's largest sect

Shia Islam

mostly from Iran + Iraq believe 1st caliph should have been Ali ibn Abi (was 4th) Believe Ali is 2nd most important person in religion Ali and descendants known as 12 Imams Sunni + Shia practices similar but few vary like salat is only practices 3 times by Shia

Salafism

movement in SUnni Islam against Western influence follow Muhammad's conduct, practices, support Sharia, don't accept beliefs mixed w/ society is fast growing movement in Islam antiwestern, conservative

Imam

religious leader or scholar

Hadith

source of Islamic law based on life + teachings of Muhammad. Seen as meaningful. Sunni and Shia accept different Hadith teachings.

Jinn

spirits of free will + fire that can interact with other humans & angels. Made by Allah and may be good or bad.

Sufism

started in Turkey w/ objective to get closer to Allah thru asceticism and meditation Use rituals, chanting, dancing - to get connection Have own practices (whirling dervishes) + Muslim practices like Quakerism

6 things Islam shares w/ Judaism and/or Christianity

1. Muslims honor Isa as a prophet 2. Allah is believed to be the same g-d worshipped by Jews/Christians 3. All began in Middle East 4. All believe g-d revealed his word to prophets 5. All have common religious figures but have different names 6. Muslims believe in afterlife like Christians

Muharram

10-day festival for new year last day is called Ashura (fasting day) Shia Muslims honor day as death of Muhammad's grandson Mourning

2 ways Muslim telling of Creation story to Jewish/Christian genesis account

Allah created universe in 6 days, made 1st humans (Adam and Eve)

What are the hadith and what is their role in Islam?

Are narrations of Muhammad's sayings and deeds. Hadith is also a secondary source of Islamic law based on Muhammad. Scholars had to figure out which were ethnic teachings and those that were forgeries. Shia and Sunnis believe in different hadiths.

Eid Al-Adha

August/September holiday that finishes Hajj last day of Islamic calender May sacrifice an animal (akin to Ibrahim sacrificing son to Allah) aka festival of sacrifice sensitive

2 ways Muslim Creation story different from Jewish/Christian

Iblis tempted Adam + Eve to eat fruit Allah forgave Adam and Eve for eating the fruit

How has the concept of jihad been redefined within Islam as a result of Islam's encounter with European Christianity and Western secularism?

Jihad initially seen as struggling/striving western society changed it to destroying western-style governments + establishing sharia

Laylat Al-Qadr

June/July (night of power) recognizes the day Muhammad received his 1st revelation. Happens during Ramadan. Muslims spend the night studying the Qur'an, seeking forgiveness, and praying. Intense

Eid Al-Fitr

June/July holiday recognizing end of Ramadan w/ a festival People wear best clothes, exchange cards & sweets Bring light to houses & offices joyful

When does Ramadan start this year?

May 26

Most central Muslim festivals celebrate events in the life of

Muhammad

Khadija

Muhammad's 1st wife Muhammad worked for her and she asked him to marry her

What's different from Muslim view of salvation from Christian

Muslims may say that the dead will be resurrected to be judged for where they will go for afterlife unlike Christians

PBUH

Peace be upon him

Imams in Shia vs in Sunni

Shia - more revered, chosen by Allah, same authority as Muhammad's descendants, started w/ Ali Sunni - leads prayers, officiates weddings, oversees prayer services

What is Islam generally based on?

Submission to the will of Allah

How are the physical copies of the Qur'an treated and why?

With great care/reverence. Taught that Qur'an is w/ Allah. Qur'an must not be left on the floor - always on the top of a bookshelf. Qur'an is carried around in a protective bag. Muslims may only carry a Qur'an w/ them if they preform Wudu.

Iblis/Shaytan

a jinn who refused to bow to first people + thrown out of jannah. Tries to entice humans and jinn to evil - believed to be father of all jinn.

Nation of Islam

an American movement that combines texts and improving civil rights founded by D. Ford Muhammad + rose thru activism had 50,000 members + founder is seen as Messiah + Mahd (successor to Muhammad) Malcolm X was a member

Zakat

an almsgiving that can be a tax regulated by the government in a muslim-majority country Muslims believe generosity is an act of generosity towards Allah Zakat is about 2.5% income/assets

Hijra (622 CE)

an escape from assassination by Muhammad and his followers, Went to Medina and converted it to monotheism + under Sharia; start of Islamic calendar

Mosque

are of education & worship Have prayer halls for Salat & rituals also have a mihrab (niche) showing direction of Mecca

Why did Mecca's rulers and merchants oppose Muhammad's message of monotheism?

b/c twas a threat to rulers + economy (merchants get money from pilgrims and monotheism would take away pilgrims)

Indonesia

biggest Muslim country in world

Mecca

birthplace of Muhammad; had idols once worshipped by enemies but were destroyed when Mecca taken back by Muslims

Druze

came out of Shia + became different religion believes that their practices are better than Islam, Christianity, Judaism believe in reincarnation + practices diff. from Islam religious texts only known to special people live all over world

Mawlid

celebrating Muhammad's birthday w/ parades, feasts, stories of prophet Shia & Sunnis observe this holiday differently

Muezzin

chosen from mosque to call Muslims to prayer

What is the history of the Qur'an's origin and how it got written down?

compilation of revelations that Muhammad had received over 22 years. Qur'an assembled after his death by those who wrote it were those who had heard Muhammad retell his experiences.

Jannah

entrance to salvation for those who follow Allah. Islam does not have original sin (is paradise w/ several levels)

diff. btwn hijab and burqa

hijab - square-shaped cloth covering head + chest burqa - full-body covering w/ veil covering all but eyes

Rusul

human messengers & prophets of Allah Qur'an mentions 25

5 pillars of Islam are viewed as the foundational acts of _________________ (worship) - in other words, the ______________________ religious obligation of a Muslim.

ibadah; minimum

Malaika

made of light and no free will. Serve allah and are mentioned in the articles of faith and Qur'an.

In Islam, holy days and festival dates are based on a _____________ calendar, which is several days shorter than the _______________ calendar. As a result, the time of year during which these observances occur _____________ from year to year.

lunar, solar, varies

Mihrab

niche in mosque indicating where Mecca is

Kharijites

originated from these who killed 3rd caliph name means exit since sect separate from Islam believe caliph must be pure w/ no reference to background today members come from Oman, Zanzibar, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya

Hajj

pilgrimage to Mecca that able-bodied Muslims must do at least once Happens after Ramadan Men wear ihram and women wear white/traditional clothing Hajj has purification rituals over 5 days Is the largest gathering site for people in the world w/ moe than 3 million each year

Jahannam

place of those who denied Allah, disobeyed him, + rejected prophets. Has a tree called Zaqqum w/ fruit that's painful.

Kaaba

place where idols were once kept & attracted pilgrims (for idols)

Sawm

practice of fasting Able-bodied Muslims must give up food/drinks/relations from dawn-dusk Fasting is believed to bring spiritual purification, restraint, disciple, empathy

Salat

proclamation of Allah's greatness 5 times a day may be lead by a muezzin from a minaret Face towards Mecca while praying

Muhammad

prophet who had an encounter w/ Jibril + learned of Allah. Spread the news of Allah and was persecuted

Shahadah

public confession saying that Allah is only g-d & Muhammad is a messenger. Must be announced to 2 or more Muslims Confession must happen at least once to convert

Meaning of word Qur'an

recitation

Allah

supreme g-d that must be worshipped + to worship another was treason

Islam means _____________. Personal submission to __________________________________ is at the heart of the faith.

surrender ; the will of Allah

Guiding principle for both Men and Women

to cover specific areas of the body book says - main principle is modesty

Minaret

tower in a mosque that has a balcony where a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer

What is the theological basis for the lively, productive scholarship of Islamic culture?

understanding the world made by Allah

Qur'an

written work of Muhammad's revelations & compiled by Muhammad's followers. Qur'an is written in arabic + is treated with great care/respect. Believed to exist in afterlife

610 CE

year Muhammad saw Jibril, learned Qur'an, and instructions to spread word