ISSA Exam

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autonomic nervous system

1/2 division of the PNS responsible for involuntary functions and movement divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

sympathetic nervous system

1/2 of the autonomic nervous system activated by stress related activities "fight or flight" - elevates heart rate and increases cellular metabolism

parasympathetic nervous system

1/2 of the autonomic nervous system control of the body systems at rest "rest and digest"

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts or binds other tissues or organs

What does the "A" in SMART goals stand for?

Achievable

What stage of change is someone in if they are engaging in a new behavior and have been doing so for less than six months?

Action

Which psychological need in the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is described as the basic need to feel in control of one's own behavior and goals?

Autonomy

outcome goal

Directed towards the end result - a specific desired outcome

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many gut and internal organs of the body

SMART principle

Outlines that goals/objectives must be specific, measurable, achievable (attainable), relevant and time-bound

brain stem

The "trunk" of the brain comprised of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord

Biomechanics

The study of the mechanical laws governing movement in living organisms

Transtheoretical Model

a behavioral change model focused on the stages of change, the process of changing behavior, self-efficiency, and the decision balance - stages of change, processes of change, self-efficiency, decisional balance

rapport

a close, harmonious relationship in which all parties involved understand each others feelings and communicate well

motivational interviewing

a collaborative, client-focused method of guiding a client toward self-identified motivation or change

OARS Model

a communication model for motivational interviewing that includes the following O: ask open ended questions A: affirm what client is thinking R: listen reflectively S: summarize

diabetes

a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood

self-determination theory

a general theory of human motivation that suggests a person is motivated to change by three basic psychological needs to autonomy, competence, and relatedness

subjective goal

a goal based on a subjective outcome that will be dependent on the interpretation of the individual client

objective goal

a goal based on an objective, quantifiable data that can be measured and evaluated

process goal

a goal where the focus is on the process or action that will lead to the desired end result

type 2 diabetes

a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin

automated external defibrillator

a portable electronic device that can identify and electrically correct heart arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, and tachycardia

implementation intention

a present plan that links critical situations such as obstacles to the goal directed process

stages of change

a series of temporal stages of readiness that a person progresses through during the behavior change process - pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

motor unit

a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

heart disease

a term used to describe several different heart conditions

axon

a thin tail-like structure that connects to the cell body of the neuron and conducts nerve impulses

which two neurons is the PNS comprised off

afferent neurons efferent neurons

obesity

an abnormal or excessive accumulation of bodyfat that may cause additional health risks

joint

an articulation between two bones in the body

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

an emergency procedure involving chest compressions, and often, artificial ventilation to circulate blood and preserve brain function in an individual in cardiac arrest

action potential

an explosion of electrical activity caused by a neural impulse

myelin sheath

around an axon - insulates the pathway and increases the speed at which impulses are sent and received

frontal lobe

at the front of the brain involved in motor control, emotion, and language

occipital lobe

back of the brain responsible for vision

Vertebrae

bones of the spine

spinal nerves

bundles of nerves connected to the spinal cord carrying information toward the periphery

two parts of the nervous system

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

three parts of the human brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

metabolism

chemical processes within the body that convert food to energy

Ganglia

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS act as a relay for nerve signals nerves enter and deliver a signal while another nerve within the ganglia receives the signal and moves that signal on from the ganglia to the next site

endomysium

connective tissue covering each muscle fiber

parietal lobe

directly behind the frontal lobe involved in processing sensory information

When communicating with clients, what type of communication must be constructive and effective to improve competence?

feedback

Cartilage

firm, flexible connective tissue that pads. and protects joints and structural components of the body

cerebrospinal fluid

fluid that acts as a cushion and protects the brain and spinal cord

Each hemisphere is divided into 4 parts

frontal parietal temporal occipital

motor cortex

frontal lobe responsible for planning and coordination of movement

prefrontal cortex

frontal lobe responsible for problem solving, impulsivity, attention, and language

motor unit pool

grouping of all motor units that activate a particular muscle or muscle group

hypertension

high blood pressure reading more. than 140/90mm hg

What type of motivation is driven by personal enjoyment and satisfaction?

intrinsic motivation

left hemisphere functions

language logical processing science and math controls muscles on the right side

alpha motor neurons

motor neurons originating in the brain stem and spinal cord that initiate muscle contractions

efferent neurons

motor neurons sending information from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement Test Tip: efferent signals EXIT the SNS. (efferent, exit)

sensory neurons

nerve cells involved. in communicating tactile, auditory, or visual information

interneurons

nerve cells that connect neurons to other neurons

motor neurons

nerve cells that initiate muscle contractions activate glands

Mechanoreceptors

nervous system receptors responding to mechanical stimuli such as sound or touch

neuroglia

nervous tissue cells in the brain and spinal cord that form a supporting structure for the neurons and provide them with insulation

neurons

nervous tissue the most fundamental component of the brain and nervous system capable of transmitting information to and from other neurons, muscles, and glands

Neurosecretory tissue

neurons that translate neural signals into chemical stimuli

somatosensory cortex

parietal lobe processes sensations like pain, temperature, and touch

cell body

part of a neuron the core and central structure of a neuron containing a nucleus and other specialized organelles that aid in nervous system function

proprioception

perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body

What stage of change is someone in if they are in denial or ignorant to the fact that a change may be necessary?

pre-contemplation

What type of goal is focused on the necessary steps to achieve it?

process goal

open-ended quesetions

questions that require more than a yes or no answer and encourage the client to communicate the how or the why

what are the two main functions of the cranial and spinal nerves?

receiving sensory information along with sending and relaying motor and autonomic signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the body

Hypothalamus

region at the base of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis

Homeostasis

self-regulating process by which the body maintains the stability of its psysiological processes for the purpose of optimal function (pH, temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure)

internal stimuli

sensory input from within the body

afferent neurons

sensory neurons sending information from a stimulus to the SNS test tip: afferent signals arrive at the CNS (Afferent, arrive)

ligaments

short bands of tough but flexible fibrous connective tissue connecting two bones or cartilages or holding together a joint

which two divisions if the PNS divided into

somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system

right hemisphere functions

spacial perception creativity intuition controls muscles on the left side

tendons

strong, fibrous cords made of collagen that attach muscle to bone

What type of goal is open to interpretation by the client as opposed to being supported by measurable data?

subjective goal

cranial nerves

the 12 sensory and motor nerves extending directly from the brain

empathy

the ability to understand and share in the feelings of others

mechanical work

the amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force, and distance

auditory cortex

the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information

medulla oblongata

the base of the brain step responsible for involuntary functions like swallowing, sneezing, and heart function

competence

the basic need to feel a sense of mastery and operate effectively in an environment

training effect

the body's adaptation to the learned and expected stress imposed by physical activity

midbrain

the brain region responsible for motor movement and processing auditory and visual information (brain stem)

pons

the brain region responsible for posture, facial movement, and sleep

thalamus

the brain region responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals and regulating consciousness

self-efficiancy

the certainty of one's ability to accomplish a particular task

intrinsic motivaton

the drive to execute behaviors that are driven by internal or personal rewards

extrinsic motivation

the drive to perform certain behaviors based on external factors such as praise, recognition, money

nerve impulse

the electrical signals used for nerve communication

autonomy

the need for self governance and control over one's own behaviors

relatedness

the need to feel connected to and supported by others as well as a sense of belonging within a group

peripheral nervous system

the nerves and ganglia (relay areas for nerve signals) outside of the brain and spinal cord

cerebral cortex

the outer part of the cerebrum and is where most information processing happens

central nervous system

the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

excitation-contraction coupling

the physiological process of converting a neural impulse into a mechanical response

Decussation

the point of crossover from the nervous system in vertebrates located between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord (right side of the brain controls the left side of the body)

motivation

the reasons one has for behaving a certain way

chronic diseases

Conditions that last a year or more that may limit daily activities and / or requires ongoing medical attention

extrafusal muscle fibers

fibers that cause muscle contraction and mechanical work

external stimuli

sensory input from external sources

blood pressure

the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries during the two phases of the cardiac cycle

Z line

the lateral boundary of the sarcomere where the myofilament actin attaches

resting heart rate

the measure of heart rate when completely at rest

goal-setting

the process of identifying the clients ideal state, determining their current state, and defining the actions that must be taken to close the gap

monitoring

the process of observing and taking notice of routine behaviors that impact goal progress and achievement

example of an open-ended question?

How did you first notice you were gaining weight?

reflexes

not processed by the brain involuntary reactions to a stimulus that is processed directly within the spinal cord

visual cortex

occipital lobe responsible for processing visual information

temporal lobe

on the sides "near the temple" processes hearing, memory, emotion, and some parts of language

meninges

membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

myofibrils

parallel filaments that form a muscle

myofilaments

the filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosim

Dendrites

the receiving part of the neuron. rootlike structures branching out from the cell body that receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons

cerebellum

the region of the brain responsible for conscious motor coordination

glycogen

the stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles

cerebrum

uppermost and largest part of the brain consisting of a left and right hemisphere; responsible for receiving and processing sensory information and controlling the body

risk factors

variables associated with increased risk of disease or infection

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscles attached to bones via tendons that produces human movement

sarcoplasm

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

processes of change

the strategies and techniques that ca influence an individual's transition from one stage of change to the next - consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, social liberation, self liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control

all-or-none principle

the strength of a neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus so long as the neural threshold is achieved

myosin

the thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that bind to actin

actin

the thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract muscles

spinal cord

the tube of nervous tissue that extends from the brain to the bottom of the spine connection between brain and body protected by vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

sensory integration

the way the brain works to affect responses to neural input

nervous tissue

tissue found in the brain, spinal chord, and nerves that coordinates body activities plays a key role in the nervous system's ability to sense, analyze, and interpret information, and respond appropriately

somatic nervous system

1/2 division of the PNS in charge of controlling voluntary movement

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

organ systems

a group of organs working together to perform biological functions

behavior

an action that can be observed, measured, and modified

Sarcomere

Contractile unit of muscle tissue


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