ITC REVIEWER

At Factory

*Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is used to design and develop products. *Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is used to manufacture them. *Inventory control *Planning and Process Control *To run robots that create, finish, assemble and test products and their components

In Home

*Entertainment - Movies, Music, and different animation games *Browsing the web *Online shopping *Mobile and internet banking

In health

*Support efficient exchange of information between health professionals, *They enable transfer of patient records between sites and they can improve clinicaleffectiveness, continuity and quality of care by health professionals. *Physicians use ICT to understand the human body and to diagnose disorders. *Computer controlled laser machines are used in surgery.

In transport

*To improve road, air and rail transport In air traffic control *For monitoring of freight and the day-to-day transport system *For booking air tickets or railway tickets online *For simulation training for pilots

Digital Computer

A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of "0" and "1", "Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form.

Hybrid Computer

A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form.

Micro computer

A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board.

Analog Computer

An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

facts

Application Software, also called a software application or an application, consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users.

As a productivity/business tool To assist with graphics and multimedia projects To support household activities, for personal business, or education To facilitate communications

Application software is used for a variety of reasons:

Hardware Software Peopleware Dataware

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

facts

Batch Processing is a method where the information to be organized is sorted into groups to allow for efficient and sequential processing

facts

Binary numbers are made of bits. A bit represents a switch. A byte comprises 8 bits and represents one character. With one byte, the computer can mean one of 256 different symbols or characters because the eight 1s and 0s in a byte can be combined in 256 different ways.

*Super computer *Mainframe computer *Mini computer *Micro computer

Classification of computer base on size

Input devices Processing and Memory Devices Secondary storage devices Output devices Communication devices

Classifications of computer hardware

In Education

Classroom, Library, Laboratory, Museum Computers E-Learning Computer Based Learning

SCIENTIFIC DATA PROCESSING

Data processing in scientific and engineering problems is termed as scientific data processing. Basically, it is the application of computer simulation and other forms of computation to problems in various scientific disciplines.

MACHINE CYCLES

Each time the CPU executes an instruction, it takes a series of steps. The completed sequence of steps is called the machine cycle. The actions performed by the computer processor for each machine language instruction received.

Information

Facts about a situation, person, event, etc

hard-disk drives

HDDs

All data in computers is represented with numbers. When we type on a keyboard to write a document, the computer is not storing the symbols themselves but rather numbers that represent those symbols. At their very core, computers use only 1's and 0's (binary) to process data and represent numbers.

HOW COMPUTER REPRESENTS DATA?

To a computer, everything is a number. Numbers are numbers; letters and punctuation marks are numbers; sounds and pictures are numbers. Even the computer's instructions are numbers. When you see letters of the alphabet on a computer screen, you see just one of the computer's ways of representing numbers.

HOW COMPUTER REPRESENTS DATA?

Two components handle processing in a computer: the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the memory. Both are located on the computer's motherboard. The memory is called RAM, random access memory, which is a volatile memory. Both are performing processes to achieve data transformation and instruction execution.

HOW COMPUTERS PROCESS DATA

An image is a matrix of pixel values. Virtually, every image can be represented as a matrix of pixel values.

HOW IS AN IMAGE STORED ON A COMPUTER?

*Hardware and software that supports the way information is created, disseminated, acquired and stored. *Infrastructure and electronics that enable communication between hardware devices. *Protocols and interfaces that enable seamless communication and data exchanges between different hardware and software components. *Tools for protecting sensitive information and ensuring the integrity of an ICT system. *Standards for protecting data in transit, during processing and at rest. *Governance policies for how information should be accessed, secured, processed, transmitted and stored. *Workers who have the skills required to design, develop, maintain and support ICT systems.

ICT Infrastructure and Systems

Applications of ICT

In Home In Office At Factory In Transport In Communication In Education In Health

BINARY NUMBERS

In a computer, all data is represented by the state of the computer's electronic switches. A switch has only two possible states -on and off—so it can mean only two numeric values.

Input, Process, Output and Storage

In order to process data, a computer employs both hardware as well as software in the four functions:

Data

Information, especially facts or numbers, collected to be examined and considered and use to help decision-making, or information in an electronic form that can be stored and used by a computer

facts

Input data is stored in memory, the CPU uses memory when processing data, and processing output is staged to memory before being sent to the output unit.

Data

Is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or processing. relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is information converted into binary digital form. It is acceptable for data to be used as a singular subject.

Information

Is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver. When information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data. When information is compiled or used to better understand something or to do something, it becomes knowledge.

HARDWARE

It is the physical or tangible parts of the computer

CONTROL UNIT

It retrieves and decodes each instruction in memory, and then uses this information to issue the signals necessary to coordinate operations across the computer system. The CU does not process or store data, but it controls all communications and synchronizes all operations.

Cache Memory; Primary Memory/main memory; and Secondary Memory.

Memory is primarily of three types:

In Communication

Mobile phones Internet Satellite communication TV broadcast

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

One of the CPU's most important components is the ALU, which carries out the system's processing operations. The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations on the operands based on the inputted instructions, which specify each step required to make the software do something.

solid-state drives

SSDs

Business Scientific Real time

TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING

Batch processing Real-time processing Online processing Distributed processing Multiprocessing Time-sharing

TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING ON BASIS OF PROCESS/STEPS PERFORMED

facts

The machine cycle is a four process cycle that includes reading and interpreting the machine language, executing the code, and then storing that code.

BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING

The process of data in the accounting or business management referred as business or administrative data processing. In this type of data processing, data is usually in the numeric form.

Super Computer

The super computers are the most high performing system. A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. The actual Performance of a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS instead of MIPS. All of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems.

facts

The system software also provides services to computer users and application programs

TIME-SHARING

The time-based use of CPU is the core of this data processing type. Multiple users use a single CPU. All users share the same CPU, but the time allocated to all users might differ.

REAL TIME DATA PROCESSING

There are a many types of large applications that may require the _______________ In this, the result is presented at the same time when the data enters. We can easily analyze this type of data processing in the stock market and currency trends. The technology which is mostly used in real time data processing is stream processing

Mainframe Computers

These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing such as statistics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the servers as these systems has a higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers, most of these mainframe architectures were established in 1960s, the research and development worked continuously over the years and the mainframes of today are far more better than the earlier ones, in size, capacity and efficiency.

Mini computers

These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames, they were actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution.

Extended ASCII

This is an eight-bit code that specifies the character for values from 128 to 255. The first 40 symbols represent pronunciation and particular punctuation. The remaining signs are graphic symbols.

REAL-TIME PROCESSING

This is required where the results are displayed immediately or at the lowest time possible. The data fed to the software is used almost instantaneously for processing purposes. The nature of the processing of this type of data processing requires the use of an internet connection, and data is stored/used online.

DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING

This method is commonly utilized by remote workstations connected to one big central workstation or server. ATMs are good examples of this data processing method.

Unicode

This provides up to four bytes - 32 bits - to represent each letter, number, or symbol. With four bytes, enough Unicode codes can be created to represent more than 4 billion different characters or symbols.

ASCII

This stands for American Standard for Information Interchange. Today, the ASCII character set is by far the most commonly used in computers for all types.

REAL-TIME PROCESSING

This technique can respond almost immediately to various signals to acquire and process information. These involve high maintenance and upfront cost attributed to exceptionally advanced technology and computing power. Time saved is maximum in this case as the output is seen in real-time. An example is banking transactions.

SECONDARY MEMORY

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently.

In Office

Transaction processing Desktop publishing Word processing Production design Financial Analysis

is a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and processes data. The term "computer" was originally given to humans (human computers) who performed numerical calculations using mechanical calculators, such as the abacus and slide rule. The term was later given to mechanical devices as they began replacing human computers.

What is a computer?

CPU

When the________ has finished processing the inputted data, the computer system carries out a series of output operations that direct the processing results to the output unit.

INPUT UNIT

acts as a bridge between the outside world and the computer system. For each input operation, the input device must send the data and instructions in a binary format that the CPU understands. Input devices are divided into two broad categories: direct entry and indirect entry. Direct entry devices send data and instructions directly to the computer. Optical scanners and touchscreens are two examples of direct entry devices. Indirect entry devices, such as keyboards and joysticks, must first translate the input into a binary format, a process referred to as encoding.

PROCESSING AND MEMORY DEVICES

acts as the computer's brain. They are typically housed together in a single unit called the system board. The central processing unit or CPU is the electronic circuitry that manipulates data to produce information.

INPUT DEVICES

allow the user to input data/facts into the computer in a form that the computer understands. An input device also allows the system to command the computer through text or graphical user interface.

CONTROL UNIT

are responsible for coordinating all the other operations on the computer system. The CU carries out the control operations, ensuring that data is properly transferred, processed and stored.

Analog Computer Digital Computer Hybrid Computer

classification of computer base of data handling

OUTPUT DEVICES

converts information that has been processed by the computer into a form that the user can understand. are those devices communicate to humans for the status of the different programs in the computer systems.

OUTPUT UNIT

deliver data in binary code. It is up to the device to make sense of this information and convert it to a usable format.

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

has direct input and output access to the process controller, main memory or RAM, and input and output devices.

PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY)

holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.

INPUT UNIT

is a collection of devices that initiate input operations. The devices might include a keyboard, mouse, trackpad, scanner, microphone, card reader or some other type of device. Input devices enable users to send data and instructions to the computer for processing.

Volatile memory

is a memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power. Computer RAM is an example of volatile memory. It is why if your computer freezes or reboots when working on a program, you lose anything that hasn't been saved.

ONLINE PROCESSING

is a part of the automatic processing method. This method, at times, known as direct or random-access processing. Under this method, the job received by the system is processed at the same time as receiving. This can be considered and often mixed with real-time processing.

CACHE MEMORY

is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU.

OPERATION IN COMPUTER

is an action that is carried out to accomplish a given task. There are five basic types of computer operations: inputting, processing, outputting, storing and controlling.

DATAWARE

is an extensive collection of computer data used to help an organization make decisions. It also consists of all the data needed in data processing. ______________ is synonymous with a data warehouse.

BATCH PROCESSING

is one of the widely used types of data processing, which is also known as serial/sequential, tacked/queued of offline processing.

MEMORY

is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one.

Information and Communication Technology

is the use of computing and telecommunication technologies, systems and tools to facilitate the way information is created, collected, processed, transmitted and stored.

SOFTWARE

it is the collection of related programs that contain the step-by-step instructions telling the computer how to perform a task.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

it refers to a set of programs designed to help the user to perform a particular type of work. It is generally distinguished from system software because it deals more with data processing applied in business, education, science, and other tasks.

DATA PROCESSING

means to process the data i.e. to convert its format. As we all know data is the very useful and when it is well presented and it becomes informative + useful. Data processing system is also referred as information system. It is also right to say that data processing becomes the process of converting information into data and also vice-versa.

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

performs arithmetic operations such as add, subtract, multiply, divide, increment and decrement. It can also perform logic operations such as AND, OR and Exclusive-OR. Logic operations rely on Boolean operators, which work with true/false values.

MULTI-PROCESSING

perhaps is the most widely used type of data processing. It is used almost everywhere and forms the basis of all computing devices relying on processors. The breakdown of jobs that need to be performed is sent to different CPUs working parallel within the mainframe. The result and benefit of this type of processing are reducing the time required and increasing the output.

Non-volatile memory,

sometimes abbreviated as NVRAM, is a memory that keeps its contents even if the power is lost

STORAGE UNIT

the _____________ also called the memory unit, contains primary and secondary storage devices.

ASCII; Extended ASCII; and Unicode

the famous text code systems are the following

TEXT CODES

the___________are standard codes necessary for data transfer, like converting letters into binary.

PEOPLEWARE

these are personnel involved in the computer system. Examples are computer programmers, computer engineers, software designers, system analysts, server administrators, computer technicians, network administrators, etc.

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

these are the devices outside the system board that allows data and programs to be stored. These are storage devices that operate alongside the computer's primary storage, RAM, and cache memory. Secondary storage is for any amount of data, from a few megabytes to petabytes.

COMMUNICATION DEVICES

these are used to communicate with another computer via telephone lines or radio links.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

this _____________ the computer hardware and works with the other software. It is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.

System Software Application Software

two major types of software.