ISSA Exam
autonomic nervous system
1/2 division of the PNS responsible for involuntary functions and movement divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
sympathetic nervous system
1/2 of the autonomic nervous system activated by stress related activities "fight or flight" - elevates heart rate and increases cellular metabolism
parasympathetic nervous system
1/2 of the autonomic nervous system control of the body systems at rest "rest and digest"
connective tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts or binds other tissues or organs
What does the "A" in SMART goals stand for?
Achievable
What stage of change is someone in if they are engaging in a new behavior and have been doing so for less than six months?
Action
Which psychological need in the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is described as the basic need to feel in control of one's own behavior and goals?
Autonomy
outcome goal
Directed towards the end result - a specific desired outcome
smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found inside many gut and internal organs of the body
SMART principle
Outlines that goals/objectives must be specific, measurable, achievable (attainable), relevant and time-bound
brain stem
The "trunk" of the brain comprised of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord
Biomechanics
The study of the mechanical laws governing movement in living organisms
Transtheoretical Model
a behavioral change model focused on the stages of change, the process of changing behavior, self-efficiency, and the decision balance - stages of change, processes of change, self-efficiency, decisional balance
rapport
a close, harmonious relationship in which all parties involved understand each others feelings and communicate well
motivational interviewing
a collaborative, client-focused method of guiding a client toward self-identified motivation or change
OARS Model
a communication model for motivational interviewing that includes the following O: ask open ended questions A: affirm what client is thinking R: listen reflectively S: summarize
diabetes
a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood
self-determination theory
a general theory of human motivation that suggests a person is motivated to change by three basic psychological needs to autonomy, competence, and relatedness
subjective goal
a goal based on a subjective outcome that will be dependent on the interpretation of the individual client
objective goal
a goal based on an objective, quantifiable data that can be measured and evaluated
process goal
a goal where the focus is on the process or action that will lead to the desired end result
type 2 diabetes
a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin
automated external defibrillator
a portable electronic device that can identify and electrically correct heart arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, and tachycardia
implementation intention
a present plan that links critical situations such as obstacles to the goal directed process
stages of change
a series of temporal stages of readiness that a person progresses through during the behavior change process - pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
motor unit
a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
heart disease
a term used to describe several different heart conditions
axon
a thin tail-like structure that connects to the cell body of the neuron and conducts nerve impulses
which two neurons is the PNS comprised off
afferent neurons efferent neurons
obesity
an abnormal or excessive accumulation of bodyfat that may cause additional health risks
joint
an articulation between two bones in the body
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
an emergency procedure involving chest compressions, and often, artificial ventilation to circulate blood and preserve brain function in an individual in cardiac arrest
action potential
an explosion of electrical activity caused by a neural impulse
myelin sheath
around an axon - insulates the pathway and increases the speed at which impulses are sent and received
frontal lobe
at the front of the brain involved in motor control, emotion, and language
occipital lobe
back of the brain responsible for vision
Vertebrae
bones of the spine
spinal nerves
bundles of nerves connected to the spinal cord carrying information toward the periphery
two parts of the nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
three parts of the human brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem
metabolism
chemical processes within the body that convert food to energy
Ganglia
clusters of cell bodies in the PNS act as a relay for nerve signals nerves enter and deliver a signal while another nerve within the ganglia receives the signal and moves that signal on from the ganglia to the next site
endomysium
connective tissue covering each muscle fiber
parietal lobe
directly behind the frontal lobe involved in processing sensory information
When communicating with clients, what type of communication must be constructive and effective to improve competence?
feedback
Cartilage
firm, flexible connective tissue that pads. and protects joints and structural components of the body
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid that acts as a cushion and protects the brain and spinal cord
Each hemisphere is divided into 4 parts
frontal parietal temporal occipital
motor cortex
frontal lobe responsible for planning and coordination of movement
prefrontal cortex
frontal lobe responsible for problem solving, impulsivity, attention, and language
motor unit pool
grouping of all motor units that activate a particular muscle or muscle group
hypertension
high blood pressure reading more. than 140/90mm hg
What type of motivation is driven by personal enjoyment and satisfaction?
intrinsic motivation
left hemisphere functions
language logical processing science and math controls muscles on the right side
alpha motor neurons
motor neurons originating in the brain stem and spinal cord that initiate muscle contractions
efferent neurons
motor neurons sending information from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement Test Tip: efferent signals EXIT the SNS. (efferent, exit)
sensory neurons
nerve cells involved. in communicating tactile, auditory, or visual information
interneurons
nerve cells that connect neurons to other neurons
motor neurons
nerve cells that initiate muscle contractions activate glands
Mechanoreceptors
nervous system receptors responding to mechanical stimuli such as sound or touch
neuroglia
nervous tissue cells in the brain and spinal cord that form a supporting structure for the neurons and provide them with insulation
neurons
nervous tissue the most fundamental component of the brain and nervous system capable of transmitting information to and from other neurons, muscles, and glands
Neurosecretory tissue
neurons that translate neural signals into chemical stimuli
somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe processes sensations like pain, temperature, and touch
cell body
part of a neuron the core and central structure of a neuron containing a nucleus and other specialized organelles that aid in nervous system function
proprioception
perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body
What stage of change is someone in if they are in denial or ignorant to the fact that a change may be necessary?
pre-contemplation
What type of goal is focused on the necessary steps to achieve it?
process goal
open-ended quesetions
questions that require more than a yes or no answer and encourage the client to communicate the how or the why
what are the two main functions of the cranial and spinal nerves?
receiving sensory information along with sending and relaying motor and autonomic signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the body
Hypothalamus
region at the base of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Homeostasis
self-regulating process by which the body maintains the stability of its psysiological processes for the purpose of optimal function (pH, temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure)
internal stimuli
sensory input from within the body
afferent neurons
sensory neurons sending information from a stimulus to the SNS test tip: afferent signals arrive at the CNS (Afferent, arrive)
ligaments
short bands of tough but flexible fibrous connective tissue connecting two bones or cartilages or holding together a joint
which two divisions if the PNS divided into
somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system
right hemisphere functions
spacial perception creativity intuition controls muscles on the left side
tendons
strong, fibrous cords made of collagen that attach muscle to bone
What type of goal is open to interpretation by the client as opposed to being supported by measurable data?
subjective goal
cranial nerves
the 12 sensory and motor nerves extending directly from the brain
empathy
the ability to understand and share in the feelings of others
mechanical work
the amount of energy transferred by a force, the product of force, and distance
auditory cortex
the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information
medulla oblongata
the base of the brain step responsible for involuntary functions like swallowing, sneezing, and heart function
competence
the basic need to feel a sense of mastery and operate effectively in an environment
training effect
the body's adaptation to the learned and expected stress imposed by physical activity
midbrain
the brain region responsible for motor movement and processing auditory and visual information (brain stem)
pons
the brain region responsible for posture, facial movement, and sleep
thalamus
the brain region responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals and regulating consciousness
self-efficiancy
the certainty of one's ability to accomplish a particular task
intrinsic motivaton
the drive to execute behaviors that are driven by internal or personal rewards
extrinsic motivation
the drive to perform certain behaviors based on external factors such as praise, recognition, money
nerve impulse
the electrical signals used for nerve communication
autonomy
the need for self governance and control over one's own behaviors
relatedness
the need to feel connected to and supported by others as well as a sense of belonging within a group
peripheral nervous system
the nerves and ganglia (relay areas for nerve signals) outside of the brain and spinal cord
cerebral cortex
the outer part of the cerebrum and is where most information processing happens
central nervous system
the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
excitation-contraction coupling
the physiological process of converting a neural impulse into a mechanical response
Decussation
the point of crossover from the nervous system in vertebrates located between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord (right side of the brain controls the left side of the body)
motivation
the reasons one has for behaving a certain way
chronic diseases
Conditions that last a year or more that may limit daily activities and / or requires ongoing medical attention
extrafusal muscle fibers
fibers that cause muscle contraction and mechanical work
external stimuli
sensory input from external sources
blood pressure
the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries during the two phases of the cardiac cycle
Z line
the lateral boundary of the sarcomere where the myofilament actin attaches
resting heart rate
the measure of heart rate when completely at rest
goal-setting
the process of identifying the clients ideal state, determining their current state, and defining the actions that must be taken to close the gap
monitoring
the process of observing and taking notice of routine behaviors that impact goal progress and achievement
example of an open-ended question?
How did you first notice you were gaining weight?
reflexes
not processed by the brain involuntary reactions to a stimulus that is processed directly within the spinal cord
visual cortex
occipital lobe responsible for processing visual information
temporal lobe
on the sides "near the temple" processes hearing, memory, emotion, and some parts of language
meninges
membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
myofibrils
parallel filaments that form a muscle
myofilaments
the filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosim
Dendrites
the receiving part of the neuron. rootlike structures branching out from the cell body that receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons
cerebellum
the region of the brain responsible for conscious motor coordination
glycogen
the stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles
cerebrum
uppermost and largest part of the brain consisting of a left and right hemisphere; responsible for receiving and processing sensory information and controlling the body
risk factors
variables associated with increased risk of disease or infection
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscles attached to bones via tendons that produces human movement
sarcoplasm
the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
processes of change
the strategies and techniques that ca influence an individual's transition from one stage of change to the next - consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self-reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, social liberation, self liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control
all-or-none principle
the strength of a neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus so long as the neural threshold is achieved
myosin
the thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that bind to actin
actin
the thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract muscles
spinal cord
the tube of nervous tissue that extends from the brain to the bottom of the spine connection between brain and body protected by vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
sensory integration
the way the brain works to affect responses to neural input
nervous tissue
tissue found in the brain, spinal chord, and nerves that coordinates body activities plays a key role in the nervous system's ability to sense, analyze, and interpret information, and respond appropriately
somatic nervous system
1/2 division of the PNS in charge of controlling voluntary movement
cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
organ systems
a group of organs working together to perform biological functions
behavior
an action that can be observed, measured, and modified
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of muscle tissue
